Renewable Energy Engineering Program

REE 311 Electric Machines

Lecture 7 – Transformers (Chapter 2)
Approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer

No excitation
branch

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 Determining the values of components in the transformer model

• It is possible to experimentally determine the

values of the inductances and resistances in the
transformer model.

• An adequate approximation of these values can

be obtained with only two tests:

1. Open circuit test: Voc, Ioc and Poc to find Rc

and Xm

2. Short circuit test: Vsc, Isc and Psc to find Reqp

and Xeqp

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Example 2 – 2

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 Transformer voltage regulation and efficiency

• Because a real transformer has series impedances

within it, the output voltage of a transformer
varies with the load even if the input voltage
remains constant.

• To compare transformers in this respect, it is

customary to define a quantity called voltage
regulation (VR).

• Full load voltage regulation is a quantity that

compares the output voltage of the transformer Should VR be as small as
at no load with the output voltage at full load. possible or not?

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Transformer phasor diagram

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 Transformer efficiency

• There are three types of losses:

1. Copper losses Reqp

2. Hysteresis losses
RC
3. Eddy current losses

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Example 2 – 5

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 Three-phase transformers

• All the major power generation and distribution systems are

three-phase AC systems.

• Transformers for three-phase circuits can be constructed in

one of two ways:

1. Use three single-phase transformers and connect them in a

three-phase bank. (Advantage: repair only the defected
transformer)

2. Make a three-phase transformers consisting of three

sets of windings wrapped on a common core.
(Preferred option: lighter, smaller , cheaper and more
efficient)

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 Three-phase transformer connections

• The primaries and secondaries of any three-phase transformer can be independently connected in
either a wye (Y) or delta (Δ). This gives the following 4 possible connections:

(Δ-Y)

(Y-Y)

(Δ-Δ)

(Y-Δ)

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 Three-phase transformer connections

• Analyzing any three-phase transformer bank is

done by looking at a single transformer in the bank.

• Any single transformer in the bank behaves exactly

like the single-phase transformers already studied. (Y-Y)

• The impedance, voltage regulation, efficiency and

similar calculations for three phase transformers are
done on a per-phase basis, using exactly the same
techniques already developed for single-phase
transformers.
VLP
Turns ratio a relates the phase voltages VP =
3 VP aVS
Transformation ratio t relates the line voltages
VLS = 3VS
For Y-Y transformer: They are equal

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 Three-phase transformer connections

• The primaries and secondaries of any three-phase transformer can be independently connected in
either a wye (Y) or delta (Δ). This gives the following 4 possible connections:

(Δ-Y) a = 3t

(Y-Y)
a=t

(Δ-Δ) a=t

(Y-Δ)
1
a= t
3

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 Three-phase transformer connections

• Y-Δ arrangement causes the secondary voltage to be

shifted 30 relative to the primary voltage of the
transformer.
(Y-Δ)
• This phase shift can cause problems in paralleling the
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secondaries of two transformer banks together. a= t
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• The phase angles of transformer secondaries must be
VLPca
equal if they are to be parallel,
30°
• Attention must be paid to the direction of the 30 phase
shift occurring in each transformer.
VLPab
VϕPa
VϕSa = VLSab

VLPbc

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Example

A 50-kVA 13,800/208 –V Δ-Y distribution transformer has a series equivalent resistance of 114.2Ω and
a series equivalent reactance of 800Ω referred to the primary. Calculate this transformer’s voltage
regulation at full load and 0.8 pf lagging.
a = 3t

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Thank you

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