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based on
technology acceptance models. Some studies have incorporated other factors as external variables in
order to increase the explanatory power of the model and take more potential factors into account. To
design a research model

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matrix is used for validation. In Table 4, the square root of AVE of potential variables is greater than
correlation coefficient of other dimensions, ensuring good discriminant validity [58]. Table 3. Reliability
and Validity

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and weaknesses identified by researchers. The impact variables (individual and organizational) were
grouped as net benefits. A new variable, service quality

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using a two-stage process. Step 1, the measurement model, measures the hypothetical constructs based
on the observed variables while step 2, the structural model, describes the relationships between the 6
constructs. The maximum-likelihood method was

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the path’s significance and strength. The strength of the relationship between the exogenous and
endogenous variables (R2) was also measured. Figure 2 and Table 5

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2016; Šumak et al., 2017). However, some scholars (Sánchez-Prieto et al., 2016; Šumak et al., 2017; Tsai et
al., 2018) have contended that the TAM has several disadvantages, including (1) not providing adequate
insight into individuals’ perspectives ofnovel systems; (2) neglecting its indicators and directly investigating
the external variables of perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU); and (3) ignoring the
relationship between usage attitude and usage intention. In their search for a

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UTAUT model has been extended. Many researchers (Martins et al., 2014; Maillet et al., 2015; Cimperman
et al., 2016; Kabra et al., 2017; Khalilzadeh et al., 2017) have suggested that increasing the number of
external variables can enhance this model’s ability to predict the acceptance of IT. Several variables have
been recommended
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with the aforementioned baseline values.

EE R2=0.212
This study tested the relationships between dependent and independent variables by using the path
coefficient (β) and t statistics. By using PLS regression to

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5 presents the explanatory power. The model explained

a substantial portion of the variance in all endogenous variables: EE (21.2%), PE (22.3%), perceived
enjoyment (26.1%), satisfaction (41.4%), and BI (47.9%). Falk and Miller (1992) asserted

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Mobile Learning
satisfied this requirement. However, a substantial portion of unexplained variances indicated that other key
factors beyond the scope of this study could be incorporated to improve the explanatory power of the
endogenous variables. In summary, the model employed

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variations in the endogenous variables. The endogenous variables exhibited strong explanatory power for
these variations, thereby indicating the stability and robustness ofthe model. All estimated and
standardized path

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Joo & Choi, 2015)(Aharony, 2014). Thirdly, it helps researcher in investigating the effect of external factors
on dependent variables. Therefore, the current research extended

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Research Model 1.3.1.

H2 Independent variable Habit (H)
Habit is considered as a strong indicator for emphasis and lifespan of existing behaviour (Venkatesh,
Thong, & Xu, 2012). The unified theory considered habit

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disagree to (7) strongly agree. Observed variables for both perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness
were adopted from (Rafique et al., 2018), while four measurement items for habit were selected from
(Venkatesh et al., 2012). Further, 4 observed variables for

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Fiore, 2017).
1.5.5. Structural Equation Model:
SEM was used because of multiple measurement items against constructs within the multivariate
environment and for identifying the association among dependent and independent variables
simultaneously instead of individual testing of relationships (Hair et al., 2010). Therefore, a two-step
approach

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conduct SEM analysis over data. Firstly, the analysis of measurement model
(MM) was conducted for determining the relationship among observed and unobserved variables through
CFA using AMOS 0 software and in the second step, the analysis of the structural model (SM) was
performed to test the proposed hypothesis for dependent and independent variables. SEM fit was
determined with

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recognized factors.
1.6.1. Measurement model (MM)
Measurement model (MM) was implemented for checking the loading of observed variables (items) over
latent variables (constructs/factors) (Rafique et al., 2018)(Chandio, Irani, Zeki, Shah, & Shah, 2017). MM was
evaluated using CFA

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survey, the study deployed interviews. The regression results indicate significant influence of the regressed
variables with slightly low values of the adjusted R-square. The findings on information quality

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and found to be fine. DeLone and McLean (1992) define usage as a dependent variable from information
quality and system quality. This definition by DeLone and

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H., & McLean, E. R. (2003). Information system success: The quest for the dependent variable. Information
System Research, 19 (4

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by researchers see (figure 2). The impact variables (individual and organizational) were grouped as net
benefits. A new variable, service quality

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new constructs to the model. For instance, Hsu et al. (2014) extended the model by adding the trust
variable in the context of ecommerce. Similarly Jagannathan et al. (2018

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using a two stage process. Step 1, the measurement model, measures the hypothetical constructs based
on the observed variables while step 2, the structural model, describes the relationships between the 6
constructs. Maximum-likelihood method was used

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the path’s significance and strength. The strength of the relationship between the exogenous and
endogenous variables (R2) was also measured. Figure 2 and Table 5

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used as a reference model. The study results indicate that facilitating conditions have a significant effect
on perceived usefulness. All core constructs of TAM

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users in doing their work. Then for the HOT-Fit model, the human variable does not explain in more detail
the factors that affect technology acceptance. Furthermore, the UTAUT model, according

