MODULE 1.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Terms
OUTLINE Similarities Differences
Isotopes Proton Neutron
➔ States of Matter between normal elements
➔ Properties of Matter Isotones Neutron Proton
➔ Common Laws & Principles between abnormal elements
➔ Quantum Numbers & Theories Isobars Mass # Element
➔ Periodic Trends & Properties Isomers/Allotropes Chemical Formula Chem Structure
➔ Acid-Base Theory same physical state
➔ Intramolecular Forces of Attraction different forn
➔ RedOx Reaction diamond (crystal)
➔ Factors Affecting Chemical Kinetics charcoal (amorphous)
➔ Phosphate Buffer System
➔ Solubility Equilibrium Negatron - N converts to P [NNP]
➔ Properties of Colloids Positron - P converts to N [PPN]

Common Laws & Principles

States of Matter
I. Fundamental Law of Chemistry
Solid Liquid Gas

Volume and Definite volume Definite volume Indefinite volume Law of Conservation of Mass/Matter Antoine
Shape and shape Indefinite shape and shape ● mass before = mass after Lavosier
● mass cannot be created not destroyed
Rigidity Very rigid Intermediate Negligible
/Fluidity /Fluid /Fluid Law of Definite Composition Joseph
● “Law of Constant Composition” Sprout
Density High Mid Low ● Same composition regardless of preparation
● Fixed ratios
Movement Vibration Gliding Random
Law of Multiple Proportions John Dalton
IFA Very strong Intermediate Essentially none ● 2 elements combined = more than one compound (they
do so by combining in fixed mass with smallest whole
Compressibility No effect, cannot No effect, cannot Can be number ratio)
be compressed be compressed compressed ● Different ratios= different compounds
Kinetic energy Low Mid High
II. Gas Laws (PV=nRT)
Properties of Matter

1. Intrinsic/Intensive property Law Definition Formula

● Independent on amount of matter present
● Characteristics of any sample of the substances regardless of the Boyle’s Law ● “Marriotte’s Law”
shape or size of the sample [Bi si Boyle ● Isothermic
● Example: [The rest] mahilig sa ● V⤄P
○ Density, pH, color, concentration, boiling point, melting point, Vagina and ● ONLY INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
freezing point, sublimation temperature, optical actity Penis]

2. Extrinsic/Extensive property [Imong EX sigeg DEPEND] Charles’ Law ● Isobaric

● Dependent on amount of matter present [Charles ● T⟺V
● Characteristics of any sample of the substances regardless of the nanonood ng ● SI for T: 273.15 K
shape or size of the sample TV]
● Example: [Walay Vayad Para Tambal sa Hilanat]
○ Weight Gay-Lussac’s ● “Amonton's Law”
○ Volume Law ● Isochoric
○ Pressure [Daghag Gay ● Law of combining volumes
○ Temperature sa PT] ● P⟺T
○ Heat content
Avogadro’s ● V⟺n
Law ● Avogadro’s number = 6.03 x 1023
Important Persons to Remember (Atoms)
John Dalton ● chemist, scientist
[JD is playing billiards] ● from UK
● “Billiard Ball Model” = atom is a hard
indestructible spehere
JJ Thompson ● “Raisins bread Model” Combined
[JJ is eating raisins & [pudding near ● “Plum pudding Model”
the ELECTRIC fan]
Law
● Discovered Electron
James Chadwick ● “Discovered Neutron inside nucleus
[Chadwick and Urey are watching
Jimmy Neutron]
Wilhelm Roentgen ● Very penetrating rays from CRT not deflected by Ideal Gas ● Combination of Boyle’s, Charles,
[W - X] magnet (X-ray) Law Avogadro’s Law
Neils Bohr ● “Planetary Model”
[Neil is watching PLANET videos]
Ideal Gas (exists at STP):
Erwin Schrodinger ● “Quantum MechanicsModel” T = OoC / 273.15 K
[Erwin S. is solving Quantum Mech]
Ernest Rutherford ● “Gold Film Experiment” P = 1 atm
[Ernest bought a Gold bc he is always ● Atom is hollow, empty = 760 mmHg
positive]
● Discovered Proton (and Goldstein) N = 1 mol
● “Nuclear Model” = empty mass, space; conc V = 22.4 L
mass + proton; opposite of thompson
Ideal Gas Constant: R
R.A. Millikan ● “Oil drop experiment”
[Millidrop] R = 0.08205 L ⦁ atm/mol K [LAMOK]
● Measure accurate mass of e-
= 8.314 J/mol K
= 1.987 cal/mol K

Dalton’s Law Partial pressure of EACH GAS = Total pressure (in mixture)

