6.

1TheRenai
ssancePer
iod:(
14t
h-16t
hCent
uri
es)
1.Meani
ngr
ebi
rt
horr
evi
val
---hi
stor
ical

per
iodofappr
oxi
mat
ely300y
ear
smar
kedbya

r
evi
val
inar
t,l
i
ter
atur
e,andl
ear
ning.

2.Theper
iodser
vedasabr
idgeort
ransi
ti
on

bet
weenmedi
eval
andmoder
nWest
ernEur
ope.

➤Di
sti
nct
iveFeat
ureofRenai
ssance

1.I
tbeganwi
tht
her
edi
scov
eryofGr
eco-
RomanCi
vi
li
zat
ionwhi
chhadbeennegl
ect
ed

dur
ingt
heMi
ddl
eAges.

2.I
temphasi
zedr
eason,
aquest
ioni
ngat
ti
tude,
exper
iment
ati
on,
andf
reei
nqui
ry.

Thi
siscont
rast
edwi
tht
hemedi
eval
concer
nwi
thf
ait
h,aut
hor
it
y,andt
radi
ti
on.

3.I
tgl
ori
fi
edt hei
ndi
vidual
andapprovedworl
dlypl
easur
es,vi
ewi
ngli
feaswor
thwhi
l
efori
ts
ownsake,notchi
efl
yasapr epar
ati
onfort
heli
fetocome(sal
vat
ion)
.

4.Focusedatt
enti
onuponsecul
arsoci
etyr
athert
hant
hemedi
eval
preoccupat
ionwi
tht
he
Churchandrel
igi
ousaff
air
s.

5.Feat
uredgr
eatachi
evement
sinl
i
ter
atur
e,ar
t,andsci
ence.

➤.
Ori
ginoft
heRenai
ssancei
nIt
aly
:

1.I
thadbeent
hecent
erofGr
eco-
RomanCul
tur
e,I
tal
ycont
ainedscul
ptur
e,bui
l
dings,

r
oads,
andmanuscr
ipt
sthatexci
tedcur
iosi
tyaboutcl
assi
cal
civ
il
izat
ion.

2.Locat
edont
heMedi
ter
ranean,
Ital
yhadabsor
bedst
imul
ati
ngnewi
deasf
rom t
hemor
e

adv
ancedBy
zant
ineandMosl
em Wor
lds.

3.Benef
it
ingf
rom t
her
evi
val
oft
radet
hatr
esul
tedf
rom t
heCr
usades,
Ital
yhadweal
thy

i
nfl
uent
ial
peopl
ewhobecamepat
rons(
suppor
ter
s)ofl
i
ter
atur
e,ar
t,andsci
ence.
➤.
TheRenai
ssanceSpr
eads

1.I
nthe15t
hCent
ury
,Renai
ssancei
deasbegant
ospr
eadf
rom I
tal
ytoFr
ance,
the

Ger
manst
ates,
Hol
l
and,
andEngl
and.

2.Thespr
eadoft
hesei
deasr
esul
tedf
rom r
eli
gious,
mil
i
tar
y,andcommer
cial
cont
act
s.

3.Manynor
ther
nschol
arsal
sot
rav
eledt
oIt
alyt
oabsor
bIt
ali
anar
tandl
ear
ning.

➤.HUMANISM:Il
lust
rat
edt
heSpi
ri
toft
heRenai
ssance(
ali
ter
arymov
ementt
hatbegani
n
14t
hCent
uryIt
aly
.)

1.Concer
nedt
hemsel
ves,
notwi
thr
eli
giousmat
ter
s,butwi
thev
ery
dayhumanpr
obl
ems.

2.Dr
ewi
nspi
rat
ionf
rom cl
assi
cal
civ
il
izat
ioneager
lyseeki
ng,
study
ing,
andpubl
i
cizi
ng

anci
entGr
eekandRomanmanuscr
ipt
s.

3.Rev
ivedi
nter
est
,chi
efl
yamongeducat
edpeopl
e,i
nli
ter
atur
eandwr
it
ing.

