Final Year

Bio medical waste management
Project Report
On
“BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT”
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

For the Award Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By:
1. JAGAT SINGH 2. AJAB SINGH
(20EMCCE021) (20EMCCE004)
3. JAGJEET SINGH 4. JAYPRAKASH
(20EMCCE022) (20EMCCE025)
5. MANOJ KUMAR
(20EMCCE029)
Under the Guidance of
ALOK KUMAR
(Assistant Professor)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE,
ALWAR
Modern Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Alwar
CERTIFICATE
This is certify “JagatSingh, JagajeetSingh ,Manoj Kumar , Ajab Singh and Jayaprakash” of
VII Semester B.Tech (Civil Engineering), have work for their project entitled as “BIO
MEDICAL WASTE”, under my guidance being submitted in partial ful illment of award of
degree of B.Tech. from Bikaner Technical University, Bikaner during the session 2023-
24
Mr. ALOK KUMAR Under the Guidance of:

(Head of Department of civil engineering) Mr. KAMAL PANDEY
(Assistant Professor)
MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to all individuals and institutions involved in
the management and disposal of biomedical waste. Your dedication and expertise
contribute signi icantly to the protection of public health and the environment. We
acknowledge the efforts of healthcare workers, waste management personnel,
regulatory authorities, and all stakeholders for their diligent work in handling
biomedical waste safely and responsibly. Your commitment to proper waste
management practices ensures the mitigation of potential risks associated with
biomedical waste and underscores our collective responsibility towards sustainable
healthcare practices. We extend our sincere appreciation for your invaluable
contributions to maintaining a safe and healthy environment for all.
Mannoj kumar
Ajab singh
Jagajeet singh
jayprakash
Jagatsingh
B.Tech IV Year
(Department of Civil Engineering)


Contents
Abstract viii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................. 1
2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 3
2.1 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY ............................. 3
3 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 STUDY AREA 6
4.1 SANTHIRAM MEDICAL COLLEGE AND GENERAL HOSPITAL . . . . . . . 6
5 METHODOLOGY 8
5.1 METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6 BIO-MEDICAL WASTE 9
6.1 WHAT IS BIO-MEDICAL WASTE ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1.1 WASTE GENERATED DURING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.2 SOURCES OF GENERATION OF BMW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.3 PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.3.1 SEGREGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.3.2 INFECTIOUS WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.3.3 COLLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.3.4 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.3.5 WASTE COLLECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.4 CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.4.1 TRANSPORTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.5 TREATMENT AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.6 DIFFERENT TREATMENT OPTION FOR DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
BMW ......................................... 18

6.7 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS OF BMW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6.7.1 AUTO CLAVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.7.2 SHREDDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.7.3 INCINERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.7.4 LAND FILLING ............................... 21
6.7.5 DEEP BURIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7 RESULTS 23
8 CONCLUSION 24
9 REFERENCES 25
List of Figures
1.1 EFFECTS OF MEDICAL WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF SHANTHIRAM HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2 SHATHIRAM HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1 BIO – MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.1 SEGREGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2 INFECTIOUS WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6.3 SHOWS COLLECTION OF WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.4 ALWAYS MUTILATE/ CUT THE TIP OF THE SYRINGE AND THE NEE-
DLE WITH A NEEDLE AND HUB CUTTER AND DISINFECT THEM BY

1 PERCENT SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.5 COLLECTING WASTE FROM THE HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.6 TRANSPORTING OF BIO MEDICAL WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.7 MEDICAL WASTE SOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
6.8 SHREDDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.9 EMMISION FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
6.10 ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR CHIMNEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.11 LAND TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

List of Tables
6.1 CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.2 DIFFERENT TREATMENT OPTION FOR DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
BMW ......................................... 18
7.1 APPROXIMATELY TAKEN THESE VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Abstract
Health care activities can generate different kinds of hazardous wastes. Mismanagement
of these wastes can result in environmental and occupational health risks. Developing
countries are resource-constrained when it comes to safe management of hospital wastes.
A review of the existing literature suggests the regulations and legislations focusing on
hospital waste management are recent accomplishments in many of these countries.
This is mainly attributable to a lack of an agreement on the de initions and the
methodology among the researchers to measure such wastes. Furthermore, hospitals in
these countries suffer from poor waste segregation, collection, storage, transportation,
and disposal practices, which can lead to occupational and environmental risks.
Unsegregated waste is illegally recycled, leading to further safety risks. Overall, hospital
waste management in developing countries faces several challenges. Sustainable waste
management practices can go a long way in reducing the harmful effects of hospital
wastes.