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MODULE 1.1

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Periodic Trends & Properties
of Partial
Pressures
I. People in Periodic Table
Graham’s Rate of diffusion and speed gas are inversely proportional to
Law the square root of their density
Antoine- Laurent ● Father of Modern Chemistry
Lavoisier ● First true periodic table (33 elements)

Jons Jakob Berzelius ● Introduced letters or symbolized elements

Diffusion – rate at which 2 gases mix Johann Dobereiner ● “Triads”
Effusion – rate at which gases escape through a pinhole
8 9 10
Henry’s Law Constant: T
1st Fe Co Ni
of Gas
2nd Ru Rh Pd
Solubility
3rd Os Ir Pt
Rauolt’s Constant: T
AlGa = Eka Aluminum - Galium
SiGe = Eka Silicon - Germanium
MaTech = Eka Manganese - Technitium
Real/Van der BoSca = Eka Boron - Scandium
Waals
John Newlands ● “Law of Octaves”

Lothat Meyet and Dmitri ● “First Periodic Law”

Mendeleev ● Arranged by increasing mass #
Fick’s 1st Diffusion rate (flux) of liquid or gas is directly proportional to the Henry Moseley ● Modern Periodic Table
Law concentration gradient (from high concentration to low ● Arranged by increasing atomic #
concentration)
Glenn Seaborg ● Discovered Transuranic elements; Actinides
Quantum Numbers & Theories below Lanthanides

I. Quantum Numbers

Symbol Values Function

Principal Quantum n 1, 2, 3 Determine the size of the

Number (+ integer) particle
[PrinSIZEpal]

Azimuthal/Angular l 0 to (n-1) Subshell or sublevel,

Momentum determines the shape (s, p, d, f)
[aSHAPEmuthal]

s (sharp) = spherical
p (principal) = dumbbell
d (diffusion) = clover
f (fundamental)

Magnetic Quantum m or ml -l to +l Orbitals, determine the orientation

Number
[MagORIENTATION]

Spin Quantum Number s or ms - 1⁄2 or + 1⁄2 Direction of the spin or rotation

[Spin/Rotate]

*main energy level/shell → sublevel/subshell → orbitals

II. Quantum Theories

Pauli’s Exclusion ● No two electrons can have the same set of 4

Principle quantum numbers.
[bawal PAULIhan = No 2 ● Each atomic orbital can only accommodate 2
electrons] electrons.

Aufbau building Up ● The build-up of electrons in atoms results from

Principle continually increasing the quantum number.
[B = building up] ● Lower energy levels are filled up first.

Hund’s Rule ● If two or more empty orbitals of equal energy are

[Hund = Half full] available, one electron occupies each with Metals Nonmetals
spins parallel until all orbitals are half-full. ● good conductor of H & E ● poor conductor
● Orbitals are filled up singly before pairing up. ● from BASIC oxides ● from ACIDIC oxides
● lustrous, ductile, malleable ● dull, brittle if solid
Heisenberg’s It is not possible to determine the position and
● high density ● low density
Uncertainty Principle momentum of an electron simultaneously.
● high melting point ● low melting point
[Heis (Haist) becos dili
● tends to lose E ● tends to accept E
possible]
● reducing agent ● oxidizing agent

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MODULE 1.1

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
II. The Periodic Trends Hard Acid + Hard Base → Ionic Complexes
Soft Acid + Soft Base → Covalent Complex

Atomic Radius (AR) one-half the distance between two nuclei in two adjacent
atoms
Hard acids and bases Soft acids and bases
Ionization amount of energy required to remove an electron from a
Energy/Ionization neutral atom to convert it to a positively charged ion Small atomic or ionic radius Large atomic/ionic radius
Potential (IE) High oxidation state High polarizability
Noble Gases = very high IP Low polarizability Low electronegativity
Electron Affinity amount of energy released when a neutral atom accepts High electronegativity (for hard bases)
(EA) an electron in its outermost shell to convert it to a
negatively charged ion. Occurs in the gaseous state Hard acids: Soft Acids:
Electronegativity tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when it is H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Ti+4, Cr+3, Cr+6 E.g.: Ag+, Au+, Hg+2, Hg2+2, Cd+2
(EN) chemically combined with another atom. Property that Hardbases: Soft bases:
reflects how strongly an atom attracts a shared pair of OH-, F-, Cl-, NH3, CH3COO-, CO3-2 E.g.: H-, SCN-, I
electrons.

