Standard

Multiplicator Training
SP 90020
Harmonization of drawing standards

within the Schaeffler Group
Version 1.8 10/2006

Contents Page 1
Table of contents ................................................................................................. 2

Trainers / contact persons ................................................................................... 10
Introduction........................................................................................................ 11
Training no. SP 90020 ................................................................................ 11
ISO 1101 / ISO 1132................................................................................... 12
Drawing comparison ................................................................................... 13
Dimensional and geometrical tolerances .................................................... 15
Three worlds become one........................................................................... 16
Update training drawing contents................................................................ 17
Current group standards (overview)............................................................ 18
Introduction date ......................................................................................... 19
Training agenda .......................................................................................... 20
Implementation concept / overview ................................................................. 22

Basic conditions ........................................................................................... 23
Training – multiplicators .............................................................................. 24
Training – end users ................................................................................... 25
Handing-over meeting Design - Production ................................................ 27
Further hints ................................................................................................ 28
Multiplicators – tasks and rollout..................................................................... 29

Multiplicators – tasks................................................................................... 30
Rollout schedule.......................................................................................... 32
Checklist for multiplicators .......................................................................... 337
Drawing layout to S 102001-5 ........................................................................... 34

Definitions ................................................................................................... 35
Drawing layout and sizes ............................................................................ 36
Drawing contents - arrangement ................................................................ 37
Standard text application............................................................................. 38
Marking of drawings .................................................................................... 41
BOM indications in drawings ....................................................................... 42
Item specifications....................................................................................... 43
Specifications in drawings ........................................................................... 44
Item numbers to DIN ISO 64323 ................................................................. 45
Change display ........................................................................................... 46
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Contents Page 2
Drawing illustration to S 102001-7 ................................................................... 47

Pictorial representation ............................................................................... 48
Scales ......................................................................................................... 49
Not-to-scale representation ......................................................................... 50
Projection method 1 .................................................................................... 51
Projection method 3 .................................................................................... 53
Projection methods 1 and 3.......................................................................... 54
Simplified representations of views .............................................................. 55
Partial view of symmetrical parts.................................................................. 56
Center holes................................................................................................. 57
Holes, counterbores, countersinks and internal threads .............................. 58
Springs ......................................................................................................... 59
Gears, bevel gears, matching of gear pairs ................................................. 60
Representation of cuts and sections ............................................................ 61
Breaking edges ............................................................................................ 62
Details .......................................................................................................... 63
Functional surfaces ...................................................................................... 64
Weld seam inspections ................................................................................ 65
Relief grooves .............................................................................................. 66
Materials ...................................................................................................... 68
Heat treatment ............................................................................................. 69
Representation of heat treated components ................................................ 70
Designation of case-hardened depth ........................................................... 71
Hardness parameters definitions.................................................................. 72
Tolerancing principle to S 102501..................................................................... 73

Drawing example ......................................................................................... 74
Tolerancing principles .................................................................................. 75
Envelope requirement / Principle of independence ...................................... 76
Taylor principle............................................................................................. 80
Dimensional and geometrical tolerances according to ASME Y15.5M......... 81
Indication on drawings ................................................................................. 82
Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 1 to S 102502 ..................... 83

General tolerance indications....................................................................... 84
Datum symbols (basic symbols)................................................................... 86
Datum symbol (point) ................................................................................... 87
Datum symbol (straight line)......................................................................... 88
Datum symbol (plane) .................................................................................. 89
Datum symbol (plane / global Gauss) .......................................................... 90
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Contents Page 3
Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 1 to S 102502

Averaged plane (least square) ..................................................................... 91
Datum symbol (straight line / global Gauss)................................................. 92
Averaged straight line to Gauss ................................................................... 93
Mean diameter value.................................................................................... 94
Drawing specification – old .......................................................................... 95
Drawing specification – new......................................................................... 96
Mean diameter value - definition .................................................................. 97
Measuring principle (dmp)............................................................................ 98
Measuring principle (Dmp) ........................................................................... 99
Roundness ................................................................................................... 100
Definition of tolerance zone.......................................................................... 101
Roundness – special indications .................................................................. 102
Roundness – analysis method ..................................................................... 104
Roundness – filter types............................................................................... 105
Roundness – outside diameter, measuring principle.................................... 106
Two-point roundness.................................................................................... 108
Measuring principle ...................................................................................... 110
Drawing comparison – old............................................................................ 112
Drawing comparison – new .......................................................................... 113
Parallelism – line .......................................................................................... 114
Drawing specification – line.......................................................................... 115
Parallelism – plane....................................................................................... 116
Parallelism – plane to line ............................................................................ 117
Parallelism – two axes ................................................................................. 118
Parallelism– measuring principle.................................................................. 119
Parallelism – diameter variation (axial) ........................................................ 123
Diameter variation – shaft/bore .................................................................... 124
Diameter variation – measuring principle ..................................................... 125
Diameter variation – cylindrical bore ............................................................ 126
Drawing comparison VDmp – old................................................................. 127
Drawing comparison VDmp – new ............................................................... 128
Parallelism – special indication without geometrical defects ........................ 129
Parallelism – drawing specification .............................................................. 130
Straightness ................................................................................................. 131
Straightness – drawing specification ............................................................ 132
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Contents Page 4

