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Lec 1
Lec 1
The function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is called homogeneous of degree n with respect to the variables x, y if for any 𝜆 > 0
the following identity is verified:
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = (𝜆𝑥)(𝜆𝑦)% − (𝜆𝑦)' = 𝜆' 𝑥𝑦 % − 𝜆' 𝑦 ' = 𝜆' (𝑥𝑦 % − 𝑦 ' ) = 𝜆' 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
&*-
Example 10. The function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = is homogeneous of degree 0 since
&
𝜆𝑥 − 𝜆𝑦 𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑥−𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = = = 𝜆) = 𝜆) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
𝜆𝑥 𝜆𝑥 𝑥
The first-order DE (2B) is called homogeneous with respect to the variables x, y if the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is
homogeneous of degree 0 with respect to x, y.
-
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 I1, & J.
𝑑𝑦 -
= 𝑓 I1, & J. (13)
𝑑𝑥
-
Making the substitution 𝑢 = & ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢+ 𝑥. (13𝐴)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢+ 𝑥 = 𝑓(1, 𝑢),
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑓(1, 𝑢) − 𝑢 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓 (1, 𝑢) − 𝑢 𝑥
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and has general integral
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
M =M +𝐶
𝑓(1, 𝑢) − 𝑢 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = I𝑦 + S𝑥 % + 𝑦 % J 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 + S𝑥 % + 𝑦 % 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 %
= ⇒ = + h1 + I J ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 = 𝑢 + S1 + 𝑢 %
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑥 = S1 + 𝑢 %
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
√1 + 𝑢% 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
M =M + ln 𝐶.
√1 + 𝑢% 𝑥
u √1 + 𝑢%
Fig. 3.
𝑑𝑢 sec % 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 sec % 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
M =M =M = M sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ln|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃| = ln dS1 + 𝑢% + 𝑢d .
√1 + 𝑢% √1 + tan% 𝜃 sec 𝜃
Therefore
ln dS1 + 𝑢% + 𝑢d = ln|𝐶𝑥|
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S1 + 𝑢% + 𝑢 = 𝐶𝑥
𝑦 % 𝑦
h1 + I J + = 𝐶𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
S𝑥 % + 𝑦 % + 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 % .
Remark 2. The DE
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is a homogeneous one only in the case where M(x, y) and N(x, y) are homogeneous functions of the same
degree.
2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑥 % + 𝑦 % ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥% + 𝑦%
=−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
𝑥% + 𝑦% 𝑦 %
𝑑𝑦 % 1 + I 𝑥J
=− 𝑥 =− 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 2 I𝑥 J
𝑥%
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑢%
𝑢+𝑥 =−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢
𝑑𝑢 −1 − 𝑢% − 2𝑢%
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢
𝑑𝑢 3𝑢% + 1
𝑥 =−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢
2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= −
3𝑢% + 1 𝑥
1 6𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
M % = −M + ln 𝐶
3 3𝑢 + 1 𝑥
𝐶
ln|3𝑢% + 1| = 3 ln m m
𝑥
3𝑦 % + 𝑥 % 𝐶 '
= [ \
𝑥% 𝑥
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𝐶(
3𝑦 % + 𝑥 % = , 𝐶( = 𝐶 '
𝑥
3𝑥𝑦 % + 𝑥 ' = 𝐶( .