Halogens = very high EN (F> O> N ≉ Cl) Intramolecular and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Metallic Property TB = inc metallic property
LR = dec metallic property Intramolecular 1. Ionic Bond
Nonmetallic TB = dec nonmetallic property Forces ● bond between metals & nonmetals
Property LR = inc nonmetallic property ● donate & accept electrons
forces within a ● metals always loses electrons
Metalloids molecule ● transfer of elections
- directly below the ladder ● ex: NaCl
- both metallic & nonmetallic 2. Covalent Bond
● bond between nonmetals
● sharing of electrons
● ex: H2O

Polar Non-polar
significant difference no significant difference in
in EN EN

HCl, HCHO Cl2, CO2, CCl2

[usually if double ang
element, matic nonpolar]

Intermolecular 1. Van Der Waals

Forces ● London-dispersion [LD-IDID = NP + NP]
○ bond between nonpolar molecules (no
forces hold charges)
molecules together ○ weakest bond
● Debye-induction [DI-DID = NP + P]
● Keesom-orientation [KO-DD = P + P]
○ “Permanent Dipole”
Increasing left to right and down to up = INEA
○ stronger than LDF
Increasing right to left and up to down = MR
*Note:
Fr (least EN, most metallic element) Na B N O F Dipole = Polar = with charge
least to greatest Induced Dipole = Nonpolar = no charge

Acids & Bases 2. Hydrogen Bonding

● H + high electronegative element
Electrolytes Non-electrolytes ● FONCH with a lone pair
● ex: H2O + H2O
Allow conductase of electricity Will not dissociate, will
not conduct electricity RedOx Reaction

Do not ionized in water

Inorganic Chemistry sense:
Weak electrolytes: Incomplete/PartiaI dissolution
- Poor electric conductor ● LEORA: Lose Electrons/Oxidation/Reducing agent
● GEROA: Gain Electrons/Reduction/Oxidizing agent
Strong electrolytes: Strong acids & bases
- Complete dissolution Ex: MnO4 + 5e→Mn2+; Oxalic Acid as the reducing agent used
- Best electric conductor

Acid-Base Theory Organic Chemistry sense:

Theory Acid Base
Arrhenius H+ or H2O+ OH-
aqueous sol only
Bronsted-Lowry Theory Proton donor Proton acceptor
● Oxidation – addition (+) of O or loss of H
basis for conjugate
● Reduction – loss (-) of O or addition of H
acid-base pair
Lewis Theory E- acceptor E- donor REDOX of alkene → alkane or alcohol
metals chelating agents
Pearson’s HSAB Hard acids - e acceptor; high (+) charges; small
Soft acids - low (+) charges; large

Pearson’s Hard and Soft Acid and Base (HSAB)

“Hard acids are electron acceptor w/ high positive charges & relatively small
sizes while soft acids have low positive charges & relatively large sizes. “

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MODULE 1.1

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Basic Principles of Analysis

pH
● number of grams equivalent of H per liter of soln
● (-) value of pH is possible; > 14 value is possible as well

pH = -log [H] ● acidic = pH < 7.0, pOH >7.0

pH = log 1/[H] ● basic = pH >7.0, pOH <7.0
pOH = -log[OH] ● neutral = pH=pOH=7.0
pH + pOH =14

Protolysis proton is transferred from one molecule to another

Autoprotolysis transfer of a proton from one molecule to another identical
molecule
Amphoteric substance can act either as acid or base
Amphiprotic both accept and donate protons; e.g., amino acids
compounds (zwitterionic)
Factors Affecting Chemical Factors Affecting
Kinetics Solubility Buffers
1. Nature of Physical state affects reactivity; i.e., Like dissolves like
● Solutions that have the property of resisting changes in pH when acids or
Reactants gas is more reactive
bases are added to them.
2. Temperature The higher the temperature, the Temperature
● This property results from the presence of a buffer pair which consists of
higher the kinetic energy, the higher General: High T = High S
either:
the mobility of molecules, the higher Gas: High T = Low S
○ Weak acid and some salt of a weak acid or its conjugate base
the frequency of collisions, the
Pressure ○ Weak base and some salt of a weak base or its conjugate acid
faster the rate of reaction.
High P = High S
3. Concentration The higher the concentration, the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
of Reactants faster the rate of reaction, EXCEPT
for ZERO ORDER.

4. Catalyst Lowering of the activation energy.

Make the reaction proceed in a

multi-step process wherein each
step has a lower activation energy
compared to the uncatalyzed
reaction.
5. Surface Area The higher the surface area, the
smaller the particle size, the faster
the rate of reaction
*Isohydric - a solution having the same pH as the standard solution.
Buffer Capacity (Buffer action/Buffer efficiency/Buffer index/Buffer
value)
● Ability/ degree (magnitude) of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH
More SA = High S upon addition of acid/alkali
● Depends on the amount of the acid & the base from which the buffer can
neutralize before pH begins to change to an appreciable degree

Phosphate Buffer System

Neutralization Reactions:
1. Strong Acid + Strong Base → Neutral Salt
2. Strong Acid + Weak Base → Acidic Salt
3. Strong Base + Weak Acid → Basic Salt
4. Weak Acid + Weak Base → Neutral/Acidic/ Basic