➤.
Ear
lyHumani
stWr
it
ers:

1.Pet
rar
ch(
1304-
1374)

a.I
tal
i
anwhost
udi
edt
hecl
assi
csandi
nbot
hit
ali
anandLat
in.

b.Heknownf
orhi
spoet

2.Gi
ovanniBoccacci
o(1313-
1375)

●.Hei
sknownforhi
sIt
ali
anPr
osei
nacol
l
ect
ionofshor
tst
ori
escal
l
edTheDecamer
on
,publ
i
shedin1353.

●t
hesest
ori
eswer
erel
atedbyagr
oupofy
oungmenwhof
ledt
oav
il
laout
side

Fl
orencet
oescapet
heBl
ackDeat
h(pl
ague)
.

NB:BothPetr
archandBoccaccioinsi
stedt
hatthedut
yofi
ntel
lect
ualswastoconcent
rat
eon
humanproblems.Theythoughtthatpeopl
ecouldl
ear
nhowt odealwit
hthei
rprobl
emsby
study
ingtheli
vesofi
ndi
v i
dualsofthepast.

➤Thel
eadi
ngChr
ist
ian(
rel
igi
ous)humani
st:
1.Desi
derEr
asmus(
1466-
1536)
A.Hewasbor
nNet
her
land(
Dut
ch)
,educat
edPar
isandt
rav
eledGer
many,
Engl
andandI
tal
y.

B.
Hepubl
i
shedt
hePr
aiseofFol
l
yin1511

C.
Her
idi
cul
edsuper
sti
ti
on,
prej
udi
ce,
upperpr
ivi
l
eges,
andchur
chabuses.

D.
Heexposi
ngsoci
alev
il
s

E.
Heencour
agedpeopl
etot
hinkaboutr
efor
ms.

F.Hewr
otev
igor
ousl
yagai
nstnar
rowmi
ndednessandi
ntol
eranceandaboutt
henecessi
tyof

Just
iceandf
reedom.

G.
Hebel
i
evedt
hatt
hesenev
ercoul
dbegai
nedbyusi
ngv
iol
encebutonl
ybyst
rai
ghtt
hinki
ng

andf
reedom t
ocr
it
ici
zei
deas.

2.Si
rThomasMor
e(1476-
1536

Si
rThomasMor ewasbom inEnglandanddev otedhi
slif
etoservi
nghiscountr
y.Inhi
scareer,
Morededicatedhimsel
ftothepri
ncipl
esthathadinspi
redErasmus.I
nhisbestknownwor k,
Ut
opiapublishedin1516,
Mor eport
rayedanidealst
atefreefr
om war
,inj
usti
ce,pover
tyand
i
gnorancesociety.

➤Char
act
eri
sti
csofRenai
ssanceAr
t:
1.I
nfl
uencedbythearti
sti
cachi
evement
sofCl
assi
calGreeceandRome.Par
ti
cul
arl
yinscul
ptur
e
andarchi
tect
ure-
--
Renai
ssanceart
ist
sof
teni
mitat
edclassi
calwor
ks.

2.Renai
ssancepai
nti
ngemphasi
zedr
eal
i
sm,
att
ent
iont
odet
ail
,andadesi
ref
orper
fect
ion.

ARTI
➤. STI
CACHI
EVEMENTSOFTHERENAI
SSANCE
1.Gi
ott
o(1266?
-1337)

-
por
tray
ednat
urer
eal
i
sti
cal
l
y

-
heat
tempt
edt
ocr
eat
eli
fel
i
kef
igur
esshowi
ngemot
ions

2.Donat
ell
o1386?
-1466)

-
Hecur
vedmanyf
igur
esofmenonhor
seback

-
Hei
sFl
orent
inescul
ptorbestknownl
i
fe-si
zest
atueofSt
.Geor
gei
nar
mor
.
3.Leonar
dodaVi
nci
(1452-
1519

a.Hewasani
dealRenai
ssancemanandasy
mbol
oft
heRenai
ssancespi
ri
tofl
ear
ningand
i
ntel
l
ect
ual
cur
iosi
ty

b.Hewasaski
l
ledpai
nter
,scul
ptor
,ar
chi
tect
,musi
cian,
engi
neer
,andsci
ent
ist
.

c.
Inpai
nti
nghei
sbestknownf
orhi
sSel
fPor
trai
t,TheLastSupper
(1497)andMonaLi
sa(
1503)

4.
Michel
angel
o(1475-
1564)

a.Hewor
kedi
nFl
orenceandRome;
hewast
alent
edasapai
nter
,scul
ptor
,poet
,

andar
chi
tect
.

b.Asasculpt
or-heisbestknownf
orhi
sPi
eta,
Dav
id,
andMoses.
Hehasbeencal
l
edt
he
gr
eatestscul
ptori
nhi
story.