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workers in Saudi Arabia [8]. In contrast to the TAM model, this model emphasizes 2 main variables, namely
user convenience and perceived benefits in influencing each individual's intention to use the newly
adopted technology. According to the meta-analysis

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as shown in Fig. 1. The model introduces a facilitating condition variable which becomes an external
variable that is inherent in the core structure of the TAM. According to other research, it

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technology integration in education [12]. In addition, the results of research by Rahimi et al. show that the
variable facilitating condition is significantly related to perceived usefulness [14]. Researchers believe that
these variables

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outer model) and indicator items. Variable

Measurement Indicator
Facilitating Condition (FC)
When I need help in using the platform (NUADU) during distance learning someone will help me (FC1)
When I need help in using the platform (NUADU) during distance learning someone will teach me (FC2) I
will have the facilities needed to learn to use the platform (NUADU) during the distance learning (FC3)
Perceived
Usefulness (PU)
The platform (NUADU) will improve learning performance during distance learning (PU1)
The platform (NUADU) will increase my efficiency in distance learning (PU2A) The platform (NUADU) will
help save my work time during distance learning (PU2B) The platform is (NUADU) very useful for me
during distance learning (PU3)
Teaching activities will be easier to use the platform (NUADU) during distance learning (PEU1)
Perceived
Ease of Use (PEU)
The use of the platform (NUADU) in the distance learning process will become clear and easy to
understand (PEU2) Interactions using the Platform (NUADU) are more flexible during distance (PEU3)
learning During distance learning long distance, I feel it will be easy to become an expert in using the
platform (NUADU) (PEU4)
During distance learning, the platform (NUADU) is a good idea to use (AT1A) Attitude
toward using (AT)
Behavioral
Intention to Use (B)
Actual Use (AU)
I think the use of the platform (NUADU) is a trend during distance learning (AT1B) The platform (NUADU)
will be compatible with smart devices I use in distance learning (A1C)
In the future, I will use the platform NUADU during distance learning (B1)
I recommend the platform (NUADU) for use in distance learning in the future (B2)
I will often use the NUADU platform in my work during distance learning (AU1)
In my work, using the NUADU platform is very relevant during distance learning (AU2)
0,832 0,798 0,728 0,817
Valid & Reliable
Valid & Reliable
0,878 0,864
Valid & Reliable
4.2. Questionnaire Validity and Reliability In

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19] Auwdinata, Natasya Yemima Putri. (2018) " Pengaruh organizational justice terhadap organizational
citizenship behaviour dengan organizational commitment sebagai variabel intervening pada PT Sunindo
Gapura Prima [Title in English: The effect of organizational justice on organizational citizenship behavior
with organizational commitment as an intervening variable at PT Sunindo Gapura
when implementing new technology”, in Jogiyanto Sistem Informasi 519
520
Sri Rahayu Natasia et al. / Procedia Computer Science 197 (2022) 512–520 Sri Rahayu Natasia et al. /
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2021) 000–000
Prima.]" AGORA 6 (1).
[20] Ghozali

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TAM model undergoes various modifications. [9] have developed the TAM model by combining the
behavior interest variable with the actual use of the system into the acceptance variable. Therefore, in this
research TAM

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because it meets the requirements.

B. Statistical Descriptive In this section we will present descriptive statistical
analysis which is done to know the questionnaire result of each variable included in the category of answer
Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Agree and Strongly Agree which can be seen as follows:
1) Perceived Usefulness • Determine the magnitude of the criterion score (SK)
obtained:
ΣSK = Highest score for each item of question x number of question items x number of respondents
Highest score item question = 4 Number of question items = 6 Number of respondents = 73 ΣSK =
4x6x73 = 1752
• Total number of total results of data collection of variable usability (X1): ΣSH = 1211
• The percentage (P) of respondents' answers: P = Σ SH/Σ SK = 1211/1752 x 100% = 69.12%
Based on the percentage value (P) and refer to Table IV
above the category of respondents' answers can be seen that the results of the percentage distribution of
respondents overall answer for the variable utilization (X1) included in the category
"Agree" with percentage 69.12%. The implication in this research

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environment of XYZ [7,11].

C. Perceived Ease of Use Determine the magnitude of the criterion score (SK) obtained:
ΣSK = Highest score for each item of question x number of question items x number of respondents
The highest score of each question item = 4 Number of question items = 6 Number of respondents = 73
ΣSK = 4x6x73 = 1752 Total number of total results of data collection of variable usability (X1): ΣSH =
1223
The percentage (P) of respondents' answers: P = Σ SH/Σ SK = 1223/1752 = 69.80%
Based on the range of categories referring to Table IV
above, it can be seen that the results of the percentage distribution of respondents' overall answers for the
ease of use variable (X2) are included in the "Agree" category with the percentage of 69.80%. The
implication in this study

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university environment of XYZ [7].