Based on:
● Ka – acid dissociation constant; a measure of acid strength;
direct relation with acidity:
𝑝𝐾𝑎=−log𝐾𝑎
● Kb – base dissociation constant; a measure of base strength;
direct relation with basicity:
𝑝𝐾𝑏=−log𝐾𝑏

Ka = Kb → Neutral Salt *Where C = total buffer concentration, that is, the sum of the molar
Ka > Kb → Acidic Salt Kain A= Acid concentrations of the acid and the salt.
Ka < Kb → Basic Salt Kain B= Basic

pH: the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration:

Solubility Equilibrium

Insoluble Salts
Ex: AgCl↔Ag+ + Cl-
Ksp – Solubility Product Constant Van slyke
(determines if the product of a reaction will precipitate out of the solution) ● was responsible for a quantitative expression
↑Ksp = ↑Solubility (No precipitation) ● amount in g/l of strong acid or a strong base required to be
Complexes
● added to a solution to change its pH by 1 unit.
Ex: Ag+ + 2NH3 ↔Ag(NH3)+
Kf – Formation Constant ● higher buffer capacity, lower change in pH.
↑Kf = Higher the possibility of forming complexes

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MODULE 1.1

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Colloids & Its Properties

Colloids
● Dividing line between solution and homogeneous mixtureParticle size
between solution and susp
● Not broken down but are small enough to be dispersed throughout the
medium

Properties of colloids: [TBAC - pagmakakita kag TBAC, makaingon kag

Diyos-Colloid hihi ]
1) Tyndall effect - ability to scatter light [II = tt]
2) Brownian motion - zigzag [W as zigzag]
3) Adsorption - adhere to the surface of particle
4) Charged electrically - can be analyzed using electrophoresis

Cathode (-) Attracts cation (+)

Anode (+) Attracts anion (-)

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics - deals w/ energy transformation

System - any part of the universe which is isolated from the rest by a
boundary on a wall
Surrounding - everything outside the system

Three Types of Thermodynamic System

Open allow exchange of both matter & energy

*you can add/withdraw
Closed allows exchange of energy but not of matter
Isolated impermeable to both matter & energy

Thermodynamic Functions:

Internal Energy (U or E) total energy content of a system

Enthalpy (H) heat content
Entropy (S) degree of randomness or disorderliness
Gibb’s Free Energy (G) expendable amount of energy

Heat (q) energy transfer due to temperature difference

Work (w) form of energy transfer between a system & its
surroundings in the form of compression of
expansion of the gas.

State Function Non-state Function

● path independent ● path-dependent
● not concern w/ the process
only in the initial & final state

Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Energy is not created nor destroyed, it can only be

Thermodynamics transformed.
“Law of Conservation of
Energy”
Second Law of A process that occurs by itself must be increased in
Thermodynamics the entropy in order to be SPONTANEOUS!
“Spontaneous Law”
Third Law of The entropy of a pure crystalline solid at a zero
Thermodynamics Kelvin is zero.

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MODULE 1.2

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) Salt Peter
OUTLINE
KMnO4 Mineral Chameleon
➔ Triads
➔ Color of elements in non-luminous flame & cobalt glass Potassium Sodium Tartrate Rochelle’s salt
➔ Other Names of Commonly Asked Compounds (KNaC4H4O6
➔ Element and its Corresponding Disease & Antidote
➔ Unique element traits 16° Ammonia Degrees Baume
◆ Most _______
◆ Least _______ NH4Cl Muriate of Ammonia
➔ Natural & Mineral Water Occurrence
➔ Families of Elements
➔ Intra & Extracellular Cations & Anions Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3 HARTSHORN, Baker’s ammonia

Ammonium Acetate NH4CH3CO2 Spirit of Minderesus

Triads
Ammoniated Mercury ClH2HgN White precipitate
1st triad FeCoNi ( Iron, Cobalt, Nickel)

2nd triad Light Triad: Ru, Rh, Pd (Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium) Copper sulfate pentahydrate Blue vitriol
CuSO4.5H2O
3rd triad Heavy Triad: Os, Ir, Pt (Osmium, Iridium, Platinum)
Copper acetoarsenite Cu3(AsO4)2 Paris Green
Color of elements in non-luminous flame & cobalt glass
Ammoniated Silver nitrate Howe’s solution
AgH3N2O3