C.
Michel
angel
oal
sodesi
gnedt
hedomeofSt
.Pet
er'
sBasi
l
icai
nRome.

5.Raphael(
1483-
1520)

A.
Hepai
ntedanumberofbeaut
if
ulpi
ctur
es,
theSi
sti
neMadonnai
soneofhi
sgr
eat
estwor
ks

B.
Knownf
ort
heFr
escoshepai
ntedi
nthePapal
Libr
aryatRome.

NB:Leonar
dodaVi
nci
,Raphael
&Mi
chel
angel
domi
nat
edt
hear
toft
hel
atef
if
teenandsi
xteen
cent
uri
es.

➤Renai
ssanceLi
ter
aryAchi
evement
s
1.Dant
eAl
ighi
eri
(1265-
1321)

-
.Hi
sDi
vi
neComedywr
it
teni
n1308,
alongpoem i
nwhi
chDant
edescr
ibesani
magi
nar
ytr
ip

t
hroughHel
l
,Pur
gat
ory
,andHeav
edur
ingwhi
choneofhi
sgui
desi
stheRomanpoetVi
rgi
l
.

-
Heestabl
ishedtheuseofcont
empor
aryl
tal
i
anr
athert
hanLat
inast
hest
andar
dlanguageof
l
i
ter
aturei
nI t
aly

2.Machi
avel
li(
1469-
1527)

-
ThePr
incewast
hehandbookoft
her
uler
s

-
ThePr i
nce:majorworkonethicsandgov
ernmentdescr
ibi
nghowr
uler
smaint
ainpowerby
methodsthati
gnorer
ightorwrongandacceptt
hephil
osophyt
hat"
theendj
usti
fi
esthe
means".

3.Shakespear
e(1564-
1616)
a.Hi
spl
aysempl
oyedadr
amat
ict
echni
quet
opr
obehi
stor
ical
event
sandhumanchar
act
er.

b.Hi
sBestKnownPl
ays:

●.
Hist
ori
es:
Henr
yIVandHenr
yV

●.
Comedi
e:Twel
ft
hNi
ghtand

:
MidsummerNi
ght
'
sDr
eam

●.
Tragedi
es:
RomeoandJul
i
et,
Haml
et,
Jul
i
usCaesar
,andMacbet
h.

➤.
SCI
ENTI
FICDEVELOPMENT:

1.Ear
lyMi
ddl
eAges:
super
sti
ti
onandbel
i
efi
nal
chemyhel
dbacksci
ent
if
icdev
elopment
.

2.Thepr
act
iceanduseofexper
iment
ati
on,
obser
vat
ionandt
heuseofmat
hemat
ics

wer
eint
roducedi
nthel
ateRenai
ssance.

3.Sci
ent
ist
sfor
medsoci
eti
est
odi
scussandpubl
i
sht
hei
rdi
scov
eri
es.

➤Renai
ssanceSci
ent
if
icAchi
evement
s
◆.
TheRenai
ssanceSci
ent
if
icdev
elopedt
hesci
ent
if
icmet
hodofobser
vat
ionand

exper
iment
ati
on.

1.
Nicol
asCoper
nicus(1473-
1543)

●.
HewasaPol
i
shast
ronmer

●.
Hedi
spr
ovedt
hePt
olemyt
heor
y,t
heear
th-
cent
redv
iew

●.
Hei
ntr
oducedt
het
heor
yoft
hesun-
cent
eredv
iew.