D. Acceptance Determine the magnitude of the criterion score (SK) obtained:
ΣSK = Highest score for each item of question x number of question items x number of respondents
The highest score of each question item = 4 Number of question items = 4 Number of respondents = 73
ΣSK = 4x4x73 = 1168 Total number of total results of data collection of variable usability (X1): ΣSH = 849

The percentage (P) of respondents' answers: P = Σ SH/Σ SK = 849/1168 = 72.69%

Based on the range of categories referring to Table IV, it
can be seen that the results of the percentage distribution of respondents' overall answers for the
acceptance variable (Y) are included in the "Agree" category with the percentage of 72.69%. The
implication in this research

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not ready needs some works). The variables that have been declared that is ready are human resource and
content variable. While the variables that are

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information systems in various contexts. To conform the e-learning context, DeLone& McLean model is
adapted using variables Technical System Quality (TES), Educational System Quality (ESQ), Service Quality
(SQ), Content & Information Quality (CIQ), use, user perceived satisfaction (UPS) and individual impact. To
test the model, this

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by running the Bootstrapping algorithm. According to [10], a latent variable has a significant influence on
other latent variables if it has a t-value of 1.65 with a significance value of 10%, the value of t-value of 1.96
has a significance of 5%, and the value of t-value of 2.58 has a significance of 1%. The value of path
coefficient

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is presented in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Variables
VARIABLES AND INDICATORS OF THIS STUDY Indicators Flexibility
System Quality (SyQ) Information Quality (IQ) Service Quality (SeQ) Use (U) User Satisfaction (US) Net
Benefit (NB)
SyQ1 SyQ2 SyQ3 SyQ4 SyQ5 IQ1 IQ2 IQ3 IQ4
SeQ1 SeQ2 SeQ3
U1 U2
US1 US2 US3 US4 NB1 NB2 NB3 NB4
Security Reliability
Response Time Ease of Use
Completeness
Understandability Relevance
Accuracy Assurance
Empathy
Responsiveness Nature of Use
Amount of Use Repeat Purchases
Meets Customer Needs E-Loyalty
Satisfaction Cost Savings
Time Savings Productivity
Effectiveness
B. Defining sample and distributing the questionnaire The authors used Purposive Sampling method to
get the sample. Total population of respondents in

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of the total sample [17]. After obtaining a latent variable score for each variable, the value were
reprocessed using SEM (Structured Equation Modeling) as in Fig 2. This path diagram is adopting

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accepting and using new technology.

TAM has two main variables that are used to predict the
acceptance of use is perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use that will affect the attitude towards
using, behavioral intention to use and finally shows the real use of the system (actual system use) (Davis,
1989).
C. D&M IS Succes

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elements of mobile learning system. Besides, in this research will investigate the effect of Information
Quality and System Quality on m-learning as external variables on TAM model.
Finally, based on TAM model I will explore Quality Factors as external variables to find the effect of
external variables on students’ attitude to use M-learning for higher education students by using
Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived
6
Organizational impact
Systems Success: The quest for the dependent variable” and proposed the first Information System
Success Model (ISSM) to evaluate the success of information systems at an organizational level [23].
DeLone and McLean identify six

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4, May 2016
Table 1. Shows the main variables and their constructs with references
Variables IQ SQ
PEOU P U AT
ITU
construct Number 2 2 2 3 3 3
References
[23] [23]
[22, 25, 26] [22, 25, 26] [22, 25, 26] [22, 25, 26]
Means and standard deviations of technology acceptance core constructs and correlation matrix for this
study.The means of
Table 2

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am positive toward mobile learning.
behavior Intention To Use (ITU) 1-
23-
I spend a lot of time on using mobile learning for academic use I use the mobile learning quite often for
academic use
I have been using the mobile learning for academic use for a very long time now
5.2 Correlation Analysis among Variables Table: 3 describe correlation analysis among variables. There are
six pairs of

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conscious and not forced state. However, Venkatesh et al. (2003) revealed a more complex and compelling
theory called Technology Adoption and Utilization Integration Theory which consists of four core concepts
such as performance expectations, hard-work expectations, social influence, and contributory factors, as
well as four accompanying variables, namely gender, age, experience and voluntary. This research does not
measure

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perceived usefulness affects user satisfaction. Zhong et al. (2020) empirically test the level of technology
acceptance by
consumers, explicitly examining the Value-based Adoption Model (VAM) concept in the hospitality
industry with the moderating variable of consumer demographic information. Self-service technology that
uses

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significantly affects using the internet. Perception of convenience does not directly affect the intention to
use the internet; specifically, it can affect use intention if it passes through the perception of usefulness.
Alshurideh, Al Kurdi, and Salloum

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No.1, March 2022, pp. 1~16

On the measurement test of the re-use intention variable, one indicator has a
loading factor value of less than 0.5, namely the npu4 indicator. The code indicator npu4, which

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ISSM) and technology acceptance model. In this study, we use SEM to examine the model that includes
dimensions and relevant variables. The dimensions of model include

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and Jallais, 2015; Dutot, 2015). TAM comprises perceived ease of
incorporate service quality (DeLone and McLean,
Exploring Taiwanese’s smartphone user intention 101
use (PEOU), PU, attitude toward using (ATU), behavioural intention (BI) to use, actual system use (AU), and
external variables, wherein PU and PEOU are considered primary factors that
influence individual acceptance of technology and contribute
effectiveness of the TAM. PEOU represents ease of operating