Straightness – special indication .................................................................. 133
Straightness – new drawing specification .................................................... 134
Straightness – measuring principle .............................................................. 135
Cylindricity.................................................................................................... 136
Cylindricity – drawing specification............................................................... 137
Waviness ..................................................................................................... 138
Waviness – new drawing specification......................................................... 139
Waviness – special indications..................................................................... 140
Waviness – new drawing specification......................................................... 141
Waviness – measuring principle................................................................... 142
Waviness – drawing comparison (old) ......................................................... 144
Waviness – drawing comparison (new)........................................................ 145
Flatness – standard indication...................................................................... 146
Flatness – drawing specification .................................................................. 147
Flatness – special indication ........................................................................ 148
Flatness – drawing specification .................................................................. 149
Flatness – measuring principle..................................................................... 150
Tolerance indication of a taper ..................................................................... 151
Drawing specification ................................................................................... 152
Tolerance indication of a taper – special symbol.......................................... 153
Tolerance indication of a taper – measuring principle .................................. 155
Measurement of the tolerance of a taper to ISO 3040 ................................. 156
Drawing comparison .................................................................................... 157
Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 2 to S 102502 ..................... 158

Taper of a cylindrical shaft / bore ................................................................. 159
Inclination angle tolerance of a taper ........................................................... 162
Inclination tolerance of a plane..................................................................... 166
Inclination tolerance – drawing specification ................................................ 167
Inclination tolerance of a taper and a plane ................................................. 168
Inclination tolerance of a lip surface ............................................................. 169
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Contents Page 5

Variation of wall thickness – radial ............................................................... 173
Drawing specification – radial....................................................................... 174
Measuring principle – radial ......................................................................... 175
Drawing comparison – radial (old)................................................................ 176
Drawing comparison – radial (new).............................................................. 177
Variation of wall thickness – axial................................................................. 178
Measuring principle – axial........................................................................... 179
Variation of wall thickness – ring width......................................................... 180
Measuring principle – ring width................................................................... 181
Drawing comparison – ring width ................................................................. 182
Variation of wall thickness – cross-sectional plane ...................................... 183
Drawing specification – cross-sectional plane.............................................. 184
Measuring principle – cross-sectional plane ................................................ 185
Variation of inclination – outside surface to side face................................... 186
Drawing specification – old .......................................................................... 187
Variation of inclination – measuring principle ............................................... 189
Perpendicularity outside surface / side face – outer ring.............................. 190
Perpendicularity outside surface / side face – inner ring .............................. 191
Side face runout ........................................................................................... 193
Drawing specification old / new .................................................................... 194
Side face runout – measuring principle ........................................................ 195
Thickness variation – differential measurement ........................................... 197
Thickness variation – differential measurement ........................................... 199
Runout of inner and outer ring of assembled bearing .................................. 202
Runout of outer ring of assembled bearing Kea ........................................... 204
Runout of inner ring of assembled bearing Kia ............................................ 205
Measuring principle – Kea............................................................................ 208
Measuring principle – Kia ............................................................................. 209
Drawing comparison Kea / Kia ..................................................................... 210
Axial runout of inner ring .............................................................................. 211
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Contents Page 6

Axial runout of outer ring .............................................................................. 214
Line shape tolerance for radii ....................................................................... 218
Definition of tolerance range ........................................................................ 220
Identification of tolerance range ................................................................... 223
Drawing specification / measuring principle ................................................. 224
Additional indications ................................................................................... 225
Enclosing length dimension – bore .............................................................. 228
Dimension, dimensioning and tolerance entry to S 102001-11 ...................... 229

