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Land Acquisition
Land Acquisition
Parameters – Part 1
Swath or Patch Acquisition
Size of survey Source and receiver Source and receiver Size of recording swath Maximum Frequency
station spacing line spacing
Affordable
Stop Based on Hardage
Recording Parameters (2010)
Test Line
Check different
sweeps of data Analyze the
Or, check shot data looking at
Acquire 2D Brute stack using
points & frequency,
test line elevation statics
charge size penetration,
etc.
Though we mention high density, the survey should be designed so that we have
just enough to meet the requirements for interpreting the data yet be
economical.
Not about quantity but about quality that is why the test line is important.
Past goal of seismic acquisition – full
stack
In the past seismic data was acquired to obtain a better full stack to do
interpretation but there are issues with the full stack understanding the
structure.
30 Degrees
Mute tends to be 30 degrees missing far offsets
Frequency decreases
Multiple
Natural gas
Velocity too fast because presence
of hydrocarbons slows down the
The fold is important for SNR. velocity.
Present goal of seismic acquisition –
partial stacks
Currently, the goal is angle stacks which enable us to calculate rock properties. Gather
conditioning is used to produce flatter gathers resulting in higher resolution.
15 30 45
Neural Net volumes have higher resolution than seismic data allowing for thinner beds to
be seen.
What can be Derived From New
Seismic Data
The integrated team needs to define what they need from the new seismic
volume.
As can be seen rock properties can be derived from a multitude of seismic
attributes and these rock properties can be co-kriged with well data within the
geomodel to guide the interpolation between the wells.
Neural Net has higher resolution than seismic data allowing for thinner beds to
be seen.
Different Stages of Geomodeling
Can see with the use of machine learning the new seismic volume and
the data obtained from it can lead to understanding individual frac
stages which is the goal of our work leading to full field development.
Acquiring seismic data need to look at
resolution and fluid and lithology
It is important that we do modeling before we do seismic acquisition to
understand:
1) Seismic resolution
2) Possible types of AVO and understand the offsets that are required to
illuminate AVO
In most of our unconventional plays we are dealing with thin sands, and we want to
be able to illuminate sweet spots which are defined by lithology and fluid content.
Migration Aperture
Full Fold
0 40 40 0
4 3500 20 1565
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑒𝑙
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑠 = 𝑡0 /𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞
2
Horizontal resolution is dependent upon the depth, frequency and the velocity.
The deeper the event the lower the horizontal resolution.
Vertical Resolution – Spectral
Decomposition
Vertical resolution and tuning are well known by most Geophysicists because of
spectral decomposition.
With Spectral Decomposition the seismic is broken down into frequency bands
and allows for the quantification of amplitude variation with frequency, and
insight into the distribution of stratigraphic entities, faults and fractures, and/or
hydrocarbons.
Vertical resolution is dependent upon the frequency output of the source and the
processing of the seismic data.
Horizontal Resolution
After migration, the imaging aperture has shrunk to a small circle equal to 1/4l.
Sidelobe energy
Wavelet has a spikier shape
Thin beds and reduced sidelobes which
allows a less ambiguous
interpretation of close
reflectors.
Low frequency waves suffer less from attenuation and diffraction, which leads to
a deeper penetration.
Low frequency content allows a larger part of the low frequency model to be
derived directly from seismic when inverting the seismic data.
Why do we need low frequencies
AVO Intercept is the projected zero offset stack utilizing the gathers or the
partial stacks.
With the near angle stack and Intercept, the angle of incidence is low, so the
energy is going straight down and coming straight up as it is reflected off the
rock interfaces; therefore, the amplitude is proportional to the reflection
coefficient.
The near angle stack and the AVO Intercept tends to have higher frequencies
and the gathers tend to be flatter on the nears, which gives us a better stack.
The fluid effect is on the near offsets, and this is why they
are important in the seismic acquisition.
Importance of far offsets
Reflector interferes
with refractor
The far offset must be large enough so that the refractors can be properly picked
in order to calculate the best refraction statics. If the far offset is not large
enough then there may be issues in calculating the best refraction static
solution.
Determination of the maximum far
offset – Depth ZOI
1.5 * Depth of ZOI
For Depth = Offset it equals For 1.5 * Depth = Offset
30 Degrees of incidence incidence angle >30 Degrees
angle which is the limitation of angle requiring 3rd-term
of the 2-term NMO equation NMO equation and the Curve
and the Straight Ray PSTM in Ray PSTM in processing.
processing.
It will illuminate AVO in the
data better.
Depth of ZOI
Mute from previous processing of a 3D or 2D dataset in the area. This can tell you
what was used before.
Care needs to be taken to look at the mute pattern compared to the seismic
data.
Currently there are techniques to flatten the data out to farther offsets so this
mute pattern is just a guideline.
Determination of the maximum far
offset – multiple removal
Multiple
Class 3 AVO
Class 3 AVO
Class 2 AVO
Class 2 AVO
Class 2 AVO
Class 2 AVO
Determination of maximum far offset
Using synthetic seismograms from well logs to determine the maximum frequency
to resolve the thickness of the target formation.
Fmax = (FDom*VInt)/4
Use well data and Biot-Gassmann substitution to determine the factors that will affect
the illumination of the hydrocarbons in the seismic data (AVO modeling). This can
also allow us to determine the maximum offset to improve the AVO response. A
general rule of thumb is the maximum offset in the zone of interest (ZOI) equals the
1.5 times the depth.
Use well data to create a wedge model to understand tuning.
Use older seismic data to understand frequency content, offset distribution using
previous mutes on the data, and understand tuning in the data.
Steps in designing a seismic survey
Use 2D data to determine the size of the structures, understand possible any AVO
present in the data, help determine the 3D acquisition parameters.
Determine the size of bins. Equal or square bins should be used to get the same
migration impulse response in the inline and crossline directions.
Determine the fold which are the number of traces in a gather. Fold reduces the
amount of noise in the data.
Seismic Modeling