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an online donation drive application. In this study, the success model of the
Delone and Mclean model uses variables of system quality, information quality, service quality, users, user
satisfaction, and final results. This research was conducted by

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to improve knowledge and communication. Based on the DeLone and McLean model
variables as above, we get a hypothesis like the following: H1a: The quality of the system will have a
positive and significant effect on users (used);
H1b: The quality of the system will have a positive and significant effect on user satisfaction (satisfaction of
use);
H2a: Information quality will have a positive and significant effect on system usage (usage);
H2b : Kualitas informasi (information quality) akan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan
pengguna satisfaction);
(user
H3a: Service quality will have a positive and significant effect on system usage (usage);
H3b: Service quality will have a positive and significant effect on user satisfaction; Then if
first is the initial stage which contains problem identification, literature study, model selection, sample
calculation. In the second stage, the

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valid and reliable or not. a. Convergent Validity Test Convergence Validity or convergent validity
aims to determine the validity of each relationship between the indicator and its latent variable. In this
study, the authors

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testing at a later stage. The model after falling on the indicator that has a loading factor value below 0.6 is
as follows:
AVE values below 0.5, namely the variable Information Quality, Service Quality, and System Quality, while
the other variables have shown good convergent validity. For Information Quality, Service Quality

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has adequate discrimination or not. To find out is to compare the loading value on the variable correlation
construct that is greater than the loading factor value to other variables. Following are the results of

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and composite reliability:

Table 3. Composite Reliability Test Values Variabel
Cronbach's Alpha
Information Quality Net Benefit
Service Quality System Quality
Use User Statisfaction
0,679 0,784 0,434 0,694 0,797 0,483
Composite Reliability 0,806 0,851 0,779 0,832 0,907 0,794
Source: (Aditya et al., 2019) From table 3 it can be concluded that the
composite reliability variable is declared reliable because it meets the requirements, namely, for the
composite reliability value, all variables have a value of ≥ 0.7, so that the statement used is stated
consistently. While there are alpha Cronbach variables that are not reliable in service quality and user
satisfaction because alpha Cronbach's condition has a value of ≥ 0.6, so statements about service quality
and user satisfaction are stated to be inconsistent.
System Quality 0,412 0

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0.354, including moderate effects.

The R-Square value of the Usage variable is
0.574, which means that the percentage of System Quality, Information Quality, and Service Quality is
57.4% while the remaining 42.6% is influenced by other parties. For the Use variable with

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using the Sorabel application. 2). Questionnaire: At the stage of preparing the questionnaire that is done
by starting the identification of latent variables, identification of manifest variables and the connectedness
of each variable. 3). Literature Study: In the

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information produced (DeLone & McLean, 1992). When measuring end-user satisfaction, information
quality is often used as the main variable (Petter et al., 2008). In this study, the quality

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added (Rouibah et al., 2009). This underlies researchers using system quality, information quality, service
quality of user involvement, and user satisfaction as endogenous variables, and net benefits as
endogenous variables.
120
International Journal of Business
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The application used is SmartPLS2. The reason researchers use PLS is that this statistical method can be
used to test the predictive effect of relationships between latent variables that are in one model. In
addition, in testing through

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gauges should not be correlated. The score is considered satisfactory if the root value of AVE is greater
than
122
MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4 MB5 MB6
International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 19, Issue 5 (August) ISSN 2289-1552
2019
the correlation value of latent variables and the value of cross loading is more than 0.7 (Hartono and
Abdillah, 2009; 60-61). Reliability testing is done to

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0.6 are still acceptable.

The inner model is a structural model to predict the causality relationship between latent variables. The
measurement of significance to

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be measured based on R2. The value of R2 can be used to measure variations in changes in exogenous
variables towards endogenous variables. If the value of R2

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passed the convergent validity test.

Discriminant Validity Discriminant validity testing is done by looking at scores on the AVE root value, latent
variable correlation and cross loading. All indicators are said to