2.
Gal
il
eoGal
il
ee(
1564-
1642)

●HewasanI
tal
i
anast
ronomerpr
opoundedt
hel
awoff
all
i
ngbodi
es

●Hegr
eat
lyi
mpr
ovedt
het
elescope.
Hisobser
vat
ionconf
ir
medt
heCoper
nicust
heor
y

3.
Wil
li
am Har
vey(
1578-
1657)

●.HewasanEngl
i
shPhy
sici
ananddemonst
rat
edt
hatbl
oodci
rcul
ates

t
hrought
hebody
.
 4.Rober
tBoy
le(
1627-
1691)

●HewasAnEngl
i
shchemi
standphy
sis

●Hedi
scov
eredt
hel
awofgassesi
.ef
undament
alt
omoder
nchemi
str
y

➤RESULTSOFTHERENAI
SSANCE

1.Thegr
eat
esti
deal
soft
heRenai
ssancewer
e'humani
sm'
and'
cl
assi
cism'
.Thesei
deal
s

wer
eexpr
essedi
nli
ter
atur
e,ar
tandar
chi
tect
ure.Asar
esul
t,l
i
ter
atur
eandar
tfl
our
ished

newi
deal
s.Gr
eat
estbookswer
ewr
it
ten.

2.TheRenai
ssancespi
ri
tencour
agedv
ernacul
arl
anguages,
li
keI
tal
i
an,
Spani
shorEngl
i
sh

Secul
arl
i
ter
arywor
kswer
epr
oducedi
nthesel
anguages,
whi
chcondemnedpr
ati
cesand

bel
i
efshar
mful
tosoci
ety
.

3.Thepowerofthecatholi
cchurchwascur bedbythegr
owthofRenai
ssance.Mostoft
he
i
deasoftheRenaissanceperiodwereopposedtowhatthechurchwaspreachi
ng.
Thesenew
i
dealsweret
estedandpr oved.Thi
sdecreasedthepowerofthechur
chandatthesameti
me,
str
ongandcentral
isedgovernmentsemerged.

4.Theinv
ent
ionofthepri
nti
ngpressrev
olut
ioni
sedthespr
eadofknowl
edge.I
tncr
easedt
he
suppl
yofbooks.Thebaseofeducati
onofexpanded.

5.Theprogr
essinthefi
eldofsci
enceher
aldedarevol
uti
oninsci
ence.Sci
enti
fi
oinv
entions
experi
mentsanddiscov
erieswer
econduct
edt oknowthelawswhichgover
ntheuniver
se.Thi
s
broadenedt
hevisi
onofmanandchangedt heoutl
ookofthepeopl
e.

6.Theclassi
cal
li
ter
atur
eandar
twer
erev
ived.Thepeopl
ewer
einspi
redbyGr
eekandRoman
Classi
cs.

7.TheRenaissancecreateda' spi
ri
tofenquiry
'amongt hepeople.Theybegantoquest
ion
every
thi
ngrelatedtoscience,eart
horreli
gion.Thi
siscalledindi
vi
duali
sm.Theycondemned
bli
ndfai
th.Ori
ginalandnewt houghtswereencour aged.Thisnewoutlookresul
tedi
narel
igi
ous
revol
uti
onincat hol
i
cchur chknownas" TheRef or
mat i
on"

6.
2.THEPROTESTANTREFORMATI
ON
1.Rel
i
giousr
evol
tagai
nstt
heaut
hor
it
yandcer
tai
ndoct
ri
nesoft
heRomanCat
hol
i
c

Chur
ch.

2.Pr
otest
ant:
aChr
ist
ianwhoi
snotoft
heRomanCat
hol
i
corEast
ernOr
thodoxf
ait
hs.
 ➤Causesoft
heRef
ormat
ion

1.Pol
i
tical

a.Resent
mentofChur
chCour
tsandcl
aimsofsupr
emacyov
erci
vi
laut
hor
it
y.

b.Nati
onal
i
sm : t
hePopewasconsi
der
edt
obeaf
orei
gnr
ulerwi
thnor
ightt
oint
erf
erei
nthe
aff
air
sofothernati
ons.

2.Economi
c:"
Jeal
ousyoft
heChur
ch'
sWeal
th"

a.Desi
ret
oconf
iscat
eChur
chpr
oper
ty.

b.TheTit
he:t
ooheavyabur
denf
ort
hepeopl
e;al
so,
aconst
antf
lowofmoneyoutoft
he
count
ryt
othePapacy
.

c.Pr
ohi
bit
ingUsur
yrest
ri
ctedt
hegr
owt
hofbusi
ness.

