Location

NCHU

Dr. Congo Tak Shing CHING

Professor
Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering
Email: tsching@nchu.edu.tw
http://web.nchu.edu.tw/~tsching/

Electronic Circuits in
Biomedical Applications 2

Today’s Lecture

 The Origin of Biopotentials

 Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) Circuits for
Beauty Biopotentials Acquisition
NCHU
 Active Analog Filters for Biosignals Processing
 Electrocardiogram (ECG) Measurement
 Demonstration of ECG Measurement

3 4

Introduction (1/2)

 Biopotentials arise from cells, and more

generally from organs
 They hold rich physiological and clinical
The Origin of Biopotentials information
 Biopotentials from the organs of the body are of
clinical diagnostic significance

5 6
Introduction (2/2) Origin of Membrane Potential

 Biopotential Examples
 Action Potentials from Cells
 Neuronal action potential

 Biopotentials from the organ/body

 Electrocardiogram (ECG) from heart  use in heart attack,
pacemakers
 Electroencephalogram (EEG) from brain  use in epilepsy,
brain trauma
 Electromyogram (EMG) from muscle  use in muscle
diseases, prosthesis
 Others…
7 8

What Ions are there? Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells

Neuronal action potential
Cell Extracellular Fluid 0 mV
repolarization: K+
Cell membrane outflux
108 mM [anions]
- 70 mV
12 mM [Na+] 120 mM [Na+] + +
-
125 mM [K+] 5 mM [K+] +
- - - + V
depolarization:
5 mM [Cl-] 125 mM [Cl-] -70mV
+ - - Na+ influx
Cell membrane - - +
Cardiac action potential
+ +
+ +
+ - - V
- - +
-70mV
+ - -
- - +
+ + Na+ Ca2+ K+
9 10

Resting Potential and Ion Pumps

Resting Vs. Active State

 Resting state
 Typically between -70 to -90mV, relative to the
external medium

 Active state
 Electrical response to stimulation
 “All-or-None”

11 12
Action Potential (1/2) Action Potential (2/2)
Na+ Na+
The time scale for the action potential
++++ ++ + + + Outside cell ++++ ++ +++
Plasma membrane
depends on the type of cell producing
   Inside cell    the potential
K+ K+  Depolarization + repolarization
1 Resting phase 3 Repolarizing phase
• Nerve and muscle cell = 1ms
Na+ Na+ • Heart muscle cell = 150-300ms
   ++++ ++ +++

++++ ++ +++   

K+ K+
2 Depolarizing phase 4 Undershoot phase
Membrane potential

2 3
+50
0 1 4
(mV)

50
100
t
Sources: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCasruJT-DU 13 14

Action Potential of Different Excitable Cell Refractory Periods in Cardiac Muscle

Action potential (red)
Muscle contraction (blue) Repeated stimulation
Skeletal Cardiac
Neuron
muscle muscle
Skeletal
muscle

Cardiac
muscle

15 16

Electroneurogram (ENG) Sensory Nerve Action Potentials

V°(t)
S1 S2

+  +  R Reference
D Muscle

S2
V°(t)
L2 t
D
S1 Velocity = u =
V°(t) L 1 L2
1 mV

L1
2 ms

Clinical value of conduction velocity?

Conduction velocity in a regenerating Muscular Spinal
nerve fiber is slowed following nerve injury17 response reflex 18
Electromyogram (EMG) EMG Electrodes
Snap coated with Ag-AgCl External snap
Gel-coated sponge
Plastic cup Plastic disk

Foam pad Tack Dead cellular material

Capillary loops Germinating layer

19 20

EMG Electrodes Application of EMG in Daily Life

影 片
21 Sources: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMFrL7xt7kI&feature=related 22

Heart Anatomy
Electrocardiogram (ECG)

23 24
Cardiac Action Potential Conduction System of the
Heart

25 26

ECG Measures Integrated Signal from the Heart

Normal ECG

PQRST
pattern

27 28

ECG Electrodes ECG Electrodes

Snap coated with Ag-AgCl External snap
Gel-coated sponge
Plastic cup Plastic disk

Foam pad Tack Dead cellular material

Capillary loops Germinating layer

29 30
ECG Applications ECG Applications
• The ECG is routinely
used to diagnosis
several abnormal
heart conditions
• Tachycardia/Bradycardia
(fast/slow heart rate)
• Myocardial Infarction
(heart attack)
• Fibrillation
• Pacemarker

31 32

Electro-oculogram (EOG) EOG Electrodes

The EOG is frequently the method of choice for

recording eye movements in sleep and dream
research, in recording eye movements from infants
and children, and in evaluating reading ability and
visual fatigue 33 34