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loading> 0.7.
Table 5. AVE Root Value and Correlation of Latent Variables Construct
DMP KI
KL KP
KPR KS
MB
AVE Value
AVE DMP KI 0.611 0.782 1 0.689 0.830 0.637
01
0.759 0.871 0.533 0.568 KL KP KPR KS MB
001
0.765 0.875 0.608 0.660 0.714
0001
0.816 0.903 0.641 0.619 0.657 0.756
00001
0.684 0.827 0.534 0.501 0.663 0.670 0.620 0.793 0.890 0.472 0.476 0.544 0.597 0.604 0.426
000001
Source: Data processed Table 6. Cross Loading Value
Construct for
Research DMP1 DMP2 DMP3 DMP4 KI1 KI2 KI3 KI4 KI5
DMP KI KL KP KPR 0.8201 0.5369 0.4645 0.4976 0.4708 KS MB 0.473 0.2907
0.7168 0.4195 0.4405 0.3907 0.3807 0.4882 0.2688 0.7759 0.5002 0.3419 0.4895 0.5051 0.3031 0.4261
0.8101 0.525
0.4297 0.5115 0.6253 0.4238 0.4704
0.4001 0.8534 0.4877 0.5776 0.5019 0.4126 0.3509 0.6087 0.8626 0.5051 0.6225 0.5809 0.4983 0.4682
0.5849 0.8349 0.4844 0.5435 0.5882
0.451 0.4213
0.4386 0.8166 0.4056 0.4704 0.4527 0.3419 0.4203 0.6074 0.7795 0.4616 0.5047
0.425 0.3541 0.3087
0000001
AVE Score 0.6112 0.6887 0.7589 0.7651 0.8157 0.6837 0.7926
Communality Score 0,6112 0,6887 0,7589 0,7651 0,8157 0,6837 0,7926
2019 125
International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 19, Issue 5 (August) ISSN 2289-1552
2019
KL1 KL2 KL3 KL4 KP1 KP2 KP3 KP4
KPR1 KPR2 KPR3 KS1 KS2 KS4 KS5 MB1 MB2 MB3 MB4 MB5 MB6
0.4716 0.4629 0.8698 0.6102 0.5881 0.562 0.4737
0.4581 0.4911 0.8611 0.5902 0.5451 0.5839 0.4536 0.4771 0.5087 0.8918 0.6517 0.5944 0.5906 0.562
0.4511 0.5135 0.8615 0.6331 0.5599 0.5732 0.4039 0.4483 0.5521 0.6126 0.8602 0.6027 0.5659 0.4265
0.5552 0.5656 0.6549 0.8715 0.7183 0.5459 0.5725 0.5723 0.6216 0.6713 0.9048 0.7097
0.542 0.5671 0.5539 0.8616 0.6038 0.6265 0.5306 0.5706 0.5541 0.5791 0.6434 0.9095 0.5402 0.604 0.5505
0.5259 0.5706
0.683 0.9073 0.5298 0.5261
0.6127 0.5934 0.6269 0.7176 0.8927 0.6055 0.5118 0.5061 0.4593 0.5074 0.4134 0.475 0.4978 0.465
0.513 0.5045 0.8192 0.3113
0.6293 0.5742 0.4813 0.8601 0.3672 0.5821 0.6231
0.559 0.8845 0.3625
0.342 0.2393 0.4612 0.4924 0.5065 0.7359 0.3704 0.4745 0.447 0.4631 0.4439
0.5301 0.5912 0.6041 0.4363 0.9185 0.52
0.5103 0.5789 0.6322
0.5883 0.5923 0.4071 0.9221 0.658 0.6352 0.4982 0.8961
0.2628 0.3027 0.3231 0.3161 0.3636 0.1786 0.8015 0.343 0.2853 0.3218 0.3921 0.4228 0.3647 0.3751
0.4482 0.4991 0.4952
0.249 0.8662 0.371 0.9307
Source: Data processed
Based on Table 5 and Table 6 it can be explained that the AVE root score in each construct is greater than
the construct correlation between latent variables and the cross loading score in each indicator is more
than 0.7. These results can be interpreted

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intention The mediating role of customer satisfaction> - § 5 references coded [1,46% Coverage]

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analysis and results

4.1. Factor analysis Table 2 shows the factor analysis of the independent variables named Functionality
(FUN) which consists of 5 items (two items were removed due to high cross loading), Enjoyment (ENJ)
which consists of 4 items (two items were removed due to high cross loading), Assurance (ASUR) which
consists of 2 items, Convenience (CONVEN) which consists of 3 items, Design (DESGN) which consists of 2
items, Security (SEC) which consists of 2 items and Customization (CUSTOM) which consists of 3 items. The
value of Kaiser-Meyer

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which is significant and acceptable.

Table 2 also shows the factor analysis of the mediating variable named customer satisfaction (CS) and the
values of KMO measure of sample adequacy and total variance explained are 0.664 and 63.937%,
respectively, which are significant and acceptable. The factor solution of dependent

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performed among the variables studies. Results reveal that the Independent variables SST Quality
Dimensions—Functionality (FUN), Enjoyment (ENJ), Assurance (ASUR), Security (SEC), Design (DESGN),
Convenience (CONVEN) and Customization (CUSTOM), Mediating variable named Customer satisfaction
(SAT) and Dependent variable named Loyalty (CL), and Behavior Intentions (INTENTION) are positively and
significantly correlated with each other. Moreover, the values of Cronbach’s

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at 0.05 threshold level”. The table 4