The following DE
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
= (14)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎( 𝑥 + 𝑏( 𝑦 + 𝑐(
can be reduced to a homogeneous DE. If c = c1 = 0, then DE (14) is, obviously, a homogeneous one. Suppose
now that both c and c1 are not zero (or at least one of them either c or c1 is not zero.) Let us make the change
of variables
𝑥 = 𝑥( + ℎ , 𝑦 = 𝑦( + 𝑘
It follows that
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 1, = 1,
𝑑𝑥( 𝑑𝑦(
which means
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦( 𝑑𝑦
= ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥( 𝑑𝑦( 𝑑𝑥( 𝑑𝑥
Let us choose h and k so that the following system of equations are verified:
𝑎ℎ + 𝑏𝑘 + 𝑐 = 0
,
𝑎( ℎ + 𝑏( 𝑘 + 𝑐( = 0
which means
𝑎ℎ + 𝑏𝑘 = −𝑐
, (16)
𝑎( ℎ + 𝑏( 𝑘 = −𝑐(
that is, let us determine h and k as solutions of linear system (16). Under this condition, DE (15) is a
homogeneous one:
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𝑎 𝑏 A% B%
System (16) has no solution if m m = 0, that is, if 𝑎𝑏( − 𝑎( 𝑏 = 0 or 𝑎𝑏( = 𝑎( 𝑏. But = = 𝜆,
𝑎( 𝑏( A B
that is, 𝑎( = 𝜆𝑎 and 𝑏( = 𝜆𝑏. Therefore, DE (14) can be transformed as follows:
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
= ,
𝑑𝑥 𝜆𝑎𝑥 + 𝜆𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐(
that is,
𝑑𝑦 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑐
= . (17)
𝑑𝑥 𝜆(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦) + 𝑐(
𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦. (18)
It follows that
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑧 𝑎
=𝑎+𝑏 ⇒ = − . (19)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑏
1 𝑑𝑧 𝑎 𝑧+𝑐
− = ,
𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝜆𝑧 + 𝑐(
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4
/- /-
Knowing that 𝑥 = 𝑥( + ℎ , 𝑦 = 𝑦( + 𝑘 and /&
= /&% , then
%
−ℎ + 2𝑘 − 5 = 0 −ℎ + 2𝑘 = 5
⇒
2ℎ − 𝑘 + 4 = 0 2ℎ − 𝑘 = −4
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Let us make
𝑦( 𝑑𝑦( 𝑑𝑢
𝑢= ⇒ 𝑦( = 𝑢𝑥( ⇒ = 𝑢 + 𝑥( . (21)
𝑥( 𝑑𝑥( 𝑑𝑥(
𝑑𝑢 −1 + 2𝑢
𝑢 + 𝑥( =
𝑑𝑥( 2−𝑢
𝑑𝑢 −1 + 2𝑢 −1 + 2𝑢 − 2𝑢 + 𝑢% 𝑢% − 1 (𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 + 1)
𝑥( = −𝑢 = = =
𝑑𝑥( 2−𝑢 2−𝑢 2−𝑢 2−𝑢
(2 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥(
=
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 + 1) 𝑥(
𝑑𝑢 𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥(
2M −M % =M + ln|𝐶|
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 + 1) 𝑢 −1 𝑥(
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 1 2𝑢
2 q [M −M \r − M % = ln|𝐶𝑥( |
2 𝑢−1 𝑢+1 2 𝑢 −1
1
ln|𝑢 − 1| − ln|𝑢 + 1| − ln|𝑢% − 1| = ln|𝐶𝑥( |
2
𝑢−1
ln s s = ln|𝐶𝑥( |
(𝑢 + 1)√𝑢 + 1√𝑢 − 1
√𝑢 − 1
= 𝐶𝑥(
S(𝑢 + 1)'
𝑦
t𝑥( − 1
(
= 𝐶𝑥(
𝑦 '
tI ( + 1J
𝑥(
S𝑦( − 𝑥(
= 𝐶, (22)
S(𝑦( + 𝑥( )'
but
𝑥 = 𝑥( + ℎ = 𝑥( − 1, 𝑦 = 𝑦( + 𝑘 = 𝑦( + 2 ,
which means
𝑥( = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑦( = 𝑦 − 2 . (23)
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S𝑦 − 2 − 𝑥 − 1 S𝑦 − 𝑥 − 3
= 𝐶 ⇒ = 𝐶
S(𝑦 − 2 + 𝑥 + 1)' S(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1)'
𝑑𝑦 −3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦+1
−3 −3
In this case, d d = −3 − (−3) = 0. Therefore,
1 1
𝑑𝑦 −3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 −3(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 1
= = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦+1 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 1
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, =1+ , = −1,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
then
𝑑𝑧 −3𝑧 + 1
−1=
𝑑𝑥 𝑧+1
𝑑𝑧 −3𝑧 + 1 + 𝑧 + 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑧+1
𝑑𝑧 −2(𝑧 − 1)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑧+1
(𝑧 + 1)𝑑𝑧
= −2𝑑𝑥
𝑧−1
(𝑧 + 1)𝑑𝑧
M = −2 M 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑧−1
𝑑𝑧
M 𝑑𝑧 + 2 M = −2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑧−1
𝑧 + 2 ln|𝑧 − 1| = −2𝑥 + 𝐶
(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 2 ln|(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 1| = 𝐶 − 2𝑥
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 ln|𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1| = 𝐶
Exercise 2. Solve:
&5%-
a) 𝑦 ! = − %&5'-5( . Solution. 𝑥 % + 3𝑦 % + 4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 𝐶
b) (3𝑦 − 7𝑥 + 7)𝑑𝑥 − (3𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑦 = 0. Solution. (𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1)C (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1)% = 𝐶
c) (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦 = 0. Solution. ln|4𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5| + 8𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 𝐶
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