EOG Applications
Determine sleep stage
 The sleep has two basic patterns
• NREM : Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
• REM : Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

NREM REM

Baby 50％ 50％

Adult 80％ 20％

35 36
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Anatomy of the Brain

37 38

Different Types of Normal EEG Waves EEG Changes: Before & During Sleeping
Delta  0.5-4Hz Happen in deep
sleep

Theta  4-8Hz Happen in

children and
adult when they
are under stress
Alpha  8-13Hz Happen in the
situation of eyes
closed and open
Beta  13-22Hz Happen in the
situation of
thinking

39 40

Abnormal EEG Waveforms in Different The 10-20 Electrode System

Types of Epilepsy

41 42
 Biomedical Signals

Physiological Measurements Sensing Value Frequency

Parameters device Range

Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) Brain potential

Electro- Scalp
50µV 0.1 – 100Hz
encephalogram electrode
Circuits for Biopotentials Acquisition
Electro- Contact lens
Eye responses 100µV 0.1 – 10Hz
retinogram electrode

Muscle Surface
Electro-myogram 100mV 50 – 3000Hz
potential electrode

Electro- Surface
Heart potentials 2mV 0.1 – 300Hz
cardiogram electrode

43 44

Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) Ideal Op Amp vs. Real Op Amp

• No current can enter terminals V+ or
V– Op Amp
• infinite input impedance –
V– Gain Bandwidth Input Output Noise Common
A Vout impedance impedance mode
• Vout = A(V+ - V–) V+ +
(open loop) (frequency
response Hz) (interfacing (interfacing rejection
• A = open loop gain  ∞ to sensors) to load) (diff gain /
common
• In a circuit V+ is forced equal to V–. mode gain)

This is the virtual ground property

• An op amp needs two voltages (Vcc Ideal ∞ ∞ ∞ 0 0 ∞
and –Vee) to power it. These are
called the rails
Real 10x106 1 MHz 100 M 100  1 µV, 1 nA 100,000

45 46

Op Amp
Use of Op Amp Op Amp: Analysis V– –
A Vout
V+ +

Signal The key to Op Amp analysis is simple

• Amplification 1. No current can enter Op Amp input terminals
• Signal processing ∵ infinite input impedance
• Buffer 2. The +ve and –ve (non-inverting and inverting)
inputs are forced to be at the same potential
∵ infinite open loop gain
• These property is called “virtual ground”
3. Use the ideal Op Amp property in all your
analyses

47 48
Comparator Negative Feedback
Vout = A (Vin – Vref)
Vcc • It is the process of returning a portion of
If Vin>Vref
Vref the output signal to the input with a phase
–
• Theoretically, Vout = +∞
∵positive power supply = Vcc Vin
A Vout angle that opposes the input signal
+
Vout = Vcc • Advantages
-Vee
If Vin<Vref  Precise values of
• Theoretically, Vout = -∞ A = open loop gain amplifier gain can be
∞
∵negative power supply = -Vee set
Vout = -Vee
 Bandwidth and input
Application: Vref Vcc
detection of QRS
and output impedances
complex in ECG Vin
-Vee can be controlled
49 50

Voltage Follower Inverting Amplifier

Virtual
What is the Vout??? What is the Vout??? ground i2
V+ = Vin 1. V– = V+ (∵virtual ground) R1 R2
–
Vout Vin –
By virtual ground, V– = V+ Vin +
2. V+ = 0 , V– = 0 Vout
i1 +
Thus Vout = V– = V+ = Vin 3. i1 = i2 (∵ high input impedance
& based on Kirchoff’s 1st law)
 So what’s the point???
4. i1 = (Vin – V –)/R1 = Vin/R1
5. i2 = (0 – Vout)/R2 = -Vout/R2 Example (10): R2=10000
and R1=1000, then Gain =?
 Vout = -i2R2
Gain = Vout/Vin = -R2/R1
6. Vout = -i2R2 = -i1R2 = -Vin(R2/R1)
= -10000/1000

51 = -10 52

Non-Inverting Amplifier Bandwidth (BW) Limitations

Compensated op-amp
 Aclf(cl) = Aolf(ol)
What is the Vout???
Vin +
Vout
 Closed-loop critical frequency >open-loop
1. V– = V+ (∵virtual ground)
 Vin
– critical frequency
2. V+ = Vin , V– = Vin i2
R2  Achieving a higher BW
3. i1 = i2 (∵ high input impedance
& based on Kirchoff’s 1st law) by accepting less
i1 R1
4. i1 = (Vin – 0)/R1 = Vin/R1 gain
5. i2 = (Vout – Vin)/R2
 Vout = Vin + i2R2
6. Vout = i1R1 + i2R2 = (R1+R2)i1 = Gain = Vout/Vin
(R1+R2)Vin/R1
=1+R2/R1
7. Vout = (1+R2/R1)Vin
53 54
Differential Amplifier R2
Summing Amplifier