3.I
ntel
lect
ual
:Impactoft
heRenai
ssance

a.I
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm :
adesi
ref
oradi
rectr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hei
ndi
vi
dual
andGod.

b.Quest
ioni
ngAt
ti
tude:
somedoubt
edt
heChur
ch'
srel
i
giousaut
hor
it
y(power
s).

4.Chur
chAbuses:

a.Wor
ldl
i
ness:
mat
eri
ali
sti
cli
feofsomePopesandhi
ghercl
ergy
.

b.Nepot
ism :
appoi
nti
ngofr
elat
ivest
oChur
chposi
ti
ons.

c.Si
mony
:sel
l
ingappoi
ntment
stoChur
chof
fi
ces.

d.Sal
eofI
ndul
gences:
accept
ingmoneyf
orchur
chf
orgi
venessofsi
ns.

I
ndul
gences:
agr
antoff
orgi
venessf
orsi
nscommi
tt
eddur
ingt
heCr
usades

5.Decl
ineofChur
chPr
est
ige:

a.Babyl
oni
anCapt
ivi
ty(1309-1377)
--
-Papacyheadquar
ter
edi
nAv
ignon,
Franceundert
he
dominat
ionoft
heFrenchking.

b.Gr
eatSchi
sm (
1378-
1417)
--
-Ri
val
popesatbot
hAv
ignonandRome

cl
aimi
ngt
obet
het
ruepopeandst
ruggl
i
ngf
orChur
chsupr
emacy
.

Unsuccessf
➤. ulear
lyat
temptr
efor
m int
he15and16C

1.
JohnWy
cli
ff
e
-
het
ransl
atedbi
blei
ntoEngl
i
sh

2.
Huss

-
hewasaBohemi
anmanopposedt
het
hesuper
macyoft
hepope

➤Successf
ulr
efor
mer
s:
1.
Mar
ti
nLut
her
:

a.Hewast
eacherofTheol
ogyatWi
tt
enber
gUni
ver
sit
y.

b.Ref
usedt
ogr
antf
orgi
venesswhenpr
esent
edwi
thani
ndul
gence.

C.
1520:
thePopeexcommuni
cat
edLut
her
.

D.
.Lut
hert
ransl
atedt
heNewTest
amenti
ntoGer
man.

E.
Wrot
emanypamphl
etscr
it
ici
zi
ngt
heChur
chandappeal
i
ngt
oGer
manNat
ional
i
sm al
one
.

➤.
Lut
her
anDoct
ri
nalpi
ll
ars:

1.
thesupr
emacyoft
heBi
ble

2.j
ust
if
icat
ionbyf
ait
hal
one,
fai
thi
nChr
istal
one.

i
.Quest
ion:
Howcansal
vat
ionbeachi
eved?

a.Cat
hol
ic:
thr
oughgoodwor
ksandt
hesacr
ament
s.

b.Lut
her
an:
Just
if
icat
ionByFai
th-
--
sal
vat
ionwoul
dbegr
ant
edt
hroughf
ait
h

c.
Cal
vi
nist:
predest
inat
ion

●Lut
herani
sm Spr
eadt
oNor
way
,Sweden,
andDenmar
kandi
tbecamet
heEst
abl
i
shedChur
ch:
i
nNorwayandSweden.

●Luther'
sstruggl
eteachesust hatci
ti
zenshav etheresponsi
bil
i
tytostr
uggleagainstal
lforms
ofsocialevi
lsandundemocr ati
cpracti
ces.Secondly
, t
hesuccessofLutherteachesusthatiti
s
possibl
et oatt
ainourobject
ivesostruggl
eagainstsocialevi
l
sthroughnon-viol
entorpeaceful
meanses.

2.
JOHNCALVI
N

-
.Bor
ninFr
ancei
n1509.

-
HeReal
i
zedt
hei
rwasl
i
ttl
echanceofr
eli
giousr
efor
minCat
hol
i
cFr
ance.

-
hemi
grat
edt
oGenev
a,Swi
tzer
landwher
ehebecamet
hel
eaderoft
hePr
otest
antmov
ement
Heest
abl
i
shedaTheocr
acy
.