MgCO3 Magnesia alba

MgO Calcined Magnesia

MgSO4.7H2O Epsom salt, bitter salt

Hydrated MAGNESIUM silicate Talc

Mg Citrate C6H6MgO7 Purgative lemon

Calcium chloride CaCl Muriate of lime

Calcium Hydroxide CaOH Milk of Lime, slaked lime, hydrated

lime

Other Names of Commonly Asked Compounds Calcium oxide (CaO) Quicklime

Compound Other name
Calcium phosphate CaPO4 Bone ash
Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Baking Soda
Calcium hypochlorite Ca(ClO)₂ Chlorinated lime/ chloride of lime
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) Soda Ash
Na2CO3.10H2O Washing soda/Sal Soda/Soda Crysta Calcium sulfate hemihydrate Plaster of paris
(CaSO4⋅ 1/2H2O)
NaCl Rock Salt, Soler Salt, Table Salt, Sea
salt, Dendritic salt, Halite Barium hydroxide (BaOH)2 Caustic baryta

Lactated ringer’s solution Hartmann’s solution ZnCl2 Butter of Zn

Darrow’s solution Lactated K saline ZnO Zinc white, Flowers of Zinc

NaOH Caustic soda ZnSO4.7H2O White vitriol

KOH Caustic Potash ZnS White sulfide

Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) Lunar Caustic, Caustic pencil Hydrated Zinc silicate Natural calamine

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) Dakin’s solution Cadmium sulfide (CdS) Yellow sulfide (same w/ HgS)

Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) Chile Salt Peter Mercurous Chloride (Hg2Cl2) Calomel

Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4.10H2O) Glauber’s salt Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2) Corrosive sublimate

Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) Hypochlor Mercuric oxide (HgO) Yellow precipitate

Potassium bitartrate (KC4H5O6) Cream of Tartar Boric acid (H3BO3) Sal Sedativum

Potassium Carbonate (K₂CO₃) Potash, Salt Of Peter, Salt of Sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7.10H2O) Borax
Wormwood
Aluminum Hydroxide Amphogel, Cremalin Gel
KCl (lethal injection) Kalium Durules
AlPO4 Phosphagel

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MODULE 1.2

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Aluminum oxide Alumina Calcium Hypercalcemia EDTA

Burrow’s Solution Liquor burowii Barium Baritosis MgSO4

NATIVE HYDRATED Aluminum Kaolin Zinc Parakeratosis NaHCO3

silicate
Cadmium Itai-itai Disease/ Ouch-ouch BAL - given immediately
NATIVE COLLOIDAL Al silicate Bentonite Disease after exposure

Floridin Fuller’s Earth Mercury Minamata Disease, Pink Best Antidote : Bichloride of
Disease, Mad Hatter's Na Formaldehyde
CO2 Carbonic Acid gas Disease Sulfoxylate, NF
2nd line: Penicillamine
3rd line: DMSA / Succimer
Silicon dioxide Silica
Boron/boric Boiled Lobster Appearance
Stannous fluoride Fluoristan acid

Lead acetate Sugar of lead Silicon Silicosis - TB like Alumina

Pb subacetate Goulard’s extract Lead Plumbism / Saturnism - Acute: Sodium /

Wrist/foot drop Magnesium Sulfate
Chronic: EDTA
Titanium dioxide, USP Titanic anhydride
1st line: EDTA
Nitrous oxide Laughing gas 2nd line: Bal
3rd line: Penicillamine
Antimony potassium tartrate Tartar emetic, brown mixture
Phosphorus Acute: Garlic Breath Odor, Blue Vitriol / Copper Sulfate
luminous vomit, bloody Pentahydrate
Precipitated sulfur Milk of sulfur diarrhea and GI irritation

Sublimed sulfur Flower of sulfur Chronic: Phossy Jaw,

Necrosis
HCl Muriatic acid

Ferrous Sulfate Green vitriol Boron/boric Boiled Lobster Appearance

acid
Ferriferrocyanide Prussian blue
Aluminum Shaver's disease
Ferroferricyanide Turnbull’s blue
Arsenic Acute: Mee’s Line (white BAL
Potassium ferrocyanide Yellow prussiate of potash lines in fingernails), Garlic
Breath Odor, luminous
vomit, bloody diarrhea and
Potassium ferricyanide Red prussiate of potash GI irritation

Ferrous Ammonium sulfate Mohr’s salt

Manganese Parkinson-like Syndrome

Ferric ammonium sulfate Ferric alum

Lithium Pregnancy problem

Ferrous subsulfate Monsel’s solution (teratogenic) - Ebstein’s
anomaly
Ferric Oxide Hematite
Potassium Hyperkalemia - lead to Sodium polystyrene
Iron disulfide Fool’s gold cardiac arrest (muscle sulfonate (Kayexalate)
contraction)
Cast iron Pig Iron
Iron Gi irritation Deferoxamine
White Cast Iron Cementite
Cobalt Megaloblastic Hydroxocobalamin,
Anemia/Macrocytic Anemia Cyanocobalamin
Gray cast Iron Graphite scales (B9 and B12 deficiency)