V2
R1
–
What is the Vout??? R1
What is the Vout??? V1
Vout Rf
Vout = (V1 – V2)R2/R1 V1 + i1
R1 1. V– = V+ (∵virtual ground) R2
Amplifies a difference. if
V2 –
R2 2. V+ = 0 , V– = 0 i2 Vout
Rn +
3. if = i1 + i2 + … + in (∵ high input
Vn
impedance & based on in
Kirchoff’s 1st law)
4. Vout = -Rf (V1/R1 + V2/R2 + … + Vn/Rn)

55 56

Averaging Amplifier Instrumentation Amplifier

• It is basically a summing amplifier with the gain
set to Rf/R = 1/n (n is the number of inputs)
• The output is the negative average of the inputs
• Example
Vout2
What is Vout if the input voltage are +0.5V, -3.5V and
+4.2V? Assume R1=R2=R3=10k and Rf=3.3k.

• Solution
Vout  
1
Vin1  Vin 2  Vin3 
3

1
 0.5V  3.5V  4.2V   1.9V Vout2 = – (V1 – V2)(1 + 2R2/R1)(R4/R3)
3 57 58

Rectifiers: Full Wave Rectifiers: Half Wave

Simple resistor-diode
rectifiers do not work R
well for voltages below Vout

0.7V Vin
2R
– 3R
 Op amp rectifier +

If Vin>0, diode is off • It is a positive clipper with

The perfect rectifier is
reference voltage as zero
 Vout = Vin[3R/(2R+R+3R)] = Vin/2 (divider) frequently used with an
• When the input is above zero diode
integrator to quantify
If Vin<0, diode is on is switched on and the voltage follower
the amplitude of EMG path is on
 Vout = -Vin(R/2R) = -Vin/2 (inverting amplifier) signals
• Advantage of such circuit is it can rectify signal of milivolt level. Not
possible with conventional diode circuit
59 60
Driving Op Amp Isolation Amplifiers
• For certain applications
(e.g. driving a motor), the • It is designed to provide an electrical barrier
amplifier needs to supply between the input and output  Protection
high current. Op amps Vcc
can’t handle this. • ISO124 : Capacitively-coupled isolation amplifier
Load
• 3656KG : Transformer coupled isolation amplifier
• Irrespective of the op amp –
 Being suited for patient monitoring applications,
circuit, the small current it +
sources can switch ON the such as an ECG amplifier
BJT giving orders of
magnitude higher current in
the load.
Application: using EMG signal to
control the motor of myoelectric
hand
61 62

Other Op-amp Circuits

Active Analog Filters for Biosignals

Processing

63 64

Biomedical Signals Different Filters

Amplitude Amplitude
Low pass filter
Physiological
Parameters
Measurements Sensing
device
Value Frequency
Range
High pass filter
Band pass filter
Frequency Frequency
Brain potential
Electro-
encephalogram
Scalp
electrode
50µV 0.1 – 100Hz • E.g. ECG
• 0.1-300 Hz
Electro- Contact lens Amplitude Amplitude
Eye responses
retinogram electrode
100µV 0.1 – 10Hz Band reject (notch)
filter
Muscle Surface
potential
Electro-myogram
electrode
100mV 50 – 3000Hz • E.g. 60 Hz
Frequency Frequency
Electro- Surface
Heart potentials 2mV 0.1 – 300Hz
cardiogram electrode

65 66
 First Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter
Active Filters
ZC R1
V1  Vin V2  VO
• Commonly used active filters R  ZC R1  RF

 Butterworth, Bessel, Chebyshev etc.

RF V2  V1
DF  2 
R1 R1  RF ZC
VO  
• Damping factor (DF) R1 R  ZC
Vin

 Primarily determining if the R1  RF

1
j C
filter will have a Butterworth, VO   Vin
R1 R 1
Bessel or Chebyshev j C
response R1  RF
VO R1 R  RF
 G 1
Vin j R1
1
1
RC 1
C 
RC
67 68

Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter Butterworth Filter Value

R1  RF 1
G C 
R1 RC
69 70

First Order High Pass Butterworth Filter Band Pass Butterworth Filter (1/2)

R1  RF 1
G C 
R1 RC Total Gain = A x B
71 72
Band Pass Butterworth Filter (2/2) Band Pass Butterworth Filter
Wide band pass
 Quality factor Q < 10

Narrow band pass

G  Q > 10
0.707G

fL
73 74
fH

Band Reject Butterworth Filter (1/2) Band Reject Butterworth Filter (2/2)

G=2
1.414

75 76

Narrow Band Reject Filter Why Frequency?