Dimensioning ............................................................................................... 230
Units, symbols, writing and creating rules .................................................... 231
Terminations – dimension lines.................................................................... 234
Dimensioning and tolerancing examples...................................................... 235
Specific dimensioning – not to be used for new designs.............................. 245
Tolerance indications ................................................................................... 246
Dimensional tolerances to DIN ISO 286-1 ................................................... 247
Designations of screw threads ..................................................................... 249
Dimensioning and tolerancing in the inch system ....................................... 250
Description of surfaces to S 102001-10 ............................................................ 252

Suitable surface parameters ........................................................................ 253
Scope of application..................................................................................... 254
Surface indication......................................................................................... 255
Traversed length, evaluation length and filter............................................... 256
Filter selection .............................................................................................. 257
λc filter.......................................................................................................... 258
Surface indication - definition ....................................................................... 259
λs filter- impact ............................................................................................. 260
16% Rule ..................................................................................................... 262
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Contents Page 7
Description of surfaces to S 102001-10

Tolerance limits ............................................................................................ 264
Arithmetic mean deviation Ra ...................................................................... 265
Explanatory power Ra ................................................................................. 266
Arithmetic mean deviation Rq ...................................................................... 267
Average peak to valley height Rz................................................................. 268
Skewness Rsk.............................................................................................. 269
Kurtosis Rku................................................................................................. 270
Surface texture parameters.......................................................................... 271
Number of high spot counts HSC................................................................. 272
Profile depth Pt............................................................................................. 273
Drawing indications for raceway surfaces .................................................... 274
Reference values for raceways .................................................................... 275
Effects on the calculation of load ratings...................................................... 276
Material ratio of roughness profile Rmr(c) .................................................... 277
Turned surface ............................................................................................. 279
Designation indication .................................................................................. 280
Surface indications for general requirements ............................................... 281
Indications on the drawing ........................................................................... 282
Simplified drawing specifications.................................................................. 283
Standard texts, collective indications ........................................................... 284
Additional surface requirements................................................................... 285
Flush-cut proportion (fine blanking) to VDI 2906 Blatt 5............................... 286
Dimensioning of a fine-cut surface ............................................................... 287
Drawing specification of a fine-cut surface................................................... 288
Surface indications for coatings ................................................................... 289
Hard material coating ................................................................................... 290
Coating to size as per DIN 50960-2 ............................................................. 291
Corrosion protection indications, preservative coating ................................. 292
Edge structure to S 102001-8 ............................................................................ 293

Vocabulary ................................................................................................... 294
Edge dimensioning....................................................................................... 295
Edge symbol to ISO 13715 .......................................................................... 296
States of edges – external edges................................................................. 297
States of edges – internal edges.................................................................. 298
Edge dimensions – special symbols ............................................................ 299
Collective indications in drawings................................................................. 300
Standard texts, collective indications ........................................................... 301
Rolling bearing chamfers ............................................................................. 302
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Contents Page 8
Form rigidity to S 102503 ................................................................................... 304

What is the form rigidity of a ring?................................................................ 305
Basics .......................................................................................................... 306
Form rigidity – definition ............................................................................... 307
Classification ................................................................................................ 309
Drawing examples........................................................................................ 311
Rules for interpretation................................................................................. 312
C/D value determination - example .............................................................. 313
Calculation in BEARINX ............................................................................... 316
Classification of characteristics to S 102012-1................................................ 317

Classification of characteristics / vocabulary ................................................ 318
Critical characteristics .................................................................................. 321
Significant characteristics............................................................................. 322
Inspection characteristics ............................................................................. 323
Harmonization of drawing contents.................................................................. 324

Deep groove ball bearing ............................................................................. 325
Inner ring ...................................................................................................... 326
Cylindrical roller bearing – outer ring............................................................ 327
Self-aligning roller thrust bearings................................................................ 328
Cylindrical roller bearing – cage ................................................................... 333
Appendix ............................................................................................................. 336

Checklist for multiplicators ........................................................................... 337
Training of the trainers ................................................................................. 340
Notes............................................................................................................ 341
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Trainers / Contact persons
Mr. Ernst Ammon (Project manager)

Phone: +49(9132)82-2587
e-mail: ernst.ammon@schaeffler.com
Mr. Gerhard Schorr (Design)

Phone: +49(9721)91-4911
e-mail: gerhard.schorr@schaeffler.com
Mr. Karl Bywalez (Quality assurance)