-1536:
Inst
it
utesoft
heChr
ist
ianRel
i
gion

a.Basi
cDoctr
ine:
Predest
inat
ion-
--
--
--
Godhaschosent
hosewhowoul
dbesav
edbef
ore
bir
th.
i.
e.t
heEl
ect.

3.
JohnKnox,

InScotland,Calvi
nism becomet heoffi
cial
stat
ereli
gion,
call
edthePresbyt
eri
anchurch.In
France,Cal
vinism becamet hefait
hofsmal l
,i
nfl
uenti
algroupcal
ledHuguenot
s.AScot t
ish
refor
merandf ol
l
owerofCal vin,JohnKnox,hel
pedestabl
ishPresbyt
eri
ani
sm astheoffi
cial
Scotti
shreli
gion.

4.
Henr
yVI
IIandt
heChur
chofEngl
and

◆.I
nEngl
and,t
heRefor
mati
onwasest
abl
ishedbyanactofst
ate.Buti
tssuccesswasduei
n
par
dtoanti
cl
eri
cal
i
sm amongt
hepeopl
e.

◆.Theimmedi at ecauseforEngl
and'sbreakwiththeCat holi
cChurchwasther efusalofPope
ClementVI It
oannul (canci
l
)KingHenryVI I
'smar r
iagetohisfir
stwif
e,Cat
herineofAr agon.
Catheri
nehadnotbomeHenr yason,andt hekingwant edtomar r
yanEnglishAnneBol eynin
thehopet hatthemar ri
agewouldproduceamal eheirt
ot hethr
one.Thepoper efusedtogrant
him adivorcefronhisSpanishwif
e.Heneryalsodesiredtheextensi
veChurchpr opert
iesin
England.

◆In1534,HenryinducedtheParl
iamenttopasstheActofSupr
emacywhichi
nsti
tut
edan
i
ndependentAnglicanChurchofEnglandwi
ththemonarch,t
hehesdoft
heChurchinEngl
and.
HenryVI
IIremainedbasical
lyaCatholi
c.

◆hi
ssonEdwar
dVI
:

●Pr
otest
ant
ism madegr
eatadv
ances.

◆QueenMar
yI

●.
succeededEdwar
din1553.

●.
Sher
est
oredCat
hol
i
cism ast
hest
ater
eli
sigaof
Engl
andand

●.
shesuppr
essedt
hepr
otest
ant
s.

◆.
QucenEl
izabet
hI(
r.
1558t
o1603)

●.
shesucceededMar
yin1558

●est
abl
i
shedamoder
atef
orm ofPr
otest
ant
ism t
hatbecameknownasAngl
i
cani
sm.

➤Pur
it
answer
e:Engl
i
shpeopl
ewhof
oll
owedJohnCal
vi
n.
 -
TheyopposedAngl
i
cani
sm becausei
twasepi
scopal
(gov
emedbybi
shops)
.

-
TheyPur
it
anspr
efer
redt
hePr
esby
ter
ianf
orm ofChur
chgov
ernment
.

Cat
hol
i
cism wasof
li
cial
l
ybanned.

➤Pr
esby
ter
ianChur
chf
oundedbyJohnKnoxi
nScot
land.

-
Hei
ntr
oducedCal
vi
n'
steachi
ngsand.I
n

1560,
theScot
smadePr
otest
ant
ism t
hei
rst
ater
eli
gion.

➤.Engl
andforcedIr
elandtoadoptProt
estantism asthestat
erel
i
gion,butt
heI
ri
shpeople
remai
nedloy
al Cat
holics,
Prot
estant
scolonizednorthem I
rel
and,
alsoknownasUlst
er,
andthe
cont
li
ctst
art
edbetweenCat hol
icsandProtestants.

Ther
esul
tsoft
heRef
ormat
ionwer
efarr
eachi
ngi
nmoul
dingt
hechar
act
ersof
moder
nage

1.Therel
i
giousuni
tyofChr
ist
ianwor
ldwasbr
oken.I
twasdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreemai
nor
der
s
namely

A.TheCat
hol
i
cChur
ch

B.TheOr
thodoxChur
chand

C.ThePr
otest
antChur
ch.Pr
otest
anti
sm wasfur
therdi
vi
dedi
ntonumer
oussect
sli
ke
Lut
her
ans,Cal
vi
nist
s,Angl
i
can,andHuguenotset
c.