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Hospitals are generated a wide range of waste, solid waste is one of them according to western
igures, approximately 15-20percent of their hospitals waste hazardous and infectious.Although
not many detailed studies have been conducted in India, this proportion may be much higher in
our country as proper waste segregation does not exist. Hospital solid waste include anatomical,
Patho-logical, infectious, non-infectious, sharps, kitchen waste and general waste (paper,
cardboard, plastic etc.) However despite the existence of law and provision of punishment, the
Bio-medical wastes are still not handled with the clinical care needed to avoid the hazards.
It is estimated that annually about 0.33 million tonnes of waste are generated in India. The solid
waste from the hospitals consists of bandages, linen and other infectious waste (30-35percent),
plastics (7-10percent), disposable syringes (0.3-0.5percent), glass (3-5percent) and other
general wastes including food (40-45percent).
MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 1

Figure 1.1: EFFECTS OF MEDICAL WASTE

Chapter 2
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
2.1 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1. To analysis of various properties and environmental impact of bio-medical waste in study
area.
2. To develop strategies for suitable collection, segregation, recycling treatment methods
forbio-medical waste in study area.
3. To assess the use of bio-medical waste through eco-friendly methods and application
biomedical waste for different uses in study area.
4. To develop strategy for mitigation of carbon-di-oxide potential through hospital bio-
medicalwaste disposal methods with the updated data in study area.
Chapter 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Gayathri V.Patila Kamala (1998):
In general, the management and treatment of bio-medical solid waste in the study center
conformed to the Bio-medical Solid Waste Rules (Management and Handling), 1998. At present,
the hospital has a capacity of 574 beds, but is commissioned for 1000 beds. The total amount of
non-infectious and infectious waste generated is approximately 2310 and 385 kg/day,
respectively, which is well within the capacity of the installed incinerator. About 16.4 percent,
the waste generated in this center is hospital.
2. Maha Almuneef, A.Memish (2003):

This article discusses problems encountered in waste management in our health care facility,
solutions and control measures introduced, and achievements. It also demonstrates that
effective waste management can reduce health risk, save money, and protect the environment.
(Am J Infect Control 2003;31:188-92.)
3. Felicia Nemathaga, Sally Maringa, Luke Chimuka (14 March 2007):
There is a serious mismanagement of hospital waste, which is typical of many semi-rural
hospitals in South Africa. The management practices available are not accomplishing the job
properly and are not environmentally friendly. General and medical wastes are often mixed
together during collection. Although recommended national government waste management
practices to handle hospital waste are used, such as land illing and incineration, their operations
and technologies leave much to be desired.
4. Daniel Simba Neema (2011):

A case study of hospital wastes handling and disposal was carried out Shinyanga municipality
in Tanzania, where issues dealing with the kind of waste produced at the health facilities, waste
storage, collection, transport and disposal were looked at. The challenges experienced by the
people in charge of the hospital wastes were also studied. The literature review covered kinds
of hospital waste generated, basic elements of hospital care waste management, and challenge
to manage hospital wastes, inadequate hospital care waste management.
There was lack of central refuse collection facilities,incinerators, standard dust bins, trolleys,
and speci ic vehicles to transport wastes to a speci ic area for waste disposal. Where there was
refuse collection at government hospital facility were not emptied in time, and there were no
other inal disposals. Where there was no incinerator and central refuse collection, refuse was
dumped in pit and others deposited in open spaces.
5. Zarook Shareefdeen (Jan 2012):
Medical wastes are highly hazardous and put people under risk of fatal diseases. The
understanding of medical waste management and control techniques is important. In this paper,
introductory materials on the de inition of medical waste, medical waste management
regulatory acts, the risks of exposure, medical waste management procedures and control
techniques are presented.
6.TaiwanWen-Tien Tsai:
Due to the wide adoption of single-use disposable items or articles in the healthcare facilities, it
has been revealed that the generation of medical waste in Taiwan indicated an increasing trend
in recent years (2016–2019). This increased rate was close to the hospital medical services.