Phone: +49(9721)91-4237
e-mail: karl.bywalez@schaeffler.com
Mr. Otmar Hartling (Design)

Phone: +49(9721)91-3062
e-mail: otmar.hartling@schaeffler.com
Mr. Christian Bahrmann (Design)

Phone: +49(7223)941-421
e-mail: christian.bahrmann@luk.de
Mr. Erich Sick (Quality assurance)

Phone: +49(7223)941-3640
e-mail: erich.sick@luk.de
Mr. Walter Scharf (Quality assurance)

Phone: +49(9132) 82-1152
e-mail: walter.scharf@schaeffler.com
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SP 90020

within the Schaeffler Group
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Main title
ISO1101 / ISO1132
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Drawing comparison - Example
FAG Outer ring AR.6000A.2Z.WA
Dimensional and
Geometrical
tolerances
to ISO 1132-1
Hardness and
heat treatment
indications
Form rigidity
indication
Surface
roughness
according to
FAG standards
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Drawing comparison
INA Outer ring AU 6000-2Z-0011
Surface
roughness
to ISO 1302
Hardness and
heat treatment
indications
Dimensional and
geometrical
tolerances
to ISO 1101 and
INA standard
Form rigidity:
no indication
14/344
Dimensional and geometrical tolerances
FAG uses INA uses

- standardized rolling bearing tolerance symbols - the symbols to ISO 1101 for standardized
to rolling bearing standard ISO 1132-1 and -2 (external and internal) dimensional and
- the symbols to ISO 1101 for dimensional and geometrical tolerances
geometrical tolerances if there is no external - additional symbols to INA standard for
standardization important functional dimensions
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Three worlds will be one
● - Uniform specifications (generally accepted standards)
● - Uniform drawings
● - Technical standards (tolerancing principle, standard texts, etc.)
● - Standards and guidelines
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Training drawing contents
Update Training Drawing contents
Rules for creating and reading technical drawings
General Tolerances Drawing illustration Dimension, Surface indications

considerations dimensioning and
and tolerance entry
design basics
• Number ranges • Tolerancing principle • Materials • Dimensioning indications • Specifications according to function
• Form rigidity • Dimensional and • Heat treatment • Specifications according to
• Standard texts geometrical tolerances characteristics
• Edge structure
(such as roughness maximum
• Waviness
• Title blocks value, tolerance on shape, coating)
• Noise specifications
• Not-to-scale presentation • No indication with Ra and Rz
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Overview
General considerations and
design basics
S 102001-1 Dimensional and geometrical tolerances
S 102502
Standard priorities
S 102500 Drawing layout
S 102001-5
Form rigidity Rules for the creation

S 102503
Edge structure
of technical drawings S 102001-8
Drawing illustration
Description of surfaces
S 102001-7 Writing and creating rules
S 102001-10
S 102001-6
Dimension, dimensioning Tolerancing principle

and tolerance entry S 102501
S 102001-11
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Introduction timing
The new rules shall be applied to
¾ product line (PL) and product group (PG)

¾ within the segments and plants
¾ Quality assurance
immediately after meeting the following:

¾ User release
¾ Completed training rollout
¾ CAD systems that support the application are implemented
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Agenda: day 1
08:00 Welcome and introduction
09:00 Tasks of the multiplicators
09:45 Break
10:00 Drawing structure and drawing illustrations (title block, not-to-scale presentation,
overview of standards, etc.)
12:15 Lunch break
13:00 Tolerancing principles
14:00 Exercises
14:15 Dimensional & geometrical tolerancing – Part 1
15:00 Break
15:15 Dimensional & geometrical tolerancing – Part 1 (continued)
17:00 Finish of day
Agenda: day 2
08:00 Welcome
10:15 Break
10:30 Dimensional & geometrical tolerancing – Part 2
12:00 Lunch Break
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Agenda: day 2 (cont.)
14:45 Dimensioning indications
16:15 Break
16:30 Surface indications
17:30 Finish of the day
Agenda: day 3
08:00 Welcome
08:15 Surface indications (continued)