Cobaltous chloride Lover’s ink Nitrites Nitrites poisoning Methylene blue

Nitric acid Aqua fortis Lead Lead poisoning Disodium Calcium edetate

Sulfuric acid Oil of vitriol Beryllium Berylliosis

Element and its Corresponding Disease & Antidote Thallium Green tongue and alopecia Prussian blue/ berlin blue

Element Disease Antidote CO Hypoxia 100% oxygen/ Artificial Air

(80% Helium - 20%
Copper Wilson’s Disease - bronze Penicillamine oxygen)
like skin
H2O2 Prolonged Use: Hairy
Silver Argyria (Darkening of skin) NaCl (NSS) Tongue Syndrome

Prolonged Exposure:
Gold Dermatitis, Glossitis BAL Dermatitis Venenata

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MODULE 1.2

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Unique element traits Families of Elements

MOST
● Most reactive ELEMENT: He Family/ Name Members
● Most Abundant ELEMENT: O>Si>Al>Fe
● Most Abundant element in EARTH’S CRUST & Most important element in Gr IA H,Li,Na,K,Rb, Cs, Fr
Pharmacy: Al Alkali Metals [Ha LiNa at Kumain ng Rambutan at
● 11th Most Abundant element in EARTH’S CRUST: Phosphorus Ceso sa France]
● HEAVIEST and MOST DENSE METAL: OSMIUM
● Rarest element: Astatine
Gr IIA Be,Mg,Ca,Sr, Ba,Ra
● Most abundant and predominant intracellular cation: K
Alkaline Earth Metals [Be MagCano Stro Ba Ra?]
● 2nd most abundant Intracellular cation: Mg
● 2nd most abundant cation in extracellular fluid: Ca
● 2nd Most Important Trace Element in the Body: Zn Gr IIIA B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
● Most abundant extracellular anion: Cl Icosagens/Boron Family [BAGIT]
● 3rd most malleable, 3rd best conductor: Cu
● Most malleable and ductile, Best conductor of electricity: Au
Gr IVA C, Si,Ge,Sn, Pb
● 2nd Most Malleable Metal: Ag (Silver) Crystallogens/Carbon Family [C, Si, Ge, San Pba?]
● 3rd Most Malleable Metal: Cu
● Most electronegative ELEMENT: Fluorine (F)
● Most Metallic of All NATURAL Halogens: I VA N,P,As,Sb,Bi
● Most Metallic of All Halogen: Astatine (At) Pnictogens/Nitrogen group [NaPaAsa Sibi Bi]
● Most Toxic Metal: Be
● Most abundant gas in air: N
VIA O, S, Se, Te, Po
● Most Abundant NOBLE GAS: Argon (Ar) Chalcogens/Oxygen Group [OSuSeTe Po]
● Most Abundant METAL And Most Important Metal in Pharmacy: Al
● Most Abundant of the Rare Earth Metal Elements: Ce
● Most Potent Respiratory Stimuli: CO2 VIIA F, Cl, Br, I, At
● Most Metallic Element Of Group IVA: Pb (Lead) Halogens/Salt formers [First Class Bra Inagaw ni Ate]
● 9th Most Abundant Element on Earth: Ti
● 3rd Most abundant transition metal: Mn
Gr 0/ VIII He, Ne, Xe, Ar, Kr, Ra
● Strongest oxidizing agent: F Noble Gas/Inert gas [HeNela, Xenepa, Aray! Krazy Run!]
● Most Powerful Inorganic CARCINOGEN: Ni
● Oldest known germicide: I
IB Cu, Ag, Au (Medals)
● Most important of all metallic element : Iron
Coinage Metal [Ka Agaw” or CuAgAu]
● 2nd most important trace mineral in the body: Zn
[1 stroke ang C pagsulat]
● Most chemically active of group IIA: Barium
● Heaviest Non-metallic element: Iodine
● Most metallic, synthetic and radioactive: Iodine IIB Zn, Cd, Hg
● Most commonly used radionuclide in diagnostic imaging: Technetium Volatile Metals [ZiCadMer]
[2 strokes ang V pagsulat]
● Heaviest inert gas: Radon
● Most internally significant element: Oxygen
● Most mobile gas: Helium IIIB Sc, Y, La, Ce, Ac, Lanthanides,
● Most toxic vitamins: Retinoic Acid Scandium subgroup Actinides
● Most toxic veratrine alkaloid: Protoveratrine [3 stroke ang S pagsulat]
*Only metallic, Only synthetic halogen, Only radioactive halogen: Astatine
*1st element produced artificially: Technetium IVB Ti, Zr, Hf (Rf)
*Very RARE inert gas: XENON Titanium group [Titi ni Zr HaF ng ReF]
*Softest Mineral: Talc
*Hardest Mineral: Diamond, Corundum VB V, Nb, Ta, Db
*1st Natural with Boron: Boromycin Vanadium group [Virgin NBa TAyo DBa?]
*Major Constituent of Air: Nitrogen
VIB Cr, Mo, W, U
LEAST Chromium group [CRy Mo Wag Ungol]
● Lightest of all structurally important metal: Mg
● Lightest ELEMENT and 2nd lightest GAS: He
VIIB Mn, Tc, Re
● Least abundant of all noble gasses: Xenon
Manganese group
● 2nd Least abundant of all noble gasses: Krypton
● Lightest METAL: Li
● 1st Lowest MP: Hg VIIIB Fe,Co,Ni
● 2nd lowest MP: Gallium
Triads Ru,Rh,Pd,
Os,Ir,Pt
Natural & Mineral Water Occurrence
Eka-Aluminum: Gallium
Eka-Silicon: Germanium
Eka-Boron: Scandium

