Chapter II

REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURES

Academic Development
Academic achievement in the classroom helps pupils develop goals. the abilities

that will allow them to succeed in the future. Learn the meaning, importance, and

associated traits of academic success. Resources are available for meeting social,

professional, and personal requirements (Bath and Smith, 2004). It is commonly

acknowledged that academic progress is required in light of the abrupt changes in

education brought on by shifting economic and social forces, new methodologies for

research and instruction, and technical advancements, including the use of IT to

facilitate/mediate learning. (Buckley & Cowap, 2013: Tamin et al., 2011).

In addition, students from the Philippines can also continue to support

themselves financially through their education. According to The Working Students

(2016), students who choose to work while studying do so for a number of reasons,

including financial considerations, personal experiences, networking, and a range of

other variables. Students require an increasing quantity of financial aid to support their

living and educational expenses due to the rising cost of things. Among other significant

benefits, students who work receive relevant work experience, time management skills,

financial flexibility, and increased academic performance. (Caldwell, 2017).

 Also, working in a certain location permits students to broaden their perspectives,

social networks, and horizons. Outside commitments, however, may prohibit youngsters

from studying and result in shame and confusion along the way, resulting in subpar

academic outcomes. Here is where college students concentrate their time (Lucier,

2012).

Experts claim that kids who work more than 15 to 20 hours a week usually make

less progress academically and may even drop out entirely. Working long hours might

also inhibit individuals from pursuing the intellectual and social interests required for

development. (Students & Part-Time Work).

Balancing Working and Studying

Several studies have examined the consequences of part-time jobs on full-time

students. Manthei and Gilmore (2005), for instance, believed that doing a part-time job

leaves less time for learning. Also, first-year students who choose to combine a part-

time job with a full-time academic load are more likely to experience stress, claim

Jogaratnam and Buchanan (2004). Several studies have suggested. In fact, if a student

works part-time and studies full-time at the same time, their physical and mental health

may suffer. As a result, academic performance could decrease (Hovdhaugen, 2015;

Creed, French, & Hood, 2015; Darolia, 2014).

Learning Modality
Face-to-Face instruction involves both the teacher and the students being

physically present in the classroom, which offers opportunities for active engagement,

prompt feedback, and the development of the student's socioemotional skills.

Furthermore, studies revealed that a college student's employment had little bearing on

their academic performance; rather, those who worked both on and off campus

considerably enhanced their moral reasoning, leadership in socially responsible ways,

and mental health (Pimentel, J. 2020; Pascarella and Padgett, 2009; Watanable, 2005).

Because of this, first-year students who decide to pursue a part-time job while taking

full-time school are more likely to have stress and sleep issues. Also, working limits the

time you have for learning. Deprivation, which may negatively affect academic

performance (Hovdhaugen, 2015, Creed, French, and Hood 2015, Dorilia 2014,

Jogaratnam & Buchnanan 2004).

The cornerstone of academic progress is frequently a collection of skills that

enable people to take in, retain, and apply information. Academic achievement's many

learning domains serve as evidence that lessons can be applied by pupils through

cognitive, emotional, and psychomotor learning. Both good and unfavorable

consequences of working as a student have been felt by the pupils. While some studies

have found no correlation between the two, certain studies have demonstrated stress

and difficulty for working students who are enrolled in school. In conclusion, working

students find it difficult to complete any type of school, but they finally mastered social

and time management skills (Manthei & Gilmore 2005).

Negative Effects of Being Working Student
Being a student while working a full-time job has its drawbacks, one of which is

that there is frequently little time for studying, sleeping, or keeping up healthy eating

routines. Insufficient time to eat healthily is one of the major problems working students

experience, according to a 2012 study by Gorgulho et al. Working students frequently

skip nourishing items like fruit and whole grains in favor of grabbing a quick meal made

up of low-quality foods that are heavy in sugar and sodium. Students should be aware

of the commitment and make arrangements accordingly, not that they shouldn't work

while in college or should feel discouraged. Students who work full-time, for instance,

can benefit from starting each week with a 7-day meal planning strategy (Gorgulho, et

al., 2012).

