Simplified IoT Architecture

• Framework is presented as 2 parallel stack:

• IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
• Core IoT Functional stack
• Intention is to simplify the IoT architecture into its
most basic building blocks.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 72

Simplified IoT Architecture
• The Core IoT Functional Stack in three layers simplify the IoT
architecture into its most foundational building blocks.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 73

Simplified IoT Architecture

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 74

Simplified IoT Architecture
• Data management is aligned with each of the three
layers of the Core IoT Functional Stack.
• The three data management layers are the edge layer
(data management within the sensors themselves), the
fog layer (data management in the gateways and
transit network), and the cloud layer (data
management in the cloud or central data center).

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 75

Core IoT Functional Stack
• IoT model include core layers, including “things”, a
communications network, and applications.
• Framework separates core IoT & data management in parallel
and aligned stack.
• Allows to examine functions of both, network & applications,
at each stage of complex IoT system.
• Separation of Core IoT into three layers simplify the
understanding of IoT architecture into its most foundational
building blocks.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 76

Core IoT Functional Stack
• From an architectural standpoint, several components have to
work together for an IoT network to be operational.
• “Things” Layer
• Communications network layer
• Access network sub layer
• Gateways and backhaul network sub layer
• Network transport sub layer
• IoT network management sub layer
• Application and analytics layer

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 77

Core IoT Functional Stack
• Layer 1- Things: Sensors and Actuators Layer
• Smart Objects – the Things in IoT, provides in-depth information
about smart objects.
• Variety of smart object types, shapes and needs – derive variety of
IoT protocols and architectures.
• Battery-powered or power –connected
• Mobile or static
• Low or high reporting frequency
• Simple or rich data
• Report range – distance at which gateway is located
• Object density per cell – number of smart objects over a given area.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 78

Core IoT Functional Stack
• Layer 2- Communications Networks Layer
• Once determine the transmission capabilities of smart objects,
it is ready to communicate.
• Layer 3- Access Network Sub layer
• There is a direct relationship between the IoT network
technology and the type of connectivity topology that this
technology allows.
• Each technology was designed with a certain number of use
cases in mind (what to connect, where to connect, how much
data to transport at what interval and over what distance).
• One key parameter determining the choice of access
technology is the range between the smart object and the
information collector.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 79

Core IoT Functional Stack
• Layer 3- Access Network Sub layer
• Common groups are as follows:
• PAN (personal area network): Scale of a few meters. This is the personal
space around a person. A common wireless technology is Bluetooth.
• HAN (home area network): Scale of a few tens of meters. At this scale,
common wireless technologies for IoT include ZigBee and Bluetooth Low
Energy (BLE).
• NAN (neighborhood area network): Scale of a few hundreds of meters.
The term NAN is often used to refer to a group of house units from which
data is collected.
• FAN (field area network): Scale of several tens of meters to several
hundred meters. FAN typically refers to an outdoor area larger than a
single group of house units. The FAN is often seen as “open space” (and
therefore not secured and not controlled).
• LAN (local area network): Scale of up to 100 m. This term is very common
in networking, and it is therefore also commonly used in the IoT space
when standard networking technologies (such as Ethernet or IEEE 802.11)
are used.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 80

Core IoT Functional Stack
• Layer 3- Access Network Sub layer
• Similar ranges also do not mean similar topologies. Some
technologies offer flexible connectivity structure to extend
communication possibilities:
• Point-to-point topologies
• Point-to-multipoint

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 81

Core IoT Functional Stack

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 82

Core IoT Functional Stack
• Layer 4- Applications and Analytics Layer
• Once connected to a network, the smart objects exchange
information with other systems.
• As soon as the IoT network spans more than a few sensors,
the power of the Internet of Things appears in the
applications that make use of the information exchanged
with the smart objects.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 83

Core IoT Functional Stack
• Analytics Versus Control Applications
• Analytics application: This type of application collects
data from multiple smart objects, processes the
collected data, and displays information resulting
from the data that was processed. The display can be
about any aspect of the IoT network, from historical
reports, statistics, or trends to individual system states.
• Control application: This type of application controls
the behavior of the smart object or the behavior of an
object related to the smart object. For example, a
pressure sensor may be connected to a pump.
Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 84
Core Data Management and Compute Stack
• The “things” connected to the Internet are continuing to grow
exponentially.
• Cisco predicted that by 2020, there will be more than 50
billion devices connected to some form of an IP network.
• If number of devices is beyond conventional numbers, surely
the data generated by these devices must also be of serious
concern.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 85

Traditional IT Cloud Computing Model

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 86

Core Data Management and Compute Stack
• Data-related problems need to be addressed:
• Bandwidth in last-mile IoT networks is very limited
• Latency can be very high – Large IoT networks have the latency
of hundreds to thousands of milliseconds
• Volume of data transmitted an be high
• Big data is getting bigger

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 87

Fog Computing
• Solution to the various challenges is to distribute data
management throughout the IoT system, as close to the edge
of the IP network as possible.
• Best known example of edge services in IoT is fog computing.
• Any device with computing, storage, and network
connectivity can be a fog node.
• Concept of fog – first developed by Flavio Bonomi and
Rodolfo Milito of Cisco Systems.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 88

Fog Computing
• In world of Iot, fog gets name from a relative comparison to
computing in cloud layer.
• Like clouds exists in sky, fog rests near ground.
• The intention of fog computing is to place resources as close
to the ground – that is, the IoT devices- as possible.
• Examples: Industrial controllers, switches, routers, embedded
servers, and IoT gateways.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 89

Fog Computing
• Advantage of fog node allows intelligence gathering
(analytics) and control from the closest possible point.
• This introduces new layer to the traditional IT computing
model, one that is often referred to as the “fog layer”.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 90

Fog Computing

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 91

Edge Computing
• Also called as “mist” computing
• If clouds exist in sky, and fog sits near ground, then mist is
what actually sits on the ground.
• Thus, concept of mist is to extend fog right into IoT endpoint
device itself.
• Fog computing solutions are being adopted by many
industries.

Prepared by: Dr.L.Josephine Usha, AP/CSE, SRMIST 92