08:45 Edge structure
09:30 Break
09:45 Form rigidity in drawings
10:30 Special characteristics indications
11:00 Sample drawings in individual product lines
12:00 Lunch Break
12:45 Organizational issues
13:15 Test
13:45 Finish
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Implementation Concept
Overview
22/344
Basic conditions
● The Project team UP12 is responsible for the technical harmonization of

drawing illustrations and drawing indications. The results are specified in
design guidelines.
● The Project team UP12 plans and conducts the training for the
multiplicators from the products lines. Additionally, the team supports the
multiplicators.
● The Product lines are responsible for the technical content of a drawing
(such as tolerances) and the interpretation of a product.
● The Product lines are responsible for planning the end user training
timely since this training depends on the change-over date of a drawing.
● The Personnel development (central and local) supports the

multiplicators in the organization of activities and in the tracking of end
user trainings.
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● Multiplicators are trained across all product lines and plants
● Target: all the areas concerned are informed and ready for change-over
● Space of time: March 06 – December 06
● Number of participants: 350 - 400 across the entire Schaeffler Group
E. Ammon UP 12 instructors
G. Schorr
E. Sick
O. Hartling
K. Bywalez
C. Bahrmann
W. Scharf
Training 2 days/group
Multiplicators
per product line
Instruments:
Group standards
Multiplicator Multiplicator Multiplicator Overall training documents
Design Scheduling Quality assurance Training plan
Checklist for multiplicators
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End User Training
(Application Engineering and Design)
● In the first step, the application engineers and design engineers per product line/divisions are trained
● Target: The users shall be able to create product drawings according to the new design standards
● Space of time: March 06 – Q1/07
● Number of participants: approx. 2.500 across the entire Schaeffler Group
Project team UP12

Multiplicator
Design
Training FAG: approx. 1,5 days/group

INA: approx. 1 day/group
LUK: approx. 0,5 day/group
End user Instruments:

per Application Engineering Group standards
and Design Part training document
Application Product Training plan product line
Engineering Design Checklist for multiplicators
Folding map
Sales is not relevant
25/344
End User Training
(Scheduling, Production and Quality Assurance)
● In the second step, the users are trained per product line in Master Segment, Segments and Quality Assurance.
This takes place before the new drawings are handed over from Design.
● Target: All users are able to prepare the dimensioning and manufacturing of components, basing on the current as
well as on the new standards.
● Space of time: April 06 – Q1/07
● Number of participants: approx. 28.000 across the entire Schaeffler Group
Project team UP12
Multiplicator Multiplicator
Operation Scheduling Quality Assurance
Training FAG: approx. 1,5 days/group

INA: approx. 1 day/group
LUK: approx. 0,5 day/group Instruments:
Group standards
End user Part training document
Scheduling, Production, Training plan product line
Quality Assurance Checklist for multiplicators
Folding map
Master Segment Segments Quality
Assurance
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Handing-over Meeting
Design - Production
● The handing-over meeting shall ensure a trouble-free transition from Design to Production
● Requisite: Prior to the meeting, the participants have attended a training on the new design standards
● The engineer in charge explains the new sample drawing to the scheduler, the production manager and QA
engineer. Possible difficulties that might occur in production or measuring are identified and solutions are
developed. The UP12 project team supports the handing-over meeting in particular cases .
● The meeting shall be conducted systemically according to a checklist.
Product Design
Engineer
Scheduler
Project team UP12
Instruments:
Group standards
Handing-over Sample drawing new
meeting Checklist drawing hand-over
Quality
Engineer
Segment
Manager
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Further Hints
● All documents, checklists and auxiliary means may be

requested from Ernst Ammon, ST/HZA-KR
● When organizing end user trainings, your local

Personnel development will provide active support
● A guideline providing information about the further

steps in the procedure is available at the end of the
event
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Multiplicators
Tasks and Rollout
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Multiplicators - Tasks
● Preparations
¾ Attending the multiplicator training (three days)
¾ Selecting product line specific contents from the design standards
¾ Reducing the training documentation tp product line specific contents and

adding individual application examples
¾ Coordinating Design, Scheduling and Quality Assurance in regard to the

training documentation
¾ Translating the training documentation into the national language (except for
German or English)
¾ Timely organization of the end user training dates
¾ Organizing several end user trainings with the support of the Human resources
departments in charge (dates and participants)
¾ Optional: Training for trainers
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Multiplicators - Tasks
● Implementation tasks
¾ End user training, end users from Design, Scheduling, Production and
Quality Assurance
¾ Documentation and feed back of training participants and contents
¾ First level support for end users on site in case of questions and
problems
¾ Involving the UP 12 project team or HQ Design (ST/HZA-KR) in the

second level support
¾ Review of drawings and CAD templates together with a member of the