Regarding the current waste treatment methods by the healthcare facilities, it mainly relied on
the commissioned treatment and the recycling. The majority of medical waste was treated by
the certi ied high-temperature incineration facilities to be in compliance with the of icial
regulations. On the other hand, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the medical waste
generation in Taiwan was not signi icant in the irst half of 2020 as compared to the annual
increase by about 4.1percent during the years of 2016 to 2019. Obviously, the reduction in the
hospital medical services should be offset by the increase of medical waste in services such as
medical services.
Chapter 4
STUDY AREA
4.1 SANTHIRAM MEDICAL COLLEGE AND GENERAL HOSPITAL

Santhiram Medical College General Hospital was established in 2005. It is recognized by the
Medical Council of India Government of India. It is af iliated to Dr. NTR University of Health
Sciences, Andhra Pradesh. It is located at Kurnool, A.P.
The college is managed by medical professionals with rich teaching, clinical and research
experience. The college has the experience of more than a decade in world-class medical
education with state-of-the-art teaching infrastructure.

Figure 4.1: GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF SHANTHIRAM HOSPITAL
Figure 4.2: SHATHIRAM HOSPITAL
Chapter 5

METHODOLOGY
5.1 METHODOLOGY
Figure 5.1: BIO – MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT
Chapter 6
BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
6.1 WHAT IS BIO-MEDICAL WASTE ?
6.1.1 WASTE GENERATED DURING

1. Diagnostic procedures.
2. Immunization procedures.
3. Research activities.
4. Treatment –medical/surgical.

6.2 SOURCES OF GENERATION OF BMW

1. Hospitals.
2. Nursing homes.
3. Clinics.
4. Medical laboratories.
5. Blood banks.
6. Mortuaries.
7. Medical research training centers.
8. Biotechnology institution/production units.
9. Animal houses etc.
10.Such a waste can also be generated at home if health care is being provided there to a patient
(e.g. injection, dressing material etc.).
6.3 PROCESS
6.3.1 SEGREGATION
Segregation refers to the basic separation of different categories of waste generated at source
and there by reducing the risks as well as cost of handling and disposal. Segregation is the most
crucial step in bio-medical waste management. Effective segregation alone can ensure effective
biomedical waste management.
Figure 6.1: SEGREGATION

6.3.2 INFECTIOUS WASTE

waste contaminated with blood and other bodily luids (e.g. from discarded diagnostic
samples),cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work (e.g. waste from
autopsies and infected animals from laboratories), or waste from patients with infections (e.g.
swabs, bandages and disposable).
Figure 6.2: INFECTIOUS WASTE
YELLOW COLOUR BAGS WITH BINS

RED BAGS WITH RED CONTAINERS
WHITE/BLACK(TRANSLUCENT) PUNCTURE PROOF, LEAK PROOF, TAM-

PER PROOF CONTAINERS

GREEN COLOUR BAGS WITH BINS
6.3.3 COLLECTION
1. The collection of biomedical waste involves use of different types of container from
varioussources of biomedical wastes like Operation Theatre, laboratory, wards, kitchen,
corridor etc.
2. The containers/bins should be placed in such a way that 100 percent collection is
achieved.Sharps must always be kept in puncture-proof containers to avoid injuries and
infection to the workers handling them.
3. Once collection occurs then biomedical waste is stored in a proper place. Segregated
wastesof different categories need to be collected in identi iable containers. The duration of

storage should not exceed for 8-10hrs in big hospitals (more than 250 bedded) and 24hrs in
nursing homes.
4. Each container may be clearly labelled to show the ward or room where it is kept. The
reasonfor this labelling is that it may be necessary to trace the waste back to its source. Besides
this, storage area should be marked with a caution sign.
Figure 6.3: SHOWS COLLECTION OF WASTE
Figure 6.4: ALWAYS MUTILATE/ CUT THE TIP OF THE SYRINGE AND THE NEE-
DLE WITH A NEEDLE AND HUB CUTTER AND DISINFECT THEM BY 1 PERCENT
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION

6.3.4 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE

The waste may be temporarily stored at the central storage area of the hospital and from there
it may be sent in bulk to the site of inal disposal once or twice a day depending upon the
quantum of waste.
During transportation following points should be taken care of:

1. Ensure that waste bags/containers are properly sealed and labeled.
2. Bags should not be illed completely, so that bags can be picked up by the neck again
forfurther handling. Hand should not be put under the bag. At a time only one bag should be
lifted.
3. Manual handling of waste bags should be minimized to reduce the risk of needle prick
injuryand infection.
4. BMW should be kept only in a speci ied storage area.
5. After removal of the bag, clean the container including the lid with an appropriate disinfec-
tant.
6. Waste bags and containers should be removed daily from wards / OPDs or even more
frequently if needed (as in Operation Theatres, ICUs, labour rooms). Waste bags should be
transported in a covered wheeled containers or large bins in covered trolleys.
7. No untreated bio -medical waste shall be kept stored beyond a period of 48 hours.
Figure 6.5: COLLECTING WASTE FROM THE HOSPITAL

6.3.5 WASTE COLLECTION

1. RED BAG collection (approximately) is 10kg per day.
2. WHITE BAG collection (approximately) is 2kg per day.
3. BLUE BAG collection (approximately) is 750kg per day.
4. YELLOW BAG collection (approximately) is 10kg per day.
6.4 CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
Table 6.1: CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE

Option Waste Category Treatment and Disposal
Category Human Anatomical Waste (human incineration/deep burial
No 1 tissues, organs, body parts)
Animal Waste (animal tissues, organs,
body parts carcasses, bleeding parts,
Category luid, blood and experimental animals
incineration/deep burial
No 2 used in research, waste generated by
veterinary hospitals colleges, discharge
from hospitals, animal houses)
Microbiology Biotechnology
Waste(wastes from laboratory cultures,
stocks or specimens of micro-
organisms live or attenuated vaccines,
Category human and animal cell culture used in local
No 3 research and infectious agents from autoclaving/microwaving/incineration
research and industrial laboratories,
wastes from production of biologicals,
toxins, dishes and devices used for
transfer of cultures)
Waste sharps (needles, syringes, disinfection (chemical
Category scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may treatment/autoclavin
No 4 cause puncture and cuts. This includes g/microwaving and
both used and unused sharps) mutilation/shredding
Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic incineration/destruction and drugs
Category
drugs (wastes comprising of outdated, disposal in
No 5
contaminated and discarded medicines) secured land ills
Soiled Waste (Items contaminated with
blood, and body luids including cotton,
Category Incineration/
dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines,
No 6 autoclaving/microwaving
beddings, other material contaminated
with blood)
Solid Waste (wastes generated from disinfection by chemical
Category disposable items other than the waste treatment/autoclaving/ microwaving
No 7 sharps such as tubings, catheters, and mutilation/ shredding
intravenous sets etc)
Liquid Waste (waste generated from disinfection by chemical treatment and
Category
laboratory and washing, cleaning, discharge into drains
No 8

house- keeping and disinfecting

activities)
Category Incineration Ash (ash from incineration disposal in municipal

No 9 of any biomedical waste) land ill
Chemical discharge into drains for
Chemical Waste (chemicals used in
Category liquids and secured land ill for solids
production of biologicals, chemicals
No 10
used in disinfection, as insecticides, etc.)
6.4.1 TRANSPORTATION
1. Untreated biomedical waste shall be transported only in specially designed vehicles.
2. The waste should be transported for treatment either in trolleys or in covered
wheelbarrows.3. The bags /container containing biomedical wastes should be tied /lidded
before transporta-
tion.
4. Before transporting the containing biomedical wastes nurse/doctor mentioning the
date,shift, quantity and destination.
5. Special vehicles must be used so as to prevent access to prevent and direct contact with,
thewaste by the transportation operators, the scavengers and the public.
6. The transport containers should be properly enclosed.
7. It should also be possible to wash the interior of the containers thoroughly.
Figure 6.6: TRANSPORTING OF BIO MEDICAL WASTE