When measuring biopotentials, EVERYTHING else

– power line interference So Band Pass Filter
– even other biopotentials (like EMG) should be used
are noise sources. These have characteristic frequencies.

Pass only
fL to fH
attenuate
the others.

60Hz Band Reject Filter

fL fH
fN = Notch frequency 77 78
Noise ECG Measurement Circuit: Block Diagram

Several sources Right arm

Left arm Limb lead
 shielding, filtering
Lead loop
• 60Hz power lines
Right leg
Left leg electrodes

• Other biopotentials  filtering

• Motion artifacts  relaxed subject Pre-amplifier Amplifier
Isolator
• Electrode noise  high quality electrodes, × 10 × 100
good contacts
• Circuit noise  good design, good Band reject Band pass
contacts filter
60 Hz
filter
1 – 200Hz
ECG

79 80

Driven-Right-Leg System (1/3)

81 82

Driven-Right-Leg System (3/3)

Driven-Right-Leg System (2/3) 2v

v
cm
0 o
 v 
2R
v f

R R R
o cm
id
a f a
- v3 vcm
id + R i
Ra
v R i v v  RL d

- v3
cm RL d o cm
2R
1 f

+ Ra -
Ra R a

v4 vcm Rf
+
vcm To limit the current id, Rf & Ro should be
RL Auxiliary - Ro
large. Values as high as 5M are used
Ra op amp
- +
RRL
+ v4 Rf Vcm to be as small as possible
vcm
Ro
Typical value of Ra = 25k. A worst-case
RL Auxiliary -
electrode resistance RRL = 100k
op amp
+
RRL
Effective resistance If displacement
connected to the right leg: current id = 0.2A
100kΩ
 249Ω vcm = 249 x 0.2A
2  5MΩ
1 = 50V
25kΩ
83 84
 Cardiac Anatomy

Superior vena cava

Pulmonary veins
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Atrioventricular (AV) node
Sinoatrial (SA) node Left atrium
Measurement Atrial muscle Valve

Internodal conducting
tissue
Valve
Purkinje fibers
Ventricluar muscle
Inferior vena cava Descending aorta

85 86

Flow of Cardiac Electrical Activity Cardiac Conduction System

SA node Atrial muscle
Sinoatrial Node (SA)
the impulse generating tissue located in the
right atrium of the heart
Internodal
Atrial muscle
conducting fibers

AV node (slow) Atrioventricular Node (AV)

the tissue between the atria and the ventricles of
the heart, conducts the normal electrical impulse
from the atria to the ventricles
Purkinje fiber Ventricular muscle
conducting system
87 88

The Electrical System of the Heart ECG

89 90
ECG Leads: Einthoven triangle ECG Leads: Bipolar vs. Unipolar
3 Bipolar Limb Leads:
I = LA – RA

II = LL – RA
III = LL – LA

3 Augmented Limb Leads (Unipolar ):

aVR = RA – (LL+LA)/2

aVL = LA – (LL+RA)/2

aVF = LL – (LA+RA)/2
91 92

ECG Chest Leads

V1  fourth intercostal, right strernal border

V2  fourth intercostal, left sternal border
V3  equal distance between V2 and V4
V4  fifth intercostal, left mid clavicular line
V5  anterior axillary line, same level with V4
V6  mid axillary line, same level with V4 and V5
93 94

ECG Information A "typical" ECG

95 96
ECG Characteristics, Etiology, Treatment Atrial Flutter
Questions to be asked when analyzing an ECG strip Impulses travel in circular course in atria

 Is the rate fast or slow?

 Is the rhythm regular or irregular?
 Are a P wave and QRS wave present with each cycle?
 Do the P waves look alike?
 Do the QRS wave look alike?
 Is there a P wave preceding every QRS?
 Is the PR interval within normal limit? (0.12 – 0.20 secs)
 Is the QRS duration within normal limits? (0.04-0.11secs)
 Does the rhythm come from the SA node, atria, AV node,
or the ventricles?
97 98

Junctional Rhythm First-Degree Atrioventricular Block

Impulses originate at AV node with retrograde and antegrade direction Atrio-ventricular conduction lengthened

99 100

Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block

Impulses originate at AV node and proceed to ventricles
Sudden dropped QRS-complex
Atrial and ventricular activities are not synchronous

101 102
Off to the ECG Measurement

103