Page 9 of 23
Shahid Iqbal et al., Cogent Business & Management (2018), 5: 1423770
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1423770
Page 10 of 23 Table 2 Factor analysis Independent variables Customization Functionality Assurance
Convenience Enjoyment Design
KMO = 0.922 TVE = 71.437
CUSTOM1 CUSTOM2 CUSTOM3 FUN4 FUN1 FUN5
ASUR1 ASUR2
CONVEN1 CONVEN2 CONVEN3 ENJ2 ENJ3 SEC1 SEC2
DESIGN2 DESIGN1 CS2 CS3 CS1
LOY3 LOY4 LOY5 BI1 BI2 BI3
α = 0.806 α = 0.747 α = 0.657 α = 0.746 α = 0.655 α = 0.666 α = 0.653 α = 0.716
0.795 0.770 0.748
0.805 0.646 0.569
0.783 0.777
0.847 0.570 0.495
0.763 0.544
0.818 0.661
0.749 0.504
0.839 0.790 0.768
0.837 0.718 0.632
0.838 0.735 0.629
α = 0.683 α = 0.723 Security
Mediating variable
Customer Satisfaction
KMO = 0.664 TVE = 63.937
Dependent variables
Loyalty
Behavioral Intentions
KMO = 0.845 TVE = 64.349
Shahid Iqbal et al., Cogent Business & Management (2018), 5: 1423770
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1423770
Table 3. Correlation analysis FUNa 1
FUN

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carried out in this regard. Baron and Kenny (1986) suggested a three-step process to test the mediation
which states (1) independent and mediating variables must be significant with each other, (2) independent
and dependent variables must have significant relationship, (3) when mediator is introduced, the impact of
independent variable on dependent variable must be significantly reduced. On mediator introduction, if
independent

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and success characteristics oftechnological functionality. This study used concepts from the TAM (ie,
perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use) and ISSM (ie, system quality, information quality, and
service quality) as two independent variables and considered the alignment ofTAMand ISSM to be a latent
variable for the various antecedent factors ofperformance with NIS use. Since an NIS is a

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not based on individual desires. Thus, this study adopted nurses' satisfaction with NIS use as a dependent
variable to reflect the performance of the alignment of TAM and ISSM. As Petter and Fruhling9
documented

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applicable to the reductionist perspective.26 It is a theoretically defined match between two or more
related variables without necessarily conceding a criterion variable.26 The matching approach is
appropriate for specifying bivariate alignment and was adopted to specify the various functional forms
between any two related variables.27 The deviation scores approach

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variable being deducted from another. Thus, the author conducted linear hierarchical regression analyses
to assess the incremental contribution ofthe proposed independent variables to the predicted nurses'
satisfaction. The usefulness ofan antecedent variable in explaining the
variance in performance was determined from the increment in R2, after each given variable was added to
the regression equation.40 Hence, the hierarchical procedure required that the independent variables were
integrated into the regression model in a specific order. In this study, the performance

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contribution to the performance factor. Finally, the TAM-ISSM of the alignment variable was added to the
prior regression equation for testing nurses' satisfaction.
96 CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing

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and service quality → nurses' satisfaction.

Result Supported Supported Supported Not
supported Supported
Supported Supported Moreover, the value of ΔR2 = 0.088 in step 3 is better
than ΔR2 = 0.038 ofstep 2 since it hints that there is a better explanatory power ofvariances ofthe various
alignment variables on nurses' satisfaction.
DISCUSSION This study proposed a

<Files\\eng - mardiana2015> - § 9 references coded [5,88% Coverage]

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Mclean information system success framework. A study literature has revealed that DeLone-Mclean
Information System success model has difficulty for defining predictor variables for intention to use. This
paper offers a solution by finding the proper variables from technology acceptance models which have
strong theoretical background for predicting behavioral intention. A conceptual model is proposed

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the results [3], [4], [5]. There are several concerns regarding previous works that are listed by [5] including:
poor measurements, lack of theoretical grounding, concern heavily on financial performance, weak survey
instruments, inappropriate data collection approaches, and lack of agreement on the dependent variables
measurement that result on its incomparability. The most prominent model for

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internal consistency from theoretical perspective. Based on this argument, the search for finding the
surrogate variables for intention to use will be broaden into other disciplines which have strong theoretical
background in addressing behavioral intention. This discipline has been known

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acceptance or technology diffusion research. This paper is proposing to make a connection between
information system success model and technology acceptance models in the quest of finding the proper
variables for intention to use.
2.1. Intention to use

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easy to use”. Table 1. The summary from TAM meta-analysis studies (2003-2010)
TAM Meta-Analysis Study
[17] [18] [19] [20] [11] [21]
PEOU-BI
Strong support Weak support Strong support Weak support Strong support Medium support
PU-BI
Strong support Strong support Strong Support Medium support Strong support Strong support
A-BI
Strong support N/A
Strong Support Medium support
N/A Strong support Based on the discussion from section 1.1 and Fig 1, thus, five predictor variables for
intention to use
can be concluded, which are information quality, system quality, service quality, user satisfaction, and
perceived usefulness. The intermediate result for the

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be seen in Fig 3. Since this study is meant to be validated in the mandatory environment, the quest for
finding the predictor variables for intention to use will be broaden into the technology acceptance
framework that is designated for mandatory environment.
2.2. Intention to use

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affects the use behavior directly. Other variables, which are gender, age, experience, and voluntary use,
play as moderating variables for the relationships among the four factors above with behavioral intention
and use behavior.
Fig. 3. The intermediate result

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fulfills the convergent validity requirement. The significance of discriminant validity is fulfilled when the
square root of AVE for each latent variable is higher compared to the correlations of that particular
variable with other variables [28]. As shown in Fig. 9

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1988.
C. Fornell and D. . Larcker, “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and
measurement error,” J. Mark. Res., vol. 18, no. 1

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generalizability of the proposed model. In addition, results of the data analysis revealed that the proposed
model included several highly correlated variables (i.e.,
perceived mobility – perceived connectedness, service and system quality – perceived usefulness,
satisfaction – attitude), which suggests that there might have been inaccurate measures and missing
pathways of causality in the model. Thus, a follow-up analysis

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hypotheses that were proven insignificant. Findings at UPNVJ show that the e-learning benefit can be
explained by its independent variables by 53.8%%, and at ST3 Telkom by 60.6%. These percentages show
that the

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phenomena in higher education institutions.