6.5 TREATMENT AREA
Figure 6.7: MEDICAL WASTE SOLUTION
6.6 DIFFERENT TREATMENT OPTION FOR DIFFERENT

CATEGORIES OF BMW
Table 6.2: DIFFERENT TREATMENT OPTION FOR DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF

BMW
COLOUR TYPES OF
S.No WASTE CATEGORY TREATMENT OPTION
CODING CONTAINER
1. Yellow Plastic bag Human anatomical Incineration
Microbiology and solid Autoclaving/Chemical
2. Red Plastic bag
waste Treatment
Waste Sharps and Solid Autoclaving/Chemical
3. Blue Plastic bag
Waste Treatment and Shredding
Discarded medicines,
cytotoxic drugs,
4. Black Plastic bag Disposable secured land ill
Incineration ash and
Chemical Waste
6.7 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS OF BMW
1. AUTO CLAVATION.
2. SHREDDING.
3. INCINERATION.
4. CHEMICAL DISINFECTION.
5. LAND DISPOSAL.

6.7.1 AUTO CLAVATION

1. The autoclave process is technology for the treatment of microbiology laboratory
waste,human blood any body luid waste, waste sharps and anatomical waste.
2. Autoclaving is a time-tested process of sterilization of medical waste using high
temperatureand high pressure steam.
3. Typical operating conditions for an autoclave are a temperature of at least 121 C at a
pressure of 105 kPa for a period of at least 1hour.
4. Effective sterilization results in the destruction of bacteria, virus, spores, fungi and
otherpathogenic micro organisms.
6.7.2 SHREDDING
1. The plastic (I.V. bottles, I.V. sets, syringes, catheters etc.), sharps (needles, blades, glassetc)
should be shredded but only after chemical treatment/microwaving/autoclaving.
2. Needle destroyers can be used for disposal of needles directly without chemical treatment.
3. Shredding is a process by which waste is de shaped or cut in to smaller pieces, so as to
makethe waste Un-recognizable.
4. It helps in prevention of reuse of non-infectious Biomedical waste and also acts as
identi ierthat the waste is safe to depose off.
Figure 6.8: SHREDDING

6.7.3 INCINERATION
1. 85 percent to 90 percent of the total BMW is treated by Incineration.

2. Incineration systems uses high temperature combustion under controlled conditions to
convert wastes containing infectious and pathological material to inert mineral residues and
gases. 3. Incineration is a process where the combustible waste is reduced to exhaust gaseous
products and the incombustible waste is reduced to ash.
4. The key parameter in an incinerator are, 5. Temperature should be 900-1000C. The waste be
exposed for at least two seconds.
6. Incinerator should have the air pollution control equipment.
Figure 6.9: EMMISION FACTORS
Figure 6.10: ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR CHIMNEY
6.7.4 LAND FILLING

1. Land treatment is a rather old disposal method, but still used in some cases. Also calledland
application, this is both a waste treatment and disposal process.
2. Waste is mixed with soil and spread out on the land and exposed to the Sun and elements.
3. The waste is not buried.
4. Treatment relies on anaerobic decomposition of organic waste.
5. In this sense, it is related to composting.

Figure 6.11: LAND TREATMENT
6.7.5 DEEP BURIAL

1. A pit or trench should be dug about 2 m deep. It should be half illed with waste, and
thencovered with lime within 50 cm of the surface, before illing the rest of the pit with soil.
2. It must be ensured that animals do not have access to burial sites.
3. Covers of galvanized iron/wire meshes may be used.
4. On each occasion, when wastes are added to the pit, a layer of 10cm of soil be added tocover
the wastes.
5. Burial must be performed under close and dedicated supervision.
6. The site should be relatively impermeable and no shallow well should be close to the site.
7. The pits should be distant from habitation, and sited so as to ensure that no
contaminationoccurs of any surface water or ground water.
8. The area should not be prone to looding or erosion.
9. The location of the site will be authorized by the prescribed authority.
10. The institution shall maintain a record of all pits for deep burial.