project team or HQ Design (ST/HZA-KR)
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Rollout – Time Schedule
2006 2007
Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Coordination with PLs
Pilot training
Training optimization
1. Product line A
2. Product line B
3. Product line/
division C
...
44. Product line Y
45. Product line Z
Up to the end of 2006, the implementation of the The new design guidelines will be binding
Multiplicators
new standards for new designs and designs that for all new designs and designs that are
are subject to change is performed from case to subject to change from 2007.
End users
case. The product line plans this with the On this, the product will be responsible.
UP12 project team
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Training - Checklist
● Please prepare your task with the help of the following checklist:
Schaeffler Group
|-- Projects
|-- Harmonization of Basic Data and Standards
|-- 010 Teilprojekt Zeichnungen Gruppenstandards
|-- Toolbox
|-- english
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Drawing Layout
to S 102001-5
34/344
Definitions
The following document types are defined for technical

drawings:
EAD Engineering Aftermarket Aftermarket design document

Document
EDA Engineering Drawing Auxiliary Auxiliary drawing
EDD Engineering Drawing Delivery Customer delivery drawing
EDM Engineering Drawing Machine Drawing for special machines
EDP Engineering Drawing Product Manufacturing drawing for

components and assemblies
EDS Engineering Drawing State Manufacturing drawing for production

stages (e.g. turning drawing)
EDA:
-internal studies on installation space, not for customer
-supplements, sketches
EDD:
-at INA “Angebots- und Lieferzeichnung” (Au L) [customer delivery drawing]
-at FAG formerly “Offertzeichnung” [offer drawing]
-at LuK formerly “A-Zeichnung” [quotation drawing]
-the customer delivery drawing (document type EDD) is designed to inform the customer,
describing important technical characteristics (e.g. assembly dimensions).
EDP:
-assembly drawing: only dimensions necessary for the assembly and fitting dimensions
(inspection dimensions), see EDD
-at INA and FAG, finished-part drawing: all dimensions that describe the part completely
-at LuK, manufacturing drawing: all dimensions for the last process step
EDS:
-e.g.: casting drawing, turning drawing or drawing for forging blank
-only specifications necessary for the respective process step (e.g. turning, grinding, ...)
-at INA and FAG: derived from EDP; is mostly created at the production plant; several
EDS' based on one EDP possible
-at LuK: usually only one EDS for one EDP (cast part– finished part)
General:
-appropriate title blocks for the respective document type automatically adopted
-title blocks related to document type automatically contain various information
35/344
Drawing templates and sizes
DIN
Width Height Comments
Format
A4 210 mm 297 mm
A3 420 mm 297 mm
According to DIN EN ISO 5457
A2 594 mm 420 mm
Filing margin: left
A1 841 mm 594 mm
A0 1189 mm 841 mm
A0-2 2378 mm 841 mm A0 double width, filing margin: left
A0-3 3567 mm 841 mm A0 threefold width, filing margin: left
A0-4 4756 mm 841 mm A0 fourfold width, filing margin: left
-drawing templates according to S102001-4 (drawing templates with

additional title blocks for customer)
-depending on the document type according to S 100102-11 (technical
drawings – drawing templates – document types) and the document
applications
-select drawing size in a way that ensures a clear arrangement of the
drawing contents (views, texts, characteristic lines, ...)
-a small drawing size should be preferred, since printouts in smaller
formats are more legible in this way
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Arrangement of drawing contents
ng
n
ctio
tur i
S 123456-7 Standard
acc. to Schaeffler Group
uf ac
stru
C on
Man
S 123456-7 Standard
acc. to Schaeffler Group
1. Title block:
- language selectable
- bilingual version possible
- layout is allocated to the document type
- to be selected and filled in according to S 102001-2, -3 and -4
Note:
There are separate training courses on the title block available. See standard training courses.
2. Projection method and unit symbol

- projection method 1 is to be used as standard method
3. Drawing views, projections, sections, details

- as few as possible, but as many as needed to describe the part completely
- take into consideration the projection method
- arrange details and sections next to the original object
4. 3D view
- if possible 1:1 as enlargement factor in order to get a feeling for the component in the original
printout
- true-to-scale view obligatory
5. Legend
- surface symbols
- dimensions of edges
Continued on next page:

