SELF-LEARNING HOME TASK (SLHT)

Subject SCIENCE Grade 8 Level JHS Quarter 4 Week 2

MELC: Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell - division cycle (S8LT - IVd -16)

Objectives: K - Describe the stages of cell division – mitosis and meiosis.

S - Compare the two types of cell division - mitosis from meiosis.
A - Appreciate the role of cell division in growth and reproduction of
organisms.

Name __________________________ Section ________ Date ________

School _________________________ District __________________________

A. Readings/Discussions/Illustrations

Do you remember getting bruises after you have fallen from your bicycle? Or after you stumbled
down while playing hide and seek with your friends? Have you ever wondered how a very small
and cute baby becomes as big or tall as you are right now? There is an answer to all of that—
because our cells reproduce! A cell reproduces by means of cell division. Cell division is the
process in which one cell, called the parent cell, divides to form new cells, referred to as
daughter cells.

a. Chromosome- an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells.

b. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- like a recipe book which holds the instructions for making
all the proteins in our bodies.
c. Organelle- a specialized sub-unit within a cell that has a specific function such as;
mitochondrion, golgi bodies, lysosome, vacuole, etc.
d. Karyokinesis- division of the nucleus.
e. Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm.
f. Diploid number (2N)- the cell contains two sets of chromosomes, half from the father and
another half from the mother.

For the cell to reproduce, it must undergo a sequence of phases— a life of the cell from the
beginning of one cell division to the next division which we called the Cell Cycle.
The Cell Cycle has two main stages; the
a. Interphase which is divided into three sub stages—
1. Gap 1 Phase (G1),
2. Synthesis Phase (S)
3. Gap 2 Phase (G2)
b. Mitotic Phase or M Phase with sub stages—
1. Prophase (P),
2. Metaphase (M),
3. Anaphase (A), and
4. Telophase (T).

The Chromosome
All living things contain what we call the genetic material that serves as the set of
instructions that direct the activities and functions of the cells. These genetic materials,
also known as the deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, are passed on from one generation to
the next to ensure the continuity of life. In eukaryotic cells (cells with organelles), the DNA
 are bound with proteins (histones) and are organized as beads on strings to form
chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in a cell is characteristic of the species to
which it belongs. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes while rice have 12.

The Cell Cycle

The chromosomes of a cell change form as the cell transitions from one stage to another in a
typical cell cycle. The cell cycle may be divided into two stages: the interphase where the
chromosomes are long and extended and are also referred to as chromatin, and the cell
division phase where the chromosomes become condensed or thickened.

The interphase refers to the period that follows one cell division and precedes another. This
stage is divided into three substages. The first gap period or G1, during which time the cell
grows initially. The middle stage is called the synthesis stage or S1 is the period of DNA
synthesis or replication where chromosomes are duplicated. The second gap period or G2
represents a period of rapid cell growth to prepare for cell division.
Cell Division
Alternating with the interphase is the cell division phase. In eukaryotic cells, there are two types
of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
1.Mitosis
This type of cell division occur in somatic or body cells which produces two identical cells with
the same number of chromosomes. Mitosis is divided into four stages as shown in the diagram
below:

a.Prophase

The first and longest phase of mitosis is prophase. During prophase, chromatin condenses into
chromosomes or double stranded sister chromatids, and the nuclear envelope, or membrane,
breaks down. In animal cells, the centrioles near the nucleus begin to separate and move to
opposite poles (sides) of the cell. As the centrioles move, a spindle starts to form between them.
b. Metaphase
During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids.
The sister chromatids line up at the equator, or center, of the cell. This is also known as the
metaphase plate. The spindle fibers ensure that sister chromatids will separate and go to
different daughter cells when the cell divides.
c. Anaphase

During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide. The sister
chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the spindle fibers. This is like reeling in a fish
by shortening the fishing line. One sister chromatid moves to one pole of the cell, and the other
sister chromatid moves to the opposite pole. At the end of anaphase, each pole of the cell has a
complete set of chromosomes.
D.Telophase
During telophase, the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the
genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks
down, and new nuclear membranes (nuclear envelope) form eventually dividing the cytoplasm
to form two daughter cells in the process called cytokinesis.
2. Meiosis
Meiosis is a special type of cell division where a sex cell (egg cell or sperm cell) or gamete
undergoes two rounds of cell division to produce four daughter cells (meiosis I and meiosis II),
each with half the chromosome number as the original parent cell with a unique set of genetic
materials as a result of exchange of chromosome segments.
Meiosis I is consist of four stages:
a.Prophase I
The chromosomes in this phase begin to pair off as homologous or exact pair. The
chromosome contract due to repeated coiling. Crossing-over takes place during this stage when
a segment of a sister chromatid of one chromosome is exchanged with the same segment of
the sister chromatid of the homologous chromosome through the formation of a cross-linkage of
segments during the process of crossing over as shown in the diagram below.
After crossing-over, the sister chromatids of each chromosome may no longer be identical with
each other based on the genetic material they contain.

b.Metaphase I
The paired chromosomes arranged themselves in the equatorial plate.
c.Anaphase I
Spindle fibers form and attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. The homologous
chromosomes separate from each other completely and start their movement towards the poles
of the cells as they are pulled by the spindle fibers. As the centromere of each chromosome
does not divide, the sister chromatids remain together.
d.Telophase I
This is the stage when the chromosomes reach their respective poles. Cytokinesis follows and
two daughter cells are formed. Each cell now has half the chromosome number because only
one chromosome from each pair goes to the daughter cell. This is called the haploid condition,
in contrast to the diploid condition at the beginning of meiosis I where each chromosome pair is
intact. Telophase is followed by interphase II.
Note that each chromosome still has two sister chromatids; it is therefore necessary for the cells
to undergo another round of cell division.
The second meiotic division, also known as meiosis II, is mitotic in nature and consist of the
following stages: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II; these stages are
identical with mitotic stages. The results are four cells, two from each daughter cell from meiosis
I, with one half the diploid chromosome number and with only one sister chromatid for each
chromosome.
 B. Exercises
Direction: Label the four stages of mitosis. Describe each stages by matching Colum
I with Column II. Write only the letter of your answer

C. Assessment/Application/Outputs
MULTIPLE CHOICE
DIRECTIONS: . Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in your paper.
1. Which of the following parts of the cell contains the chromosomes?
A. Cytoplasm B. mitochondrion C. Cell membrane D.
Nucleus
2. Chromosomes are made up of ____________________.
A. RNA and protein B. DNA and protein C. protein only D. DNA
only
3. Why is there a need for DNA to replicate during the synthesis stage of the interphase?
A. To make sure that the cell undergo cell division
B. To make sure that when cell divides each daughter cell has an exact copy of the DNA.
C. To make sure that the number of chromosomes would be exactly the same as in original
cells.
D. To make sure that the cell grow rapidly.
4. What events take place when the cell undergo cytokinesis?
A. There is the growth of nucleus.
B. It is a period of replication.
C. There is division of the cytoplasm
D. There is the reappearance of the nuclear membrane.

5. The following characteristics below describe meiosis EXCEPT

 A. There are four daughter cells produced.
B. The number of chromosomes in every daughter cell is haploid.
C. The daughter cells are genetically identical with the original cell.
D. The cell undergo two rounds of cell divisions.

D. SUGGESTED ACTIVITY/ ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY

COPY AND ANSWER ON A SHORT BONDPAPER

Prepared by:

KATHERINE V. AUDIENCIA
Science 8 – Teacher
Santander NHS