2.Ther
efor
mat
ionf
reedt
heki
ngsofEur
opef
rom t
hecont
rol
oft
hePope.

3.Therev
oltagai
nstRomei
ntensi
fi
edt
henat
ional
spi
ri
t.Papal
Eur
opegav
epl
acet
onat
ional
monarchi
es.

4.Theconf
iscat
edweat
lhofchr
uchwasut
il
izedf
ort
heeconomi
cdev
elopment
.

5.Rel
igi
ouspersecut
ionsandbl
oodshedi
nthelongruncreat
eddisgust.Fi
nal
lyi
tgavebir
thto
secul
arstat
es.Astheonlywayf
ornati
onali
ntegr
ati
ontheEuropeankingsadopt
edtoler
ati
on.

6.TheRef
ormat
ionl
edt
oref
ormsi
ntheCat
hol
i
cChur
ch.

7.I
thadgreatef
fectonthedevel
opmentofnat
ional
li
ter
atur
e.Thet
ransl
ati
onotv
ernacul
ars
spr
eadtheknowledgeofscri
ptur
esamongthecommonmen.

8.Fi
nal
l
yther
ewasnoaspectofEur
opeanl
i
fet
hatt
heRef
ormat
iondi
dnotaf
fect
 TheRomanCat
hol
icChur
chandCount
erRef
ormat
ion
➤Count
erRef
ormati
onal
soknownast
heCathol
icRef
omat
iongener
all
yref
erst
oaper
iodof
RomanCat
hol
icChur
chhi
stor
yint
he16cent
ury.

➤TheCount
erRef
omat
ionconsi
stedoft
wor
elat
edmov
ement
s

(
1)adef
ensi
ver
eact
ionagai
nstt
heRef
ormat
ion,
and

(
2)aCat
hol
i
cref
orm.

➤TheRomanCathol
icChur
chcal
ledt
heCounci
lofTr
entpar
lyasadef
eni
seagai
nst
Pr
otest
ant
ism.

i
.TheCounci
lmeti
nsessi
onsbet
veen1545and1563i
nTr
ent
,lt
aly
.

i
i
.Itdef
inedCat
hol
i
cdoct
ri
neonquest
ionsdi
sput
edbyPr
otest
antt
heol
ogi
ans.

i
i
i.
Thequest
ionsi
ncl
uded-or
igi
nal
sin,

-gr
ace,

-
fr
eewi
l
l,

-
thesev
ensacr
ament
s,

-
themassand

-t
her
elat
ionbet
weenScr
ipt
ureandt
radi
ti
on.

i
v.Thecounci
lar
rangedforthepopetoi
ssueacatechi
sm andbooksonl
it
urgy(
act
sofwor
shi
p)
sother
ewouldbegr eat
erunif
ormit
yinChur
chteachi
ngs.

V.
TheChur
chalsopubl
ishedali
stofbooksCat
hol
i
cswer
efor
biddent
oreadbecauset
hebooks
wer
econsi
der
edharmfultofai
thormoral
s.

Vi.TheCouncilofTrenttri
edtostampoutabusesbythecl
ergy
.Itorder
edbi
shopst
oli
vei
n
thei
rdioceses,
visi
ttheirpari
shesandsetupseminar
iest
otrai
npriest
s.
➤.I
n1542,theChur
chr
eor
gani
zedt
heI
nqui
sit
ioni
nIt
alyt
ohei
pthecour
tsf
ightPr
otest
ant
ism
moreef
fect
ivel
y.

➤.Dur
ingt
heCount
erRef
ormat
ionmanyr
eli
giousor
der
sexper
iencedr
efor
m andconsi
der
abl
e
gr
owth.

i
.Thecapuchi
nspl
ayedamaj
orr
olei
nther
enewal
mov
ementt
hrought
hispr
eachi
ng.

i
i
.TheJesui
tsand

ii
i
.theDominicansl
edamanymember sofupper-cl
assCathol
i
cfamil
iesinEur
ope.Prayer
andr el
i
giousdonati
oni
ntensi
fi
ed.Booksteachi
ngmeditat
ionandper
sonalref
orm,suchas
thosebyIgnati
usLoyol
aandSaintFranci
sdeSalesbecamepopularr
evi
valofphil
osophyand
theol
ogyatCatholi
cuniv
ersi
ti
es.Jesui
tcoll
egestr
ained

➤Franciscans,
Jesuit
sandmember sofot
herorder
sworkedamongt heinhabi
tant
s
of
Missionari
esbroughtnewpeopl
estoCathol
i
cism.Domini
cans,
Afr
ica,AsiaandtheAmcr
icas.