B. DeLone and McLean Information Systems Success Model The initial DeLone and McLean’s Information
Systems
Success Model, hereafter referred to as the D & M IS Success Model, is a theory which was trying to
determine the information success by identifying six critical variables that is system quality, information
quality, use, user satisfaction, individual impact and organizational impact [4]. Furthermore, it was said that

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can be tested (p 61). In the updated D & M IS Model [6] they modified the six
dimensions became: system quality, information quality and service quality as independent variables,
usage and user satisfaction as inter mediate variables and net benefits as dependent variable. In this
model, net benefits

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Analysis of Moment Structures) [15]. Path analysis (SEM models without latent variables) is employed in
this study to analyse the relationship among variables, specifically to measure the direct and indirect effect
from exogenous variables to endogenous variables [16]. Maximum Likelihood estimation method is

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hypotheses in ST3 Telkom Purwokerto. Based on the values of Squared Multiple Correlations, these values
indicate the role of independent variables in explaining the dependent variable. So, it is estimated that

<Files\\eng - SSRN-id3668575> - § 2 references coded [0,32% Coverage]

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success in studying Students' Perceptions. Hsu et al. (2014) extended the model by adding the trust
variable in the context of e-commerce. Lee-Post (2009) also evaluated

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of other variables” (Hulland, 1999). Discriminant validity is obtained by computing the square root of AVE
to determine whether the values between the latent variables are larger than other correlation values
(Fornell and Larcker, 1981). To obtain values for discriminate

<Files\\eng - sustainability-13-08365> - § 2 references coded [0,28% Coverage]

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and tuition fee (per year). A 5-point Likert scale was utilized in this study to measure all latent variables.
The 5-point Likert scale

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19 pandemic in the Philippines. A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach was utilized in this study
to analyze the interrelationship among the latent variables. The variables considered were system

<Files\\eng - TAM> - § 4 references coded [1,77% Coverage]

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are having influence TAM [9]. Literature proved that perceived independent affect on each other and they
both have usefulness and perceived ease of use is actually indirect affect on behavior of an individual with
the help influenced by different external variables. of behavioral intension.
Hong et al. [31] determined that the five external Any positive or negative feelings while performing
variables may influence individual perception that
any sort of behavior is called persons attitude toward includes computer's self-efficacy, the relevance and
the behavior. Social pressures are reflected by

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behavior as well screen design. Furthermore, Lewis et al. [32] sort out the as his perception about whether
its important for an external variables in order to include the institutional individual the behavior should
be performed.
factor, the individual factor and

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as behavioral motivations are controllable. Perceived behavioral control acts as a third variable
in TBP concept. It shows individual perception about

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increasing education since 1974 [48]. What is new, however, is the the cellular subscriber base to 48.5
million and the fixed way in which digital media and ICTs are shaping the line / Wireless Local Loop
subscriber base to about 5.6 methodology of delivering distance education and adding million lines,
ensuring service to 33% of the population
1498
World Appl. Sci. J., 27 (11): 1495-1507, 2013
and geographic coverage in over 1250 cities and towns by independent and dependent variables in
situations where the end of 2006 (op. cit.). Pakistan already has extensive it

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Adoption of eHealth Systems in Resource-Limited Settings> - § 1 reference coded [0,41% Coverage]

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technical infrastructure were found crucial. All the hypotheses were checked ether they had
a relationship with the outcome variable or not. All constructs, except the effect of the staff’s IT experience
with the intention to use eHealth (Figure 2), which tests the relationship between the independent
variables and the outcome variable were found with a strong positive association. Relationships of
perceived usefulness, organization’s

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to explain users’ technology adoption. Among many external variables incorporated into TAM, service
quality (ServQ) and experience (PE) are considered as important factors that influence technology use. In
this study TAM (Davis

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intention and then customer loyalty.