Chapter 7
RESULTS
Table 7.1: APPROXIMATELY TAKEN THESE VALUES

S.No Month HospitalWaste(kg/day) Recycling (kg/day)
1. December 53 5.1
2. January 52 5.3
3. February 56 5.4
4. March 57 5.7
Average 54.5 5.375

Chapter 8
CONCLUSION
Biomedical waste management is a critical process that ensures the safe and environmentally
sound handling of waste generated from healthcare facilities. The proper management of
biomedical waste reduces the risk of healthcare-associated infections, protects the
environment, and ensures compliance with regulations.
Effective biomedical waste management requires the cooperation of all stakeholders, including
healthcare workers, waste handlers, and government agencies. It involves the proper
segregation of waste at the point of generation, appropriate storage and transportation of waste,
treatment of waste before disposal, and safe and environmentally sound disposal of waste.
The success of the biomedical waste management system is dependent on the proper
implementation of guidelines and regulations. Compliance with these guidelines ensures that
healthcare facilities operate within the legal framework and avoids the risk of penalties and
ines.
Chapter 9
REFERENCES
1. Biomedical solid waste management in an Indian hospital: a case study

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X04001230,1993.
2. Effective medical waste management:

It can be done https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655302482430,2003.
3. Hospital solid waste management practices in Limpopo Province, South Africa:A case
study of two hospitals.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X07003704,2007.

4. Hospital Wastes Handling and Disposal: A Case Study of Hospitals in Shinyanga

Municipality, Tanzania https://ir.kiu.ac.ug/handle/20.500.12306/6951,2011.
5. Medical Waste Management and Control.

https://www.lifecarehospitalindia.com/pdf/JEP20121200006/48945057/medical waste
management.pdf,2012.

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Bio medical waste management

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Modern Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Alwar

Mr. ALOK KUMAR Under the Guidance of:

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR

6.5 TREATMENT AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR

6.7 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS OF BMW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.1 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF SHANTHIRAM HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.2 SHATHIRAM HOSPITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

5.1 BIO – MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

6.2 INFECTIOUS WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

DLE WITH A NEEDLE AND HUB CUTTER AND DISINFECT THEM BY

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR

6.1 CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

7.1 APPROXIMATELY TAKEN THESE VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 1

Figure 1.1: EFFECTS OF MEDICAL WASTE

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 2

2.1 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 3

4. Daniel Simba Neema (2011):

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 4

4.1 SANTHIRAM MEDICAL COLLEGE AND GENERAL HOSPITAL

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 5

Figure 4.1: GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF SHANTHIRAM HOSPITAL

Figure 4.2: SHATHIRAM HOSPITAL

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 6

Figure 5.1: BIO – MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT

6.1 WHAT IS BIO-MEDICAL WASTE ?

6.1.1 WASTE GENERATED DURING

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 7

6.2 SOURCES OF GENERATION OF BMW

Figure 6.1: SEGREGATION

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 8

6.3.2 INFECTIOUS WASTE

Figure 6.2: INFECTIOUS WASTE

YELLOW COLOUR BAGS WITH BINS

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 9

RED BAGS WITH RED CONTAINERS

WHITE/BLACK(TRANSLUCENT) PUNCTURE PROOF, LEAK PROOF, TAM-

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 10

GREEN COLOUR BAGS WITH BINS

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 11

Figure 6.3: SHOWS COLLECTION OF WASTE

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 12

6.3.4 TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE

During transportation following points should be taken care of:

Figure 6.5: COLLECTING WASTE FROM THE HOSPITAL

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 13

6.3.5 WASTE COLLECTION

6.4 CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE

Table 6.1: CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE

MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, ALWAR pg. 14

house- keeping and disinfecting

Category Incineration Ash (ash from incineration disposal in municipal

Figure 6.6: TRANSPORTING OF BIO MEDICAL WASTE