On the other hand, on full-time counterparts, students who work part-time often

obtain inferior grades. According to Jogaratnam and Buchanan (2004), universities have

a moral duty to better comprehend and handle the challenges faced by students who

take part-time jobs in addition to their full-time studies. This is due to the common

incidence of students who are part-time workers. Giving students the right instruction

could be one option (Ahmad, F. 2018). Moreover, the mental health of working students

is a problem. Overuse of both words and studies might result in fatigue and sadness

(Rolfe 2002).

Even though the government offers free education, one of the biggest obstacles

for Filipino students pursuing a basic education is poverty. High school students decide

to find errands in order to get over financial restrictions and to be independent while
they are studying. Thirty-one part-time working public high school students in Toledo

City, Cebu, Philippines were researched to determine whether there was a connection

between time management, self-efficacy, and academic success (Peteros, E. 2021).

Working Student’s Socio-demographic Profile and Academic Growth Correlation

Socioeconomic status (SES) or family social class has long been recognized as

having a significant impact on a child's development and laying the groundwork for

future development, change, and functioning. Research have demonstrated that a

child's parental environment and history have a major, if not the most significant, impact

on their overall educational, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive outcomes (Coleman

1966; Duncan & Magnuson 2012); Mare 1981; Morris et al. 2007; Poulain et al. 2019;

Wen 2017).

In addition, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) asserts that

approximately 216,000 students in the nation are currently providing false information

about their 8% participation in both education and employment. Due to this, the National

Center for Education Statistics in America reports that more than half (45%) of

"traditional" undergraduate students between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four who

are enrolled in college work full-time while enrolled. About 80% of traditional college

students work a part-time job in addition to their studies, though.

The Advantages of Working Students
Students can use their personal experiences working part-time to boost their

academic performance, motivation, and employment prospects (Curtis & Shani, 2002;

Curtis & Williams, 2002). Therefore, a lot of studies have found that balancing financial

requirements with the chance to develop skills can ultimately improve professional

chances in the future (Harvey, 2000; Devlin, James & Grigg, 2008; Nonis & Hudson,

2006).

According to Watts and Pickering (2000), while working part-time while going to

school full-time provides many benefits, respondents tended to see part-time

employment as essential to surviving in the modern higher education environment. It is

also stated in Manthei and Gilmore (2005), part-time workers often used their earnings

to pay for necessities like food and shelter.

Part-time employment, particularly in the higher education sector, is frequently

seen from the perspective of students as an introduction to the real world that will help

them with both personal and career development (Tymon, 2013; Tomlinson, 2007).

Higher education institutions should look for possibilities to expose students to

educational, part-time vocational, and job experiences, as well as opportunities to

expand the extent to which they are familiar with employment (Yorke, 2004; Glover, Law

& Youngman, 2002).

 IN DEPTH INTERVIEW GUIDE

1. As you work, does working while studying changes your attitude in real life? If

yes, in what way? (Habang nagtatrabaho ka, ang pagtatrabaho ba habang nag-

aaral ay nagbabago ng iyong saloobin sa totoong buhay? Kung oo, sa anong

paraan?)

2. Do you have a time to socialize with your family and peers? How can you

manage your social interaction between your family and the work? (Meron ka

bang oras sa iyong pamilya at sa iyong kapwa estudyante? Paano mo na

babalanse ang pakikipagsalamuha mo sa iyong pamilya at pagtatrabaho?)

3. What are the disadvantages you’ve experience as you work? Does working while

studying has a positive outcome on you? (Anu – ano ang mga kahihinatnan na

iyong naranasan sa pagtatrabaho? Ito ba ay may may magandang epekto sa

iyo?)

4. How did you overcome those consequences? Can you tell me? (Paano mo

nalagpasan ang mga kinalabasan nito? Maar

5. What strategies did you initiated when you are dealing with some issues and

challenges in your life while working and studying at the same time? (Anong mga

estratehiya ang sinimulan mo kapag may mga isyu at hamon ka sa buhay

habang nagtatrabaho at nag-aaral?)