Intra & Extracellular Cations & Anions

CATIONS:
● Most abundant: PISO - Potassium In, Sodium Out
● 2nd most abundant: MICO - Magnesium In, Calcium out

ANIONS:
● PICO - Phosphate In, Chloride Out
● SIBO - Sulfate In, Bicarbonate Out

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
OUTLINE

➔ Electron Pair Geometry

➔ Formula of Functional Groups
➔ Carboxylic Acid Classification
➔ Conformation of Alkanes
➔ Alcohol Oxidation

# Electron pairs Electron Pair Bond Angle

Geometry
2 Linear 180
3 Trigonal Planar 120
[1+2 = 3 (tri)]
4 Tetrahedral 109.5
[9-5 = 4 (tetra)]]
5 Trigonal Bipyramidal 90, 120
6 Octahedral 90

Formula of Functional Groups

Carboxylic Acid Classification

Carboxylic Acids
● R-COOH/ Ar-COOH
● terminal functional group
● product of hydrolysis of anhydrides
● product of further oxidation of Primary Alcohol

Nomenclature of Acids
1. Common name
● Uses Greek letters to indicate the positions of substituents
Name of Functional Groups General Formula ● C-C-C-C-C-COOH
Alpha=next to COOH
Beta
Alcohols ROH Gamma
Sigma
Phenols Ar-OH Epsilon
● Often derived from Latin Greek name indicating the original source of
the acid
Ethers ROR
2. IUPAC
Amines RNH2 ● Parent chain contains the –COOH, carboxy C is #1
● Change –e to –oic
● Ex: methane? –methanoic acid
Aldehydes RCHO
Reactions
Ketones RCOR
1. Acid/ Salt Formation
2. Conversion into functional derivatives
Carboxylic Acid RCOOH ● (a) conversion into acid chlorides
● (b) conversion into an ester
Esters RCOOR ● (b) conversion into amides
3. Reduction

Anhydrides RCOOCOR
Kinds of Acids (based on the number of carboxyl group –COOH)

Amides RCONH2 1. Monocarboxylic acids

● saturated fatty acids, one carboxylic acid group

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are known as fatty acids

because some of their higher members like palmitic acid
(C15H31COOH) and stearic acid (C17H35COOH) were first
obtained by hydrolysis of fats.

Their general formula is CnH2nO2 or CnH2n-1COOH. They are

monobasic in nature.

Example: Formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), etc.

Conformation of Alkanes

Newman Projections: This is one of the ways to represent

conformations of alkanes. It visually represents the bonding of atoms
from front to back. A Dot represents the first carbon atom (the one that
is nearer). The further carbon atom is a circle. Lines show the
hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon atoms. This representation
clearly indicates the

2. Dicarboxylic Acids
● saturated acids with two –COOH group

Sawhorse Projections: This represents the conformations of alkanes

in the form of a straight line. The first carbon is at the lower end of the
line on the left side. And the second carbon is at the upper end of the
diagram.

*Azelaic acid - anti-pimple

*Oxalic Acid - product of the oxidation of Ethylene Glycol
Alcohol Oxidation [AKiN]
3. Tricarboxylic Acids: Reagent: K2Cr2O7
● three carboxyl groups depend on type of alcohol
1 - Aldehyde (oxidized to Carboxylic acid)
2 - Ketone
3 - No reaction

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MODULE 1.3
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The oxidation of alcohols is an
chemistry. Primary alcohols can be
carboxylic acids; secondary alcohols
Tertiary alcohols, in contrast, cannot
molecule’s C–C bonds.
important reaction in organic
oxidized to form aldehydes and
can be oxidized to give ketones.
be oxidized without breaking the
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ORGANIC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Generation Gram + Gram -
OUTLINE
First Cephradine +++ +
Cephapirin
➔ Routes of Administration of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors Cefazolin
➔ Cephalosporin Classification Cefadroxil
➔ Commonly Used 1st Line Agents Cefalexin
➔ Common Combination Drugs
➔ Antihistamine Drugs Second Cefaclor +++ ++
Cefamandole
Routes of Administration of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors Loracarbef
Cefuroxime
Cefoxitin
Cefpodoxime
Cefprozil