6. Standard texts
7. Table data
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Standard text application
Program start
There is a separate training course on the standard text application available, which can
be booked via SAP (ESS).
----------------------------------Continuation ----------------------------------------
6. Standard texts
-monolingual, right alignment
-bilingual version possible
-leading language = language of country with design authority
-standard text application in ProE
-same font and size
-first language (design authority): LEFT
-second language (production): RIGHT
-two languages per drawing at the most
-in case of three languages => additional sheet with duplicated geometry
7. Table data
-to be arranged directly above the title block along the side of the title block
-e.g. bill of materials on EDD documents
Specification of S......-. in EDD document

-only permissible if the respective S… is released for the customer
38/344
Selection
Selection via
assigned
text groups
the search
function
39/344
Entries, layout
Language and layout settings
40/344
Texts in drawings
Text Minimum font size
Size
[dimensions in
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4
mm]
h = 10 d 3,5 2,5
d 0,35 0,25
h = font size of upper-case letters and numbers

d = line width
Texts in drawings:
-DIN EN ISO 128-20 applies
-the minimum line width is 0,35 mm in order to ensure the legibility of
scaled-down A0 and A1 drawings
Font size:
-must be legible in scaled-down documents
-maximum shrinkage: 2 format steps
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Insertion of BOMs in drawings
ed!
k
oc
bl
ns
sig
de
w
Ne
BOM insertions:
-not permissible in EDP documents
-in EDD documents allowed in consultation with the customer
42/344
Item specifications
- are to be allocated to each component or assembly
- are to be arranged outside the outline of the representation
Item numbers
-various types of item specifications possible
-BOM item no. as symbol according to DIN ISO 6433
-specification of a (13-digit) material number
-document number without document type and version number
-same font and size
-various types of specification possible within one drawing if
unambiguousness is guaranteed
Reading direction
-generally, horizontally and from below or vertically and from the right
-no diagonal nor any other arrangement permissible
Note: In the case of basic assemblies (e.g. standard rolling bearing) the
item specifications may be dropped if unambiguousness is guaranteed.
43/344
Specifications in drawings
44/344
Item numbers according to DIN ISO 6433
- groups of components are numbered along shared reference line

- multiple usage of components is to be specified only once
-if unambiguousness is not guaranteed, the item number has to be

inserted in the assembly drawing.
-the item numbers are specified, for instance, in increments of ten (e.g.
10…20…30).
45/344
Change display
- in text fields
- change symbol in drawings
- no change symbol for automatic changes
AB AA
Change specification:
-the change is described by means of the change number in the text field.
-the change indicator is inserted at the respective point in the drawing.
-there is no change indicator inserted in the drawing for collective or
automatic change.
-in each case, only the last change status is specified in the drawing and
in the title block.
-drawings of basic version “00” do not contain any references to the
change status.
46/344
Drawing illustration
S 102001-7
47/344
Pictorial representation
The main view includes most of the information.

Break lines and edges of the objects may be omitted if not needed for
comprehension purposes.
Only the views, details and cuts that are needed to describe the drawing
clearly are represented.
Represent each dimension and detail only once!
Full-section, half-section or part cross-section possible; depending on size
Half-section or part-section preferred for simple parts (rings, simple
rotational parts).
48/344
Scales
Full-scale Enlargement scale Reduction scale
1:1 X:1 1:X
100:1 80:1 50:1 40:1 30:1 20:1

Magnifications
15:1 10:1 8:1 5:1 4:1 3:1 2:1
Reductions 1:1,5 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 1:8 1:10

1:20 1:30 1:40 1:50 1:80 1:100
The drawing shall always be presented to –scale. Not-to-scale

representations are only permissible in exceptional cases.
The scales printed in bold are preferred in cases there a full-scale (1:1)
representation is not possible (according to DIN ISO 5455).
The scale indications printed in normal size are not standardized but are
additionally allowed to better use the drawing area of CAD drawings.
The main scale is indicated in the title block.
If another scale is required for a detail or sectional view, the used scale
shall be indicated there (such as: Y-Y M2:1).
49/344
Not-to-scale representation
Raceway
E or F
not concave
Good Solution Bad Solution
Small angles indications
An extreme not-to-scale representation is permissible in cases where a

full-scale representation does not provide clearly visible details.
50/344
Projection method 1
The most informative view of an object shall be used, taking into account
the component‘s position with regard to functioning, manufacturing or
mounting.
Projection method 1 shall be used as standard procedure.
The projection method symbol is located at the filing margin.
With reference to the front view (a), the other views are arranged as
follows:
the view from above, (b), is placed underneath
the view from below, (e), is placed above
the view from the left, (c), is placed on the right
the view from the right, (d) is placed on the left
the view from the rear, (f), may be placed on the left or right,
as convenient
51/344
Projection method 1
Drawing area
Projection method 1 (first angle projection method) is an orthographic /