➤Asar esultoftheRef or
mation,Europewasdi v i
dedbetweentheCatholi
ccountr
iesofthe
southandthePr otest
antcountri
esoft henorth.InmanypartsofEuropethediv
ersit
yof
rel
i
giousli
fecteatedthenecessityofreli
gioustolerat
ionandarespectfort
heimpotenceof
i
ndivi
dualconscienceHist
ori
calSigni
f i
canceoft heRef or
mati
on

Theestabl
ishmentofst
ateChur
chesasoccur
redi
nEngl
and,
ref
lect
edt
hegr
owt
hof
nat
ional
ism.

➤Lut
her
anr
egi
ons-
tendedt
obeconser
vat
iveand

-
suppor
tedst
rongcent
ral
gov
ermment
s.

➤Cal
vi
nistar
eas-
wher
epr
otest
ant
swer
eof
teni
nthemi
nor
it
y,

-t
endedt
osuppor
tdemocr
acyand

-
arguedf
oraci
ti
zen'
sri
ghtt
oopposet
yrannybymonar
ch

➤Lut
herandot
herPr
otest
ant
s(Thecommonf
eat
uresofal
lPr
otest
ant
s)

A.Theyopposedtheceli
bat
eli
feofmonksandnunsandi
dcal
i
zedf
ami
l
yli
feandpar
ti
cipat
ioni
n
communi t
yacti
vi
ties.

B.
Theyst
ressont
hehol
i
nessofaper
son'
sdai
l
yli
fe
C.Theyencour
agedi
ndustr
iousness,
thr
ift
yliv
ing,andcar
efulmanagementofmater
ialt
hings.
Thisatt
it
udebecameknownast heprot
estantethi
c.I
tmayhavecontri
but
edtothegrowthof
i
ndustryandcommerceduri
ngthe18thand19t hcent
uri
es

D.
Theyemphasi
zededucat
ion.

E.Theypromotedli
ter
acy,aneducati
onalcur
iculum basedonanci
entGr
eekandRonan
l
it
eratur
e,andahighrespectf
orteacher
sandl earni
ng.

Ar
tDur
ingRef
ormat
ion
➤.Bar
oqueisaterm appl
iedt
omanyfommsofartcr
eatedinwest
em EuropendLati
nAmeri
ca.
Thest
ylef
ir
stappearedinRomei
nthelat
e16hcent
ury.
Baroquear
tisl
argeinscal
eandf
il
led
wit
hdramati
cdetai
ls.

➤.
Thr
eeel
ement
sint
hecul
tur
all
if
eofwest
em Eur
opehel
pedf
om t
hebar
oquest
yle.

1st.art
istsinthelate16hcenturyrebell
edagainstt
hear toft herenaissance.Renaissanceart
wasr estrai
nedandor derl
yandgener all
ysystemati
cal
lybal anced.Bar oquepainter
s,archi
tects
andscul ptorsachi
evedbalanceinamor edramati
candexci ti
ngway .Forexampl e,a
Renaissancear chi
tectmightuserectangularar
eastoachi evebalanceandbeaut y.Themor e
dramat i
cbar oquearchi
tectwouldreplacetherect
angularar easwithcur vedareas.Magnif
icent
baroquepal acessuchasVer sai
ll
esinFr anceandtheZwi ngerinGer manyex pressedt hepower
andaut horit
yoftheheadofst at
e

2nd.
manyr
uler
swant
edanar
tst
ylet
hatwoul
dgl
ori
fyt
hei
rrei
gns.

3rd.
TheCount
er-Refor
mationst
ir
redasenseofreli
giousenthusi
asm i
nEur
opeduri
ngt
helat
e
16hand17t
hcenturi
es.Bar
oquechurchesexpr
essedt hedr
amaandemot i
onofthi
smovement.