Third Cefoperazone + +++

Cefotaxime
Cefixime
Moxalactam
Ceftazidime
Ceftibuten
Cefditoren
Cefdinir
Ceftizoxime
Ceftriaxone

○ Penicillin Fourth Cefepime ++ ++++

■ NATURAL Penicillin Cefpirome
● Penicillin G (Benzylpenicillin) – PO, IV, IM
○ Repository Forms: (DEPOT-IM)
■ Procaine- every week Fifth Ceftaroline ++++ ++++
■ Benzathine- once a month Ceftobiprole
○ Use: RHD and Syphilis
● Penicillin V (Phenoxymethylpenicillin) – PO
Commonly Used 1st Line Agents
■ Penicillinase-Resistant/Antistaphylococcal Penicillins/Narrow
Spectrum
● Methicillin (2,6-dimethoxyphenylpenicillin) - Prototype; off the 1ST LINE AGENTS
market (interstitial nephritis) - IM or IV (cannot be used for oral
due to inactivation from gastric juice)
● Nafcillin (2-ethocy-1-phenylpenicillin) - IV or IM; given every 4 Sodium Nitroprusside 1st line for hypertensive emergency
to hours
● Isoxazolyl Penicillins (Oxacillin Isoniazid 1st line for tb
(5-methyl-3-phenyl-1-isoxazolylPen.)- IV/parenteral;
● Flucloxacillin (Stafloxin), Cloxacillin,Dicloxacillin – best
absorbed orally) Pyrazinamide 1st line drug for short term tx
○ Aminopenicillins/Broad Spectrum Combined with other agents
■ Ampicillin (a-aminobenzyl penicillin) (Parenteral, poor GI (resistance develops rapidly)
absorption)- DOC for shigellosis Prodrugs: Hetacillin, Bacampicillin
(most common), Cyclacillin Calcium channel blockers 1st line for hypertension
■ Amoxicillin (a-amino-p-hydroxylbenzyl Pen.) (PO)- better GI
absorption than ampicillin
Amiodarone 1st line for ventricular tachycardia
○ Extended Spectrum Penicillins
■ Carboxypenicillins (Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin) - IV or IM
■ Ureidopenicillins/ Anti-Pseudomonal Penicillins (Piperacillin – Lepirudin 1st line for heparin induced
most potent, Azlocillin, Mezlocillin) - Oral or Parenteral thrombocytopenia
Cephalosporin Classification
Statins 1st line for hypercholesterolemia

Dobutamine 1st line for cardiogenic shock

Norepinephrine 1st line for septic shock

Epinephrine 1st line for anaphylactic shock

Fenoldopam 1st line for severe hypertension

Prazosin 1st line for essential hypertension

Hydralazine 1st line for hypertensive emergency

in pregnant women

Minoxidil, Diazoxide 1st line for hypertensive crisis

Modafinila 1st line for narcolepsy

Methylphenidate 1st line for obesity and adhd

Phentolamine and 1st line for pheochromocytoma

Phenoxybenzamine

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H1 Agonist drugs
Tamsulosin 1st line for urinary retention in BPH
patients

Oxybutynin 1st line for relief for urinary urgency

Neostigmine 1st line for GI and urinary atony

Phentolamine, CCB 1st line for raynaud syndrome

Propranolol 1st line for Symptomatic

hyperthyroidism, migraine, stage
fright

Neostigmine,pyridostigmine, 1st line for myasthenia gravis

ambenonium

Common Combination Drugs

Clavulanic Acid + Amoxicillin Amoxiclav

Sulbactam + Ampicillin Unasyn

Tazobactam + Piperacillin Piptaz

Cilastatin + Imipenem Primaxin

Zidovudine + Lamivudine Combivir

Antihistamine Drugs

H2 Agonist drugs

Other members:
● Ranitidine - (furan derivative ; 50% BA, 4-10 x potent than
Cimetidine with longer Duration of action, weaker CYP inhibitor,
3o amine side chain allows formation of salts)
● Famotidine - (thiazole derivative ; 40-50% BA, 9-15 x potent
than Ranitidine or 40-60 x more potent than Cimetidine - weaker
CYP inhibitor, allows formation of salts)
● Nizatidine - (thiazole derivative; 90% BA, 5-18 x potent than
Cimetidine, no antiandrogenic effects nor enzyme inhibition

NOTE:
Basis of classification
• -X is C : Propylamines/Alkylamines
o Exhibit chirality = stereoselective binding at the receptor
• -X is O: Aminoalkylethers, Ethanolamines, Propanolamines
• -X is N: Ethylenediamines, Piperazines, Tricyclics

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