1.

Differentiate between
a. Fungi and Plantae
b. Monera and Protista
c. Bacteria and Fungi

Ans

a.

Fungi
1. They are both unicellular and
multicellular.
2. They are heterotrophic in nature.
3. Their cell walls are made up of tough,
complex sugar called chitin.
Plantae
1. They are multicellular.
2. They are autotrophic.
3. The cell wall is made up of cellulose.

b.

Monera Protista
1. They do not have a well-defined 1. They have well defined nucleus and
nucleus. complex cell organelles.
2. Their mode of nutrition is generally 2. They are heterotrophic.
autotrophic.
3. They have thread like structures called 3. They have hair like cilia or whip like
flagella for movement. flagella or pseudopodia for movement.

c.

Bacteria
1. They are unicellular organism.
2. Their mode of nutrition is mainly
autotropic.
3. Sometimes they have a cell wall that
protects and gives shape to the cell.
Fungi
1. They are both unicellular and
multicellular.
2. They are heterotrophic in nature.
3. Their cell walls are made up of tough,
complex sugar called chitin.

2. Define classification.

Ans : The scientific way of identifying, naming and grouping of living organisms based on
similarities and differences is known as classification or biological classification.

3. Write two advantages of classification.

Ans:

• It makes study of living organism systematic and simple.

• It helps in identifying the different organisms and placing them in groups.
• It gives an idea about the evolution of organisms from simpler to more complex ones.
4. What are protozoa?

Ans: Protozoa are small organisms. They are single-celled heterotrophic eukaryotes, which eat
bacteria and other food sources.
5. Write characteristic feature of kingdom plantae?

Ans:

•They are multicellular organisms. They can prepare their own food by photosynthesis
and hence they are autotrophic.
• The cell wall is made up of cellulose.
• They cannot move from one place to another.
6. What are cryptograms and Phanerogams?

Ans: Cryptogams are those plants that do not produce flowers and seeds. They do not have
special male and female reproductive units to produce seeds.

Phanerogams include plants that have special organs for reproduction. These plants bear male
and female reproductive units to produce seeds. Phanerogams are further divided into
gymnosperms and angiosperms.

7. Who proposed the five-kingdom classification? What are the five kingdoms?

Ans: R.H. Whittaker suggested the five-kingdom classification. They are Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia.

8. Write two important characteristics of each of the five kingdoms.

Ans:

Monera

• They do not have well defined nucleus or other cell organelles. They are prokaryotic,
unicellular.
• Their mode of nutrition is mainly autotrophic.

Protista

• Some are autotrophic and have a cellulose wall and chloroplasts. While others are
heterotrophic and do not have a cell wall and chloroplasts.
• They can move their body parts and move from place to place. They have hair like cilia
or whip like flagella or pseudopodia for locomotion.

Fungi

• They are eukaryotic and heterotrophic organisms.

• Their cell walls are made up of tough, complex sugar called chitin.
• Some of them feed on dead decaying organic matter. Hence they are called
saprophytes.
• Some fungi are parasitic in nature. They derive their food from other living
organisms.

Plantae

• They are autotrophic multicellular organisms.

• The cell walls are made up of cellulose.
• They cannot move from one place to another.
Animalia

• They are multicellular and heterotrophic.

• The cell walls do not contain cell wall and have only cell membrane.
• They have well developed nervous system.
9. Why Fungi are not a part of kingdom Plantae?

Ans: Fungi are not classified as plants. For example, the cell walls of fungi are made of
chitin, not cellulose. Also, fungi absorb nutrients from other organisms, whereas plants make
their own food. These are just a few of the reasons fungi are placed in their own kingdom and
not in plantae.

10. Give two useful and harmful effects of bacteria and fungi.

Ans:

Bacteria

Useful Effect

• Bacteria such as Streptococcus and Lactobacillus are used to produce curd, butter and
cheese.
• Many bacteria living in intestine of humans synthesize vitamins such as vitamin B.
• Bacteria are natures scavenger and help in cleaning the environment. They grow on
dead and decaying matter and break them into simpler substances.

Harmful Effect

• Bacterial leaf blight of rice is caused by Xanthomonas Oryzae.

• Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae.

Fungi

Useful Effect

• Morels and mushrooms are enjoyed as food.

• Yeast is used in production of bakery items.
• They help in making the soil fertile.

Harmful Effect

• Fungi attack plant and animal tissue and cause disease.

• Tinea is a type of fungal infection of the hair, skin or nails.
• Some mushrooms such as toadstool are poisonous.
11. Distinguish between nitrogen fixation and nitrification? Name one bacterium capable of
carrying them out.

Ans: Nitrogen fixation is a process by which molecular nitrogen in the air is converted into
ammonia (NH. 3) or related nitrogenous compounds in soil. Atmospheric nitrogen is molecular
dinitrogen, a relatively nonreactive molecule that is metabolically useless to all but a few
microorganisms. Example - Azotobacter, Beijerinckia, and Clostridium.
The process by which bacteria in soil and water oxidize ammonia and ammonium ions
and form nitrites and nitrates. Because the nitrates can be absorbed by more complex
organisms, as by the roots of green plants, nitrification is an important step in the
nitrogen cycle. Example - Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus
12. How does Amoeba reproduce sexually?

Ans: Amoeba reproduces by asexual reproduction. It takes place in two ways – binary fission and
multiple fission.

Binary Fission – In this process, one parent Amoeba divides into two daughter Amoeba. First the
nuclear membrane disappears and the nucleus becomes larger. The nucleus then divides into
two daughter nuclei and the cytoplasm surrounds each nucleus. Then plasma membrane is
formed outside the cytoplasm. As a result, the two daughter Amoeba are formed which start
growing separately.

Multiple Fission – Under unfavorable condition, Amoeba produces a thick wall around its body.
This wall is called is called cyst. The nucleus divides several times producing many nuclei. The
cytoplasm then separates, creating multiple daughter cells inside the cyst. These are known as
spores. When the condition becomes favourable the cyst bursts open releasing the daughter
cells that grow into independent Ameba.