Academy of Information and Management Sciences Journal, Volume 17, Number 1, 2014
Page 3 THEORY AND RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
TAM and external variables Davis et al (1989) created a TAM where perceived ease of use (PEOU) and
perceived
usefulness (PU) enhance behavior intention to use (BI) and actual use (U) via individual’s “attitude” (ATT)
and perceived ease of use has a direct impact on perceived usefulness. In this study “attitude towards

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context (Davis et al 1989). Moreover, extended TAMs have focused on the external variables’ effects like
those of service quality and product experience (Lee and Kim β009, Kim et al β008, Robinson et al β005,
Ha and Stoel β009). Service quality signify the overall

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alternatives (Fornell 199β, Igbaria 1990). On the other hand, to our knowledge, alternative attractiveness,
which refers to the good alternatives availability in the market (Ping 199γ), has not been used as an
external variable previously. Avlonitis and Panagopoulos(β005) used competition influence, organizational
training, and computer experience as social, organizational and individual external variables in sequence.
In this study, the external

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strongly disagree” and

“strongly agree”. In addition, the fitness of the measurement variables was validated through interviews
with employees who were professional accountants using accounting software programs in Turkey.
Moreover, face-to-face interviews

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0.560 for uncertainty cost.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Switching Cost As exploratory factor analysis is defined as a precursor for
confirmatory factor analysis
(Gerbing and Hamilton 1996), five first-order factors (monetary, benefit-loss, uncertainty,
evaluation/set-up, learning costs) with βγ items are directed to obtain a second-order switching cost
variable. A maximum likelihood method of

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all constructs in the study. In addition to those, CCR for each construct is calculated using Fornell and
Larcker (1981) formula by the calculation of total coefficients of determination to see whether the
measurement variable is representative of the related construct. All composite reliability coefficients are

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dimensionality principle for each scale. As a result, the scale validity of 7 factors with γ4 items for BI
(behavioral intention to use)model and then γ6 items for BL(behavioral loyalty) model are tested by
confirmatory factor analysis, including switching cost variable. Both models show good fit

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70,0.6γ for PU. High SMC values for perceived usefulness, behavioral intention to use and behavioral
loyalty variables, show that the exploratory power of both models is also high (Siguaw and
Diamantopoulos β000).
Academy of Information and Management

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BI and BL via PU. Although PEOU is one of the foundamental constructs of the TAM from a theoretical
perspective, it did not show a significant relationship with switching cost and its relationships with
dependent variables have not even been searched. Indeed many researchers proved the

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18
are changing or not. On the other hand, the effects of demographic variables like education level or
gender might be included in the model.
AUTHORS’ NOTES
Çağla Gizem Göğüş

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A. & G.S. Hubona ( 2006). The mediation of external variables in the technology acceptance model.
Information & Management 43(6), 706

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H. & E. R. McLean (1992). Information systems success: the quest for the dependent variable. Information
systems research, 3(1

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C. & D.F Larcker (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and
measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18

<Files\\eng -
the-influence-of-information-system-quality-on-the-organization-performance-a-modification-of-technol
ogy-based-information-system-acceptance-and-success-model> - § 8 references coded [4,96% Coverage]

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McLean information systems success model. This study examines the relationship between five variables,
system quality, information quality, usefulness, user satisfaction, and importance of the system. A third
study by Saeed

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user behavior, and organizational performance. Age is a moderating variable in social influence on
individual behavior interests using technology-based accounting information system. This model explains
that the

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by Delone and McLean (1992). Furthermore, DeLone and McLean information system success model was
improved by Seddon and Kiew in 1997 by connecting system quality and information quality variable on
benefit perception. Several other studies (Kim & Lee

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improves its
performance (Davis 1989). Davis’ research (1989) has predicted that benefit perception as the most
powerful predictive variable in information system usages. Several other studies (Adams et

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need for information (Baroudi, 1983). In previous researches, end user satisfaction and system usage are
often used as key variables in evaluating information systems success rate (Iqbaria and Tan 1997). Several
other studies (DeLone & McLean

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positively affects information system usage. System usage is one of the key variables in most theoretical
frameworks in the
information technology research literature. The system usage reflects the

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met the convergence validity test. Table 2 exhibits that construct possessing higher AVE root value than
the latent variable correlation value means that all constructs have met the discriminant validity test. All
constructs have also met

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usage equal to 14,906.

Construct
3 User Satisfaction 4 System Usage
5 Organization Performance
Hypothesis H1
H2 H3 H4 H5
Table 2 – AVE Root and correlation of latent variables 1
Akar AVE
1 Information System Quality 2 Benefit Perception
0,8023 0,8199 0,8759 0,8628 0,8685
1
0,4076 0,3849 0,504
0,4118
201
0,5935 0,5898 0,5809
Table 3 – Hypothesis Examination Result Construct
Information System Quality - > Benefit Perception Information System Quality -> User Satisfaction Benefit
Perception -> System Usage User Satisfaction -> System Usage
System Usage -> Organization Performance
3001
0,4925 0,8749
40001
0,4968
500001
Original Sample T Statistics Decision 0,4076 0,3849 0,4593 0,2198 0,4968
7,5923 Accepted 9,3957 Accepted 10,2251 Accepted 4,6635 Accepted 14,906 Accepted
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS This study examines the effect of information system quality on
technology-based
accounting information systems usage and their impact on the performance of local government
organizations. Based on hypothesis assessment result

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Coverage]

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positive effect on user satisfaction. There are 5 variables in this research, where Model DeLone and McLean
already cover the needs of research variables (see Table 1).
Variables System Quality
Information Quality