orthogonal presentation in which the product seems to lie between the
viewer and the coordinate planes on which the object is orthogonally
projected.
52/344
Projection method 3
Drawing area
Projection method 3 (third angle projection method) is an orthographic /

orthogonal presentation in which, in the eyes of the viewer, the product
seems to lie behind the coordinate planes on which the object is
orthogonally projected.
With reference to the front view (a), the other views are arranged as
follows:
the view from above, (B), is placed above
the view from below, (E) is placed underneath
the view from the left, (c), is placed on the left
the view from the right, (d) is placed on the right
the view from the rear, (F), may be placed on the left or right,
as convenient
53/344
Projection methods 1 and 3
Projection method 1 shall be used within

the Schaeffler Group!
Exception
The first angle projection method is the appropriate one to be used within
the Schaeffler Group.
Projection method 3 on the EDD is permissible on customer request.

Projection method 1 and 3 according to standard are the only methods to
be used.
The marking symbol is bilingual by default.
If different projection methods are used in the document types EDD and
EDP, a note above the title block in the standard text area indicating this
change is mandatory.
The symbol size is predefined by the CAD system.
54/344
Simplified representations of views
Components with two or more similar views
Same views may be included in one detail.
55/344
Partial view of symmetrical parts
Example 1 Example 2
DIN ISO 128-30 applies (Technical drawings - General principles of

presentation - Part 30: Basic conventions for views)
To save space, symmetrical objects may be drawn as a fraction of the
whole. The line of symmetry is identified at each of its ends by two narrow
short parallel lines drawn at right angles.
The symmetry symbol is predefined in ProE and appears automatically.
56/344
Center holes
Center hole is necessary on

the finished part
Center hole may not remain

on the finished part
Center hole may exist on the

finished part
The simplified representation of center holed may be used in cases where

it is not required to present the actual form and size and where the pure
indication of standardized center holes will suffice as information.
DIN ISO 6411 applies (Technical drawings - Simplified representation of

centre holes)
57/344
Holes, counterbores, countersinks
and internal threads
Complete representation and Symbolic representation and

dimensioning simplified dimensioning
Screw thread M10 with a thread length of 25 mm,

Explanation
tapping drill hole depth 30 mm
The simplified representation of holes, counterbores, internal screw

threads is permissible if the dimensions can be derived from the marking.
DIN 6780 applies (Technical drawings - Simplified dimensioning and
representation of holes, counterbores, countersinks and internal threads)
58/344
Springs
View simplified
Cylindrical
helical compression spring
Double-tapered
helical compression spring
Disc-spring assembly
(here: multi-layer)
Springs can be represented in simplified form according to standard.

DIN ISO 2162-1: Technical products documentation - Springs - Part 1:
Simplified representation
DIN ISO 2162-2: Technical product documentation - Springs - Part 2:
Presentation of data for cylindrical helical compression springs
DIN ISO 2162-3: Technical product documentation - Springs - Part 3:
Vocabulary
59/344
Gears, bevel gears, matching of gear pairs
DIN 3962-
3962-2 DIN 3962-
3962-3 DIN 3963
DIN 3965-
3965-1
DIN 3962-
3962-1 DIN 3964
DIN 3966-
3966-1
DIN 3961
DIN 3966-
3966-2
DIN 3960
DIN 3966-
3966-3
DIN ISO 2203

DIN 3967
DIN ISO 2203 Technical Drawings; Conventional Representation of Gears

DIN 3960 Definitions, parameters and equations for involute
cylindrical gears and gear pairs
DIN 3961 Tolerances for Cylindrical Gear Teeth; Bases
DIN 3962-1 Tolerances for Cylindrical Gear Teeth; Tolerances for
Deviations of Individual Parameters
Tooth Trace Deviations
Pitch-span Deviations
DIN 3963 Tolerances for Cylindrical Gear Teeth; Tolerances for
Working Deviations
DIN 3964 Deviations of Shaft Centre Distances and Shaft Position
Tolerances of Casings for Cylindrical Gears
DIN 3965-1 Tolerancing of bevel gears; basic concepts
DIN 3966-1 Information on Gear Teeth in Drawings; Information on
Involute Teeth for Cylindrical Gears
DIN 3966-2 Information on Gear Teeth in Drawings; Information on
Straight Bevel Gear Teeth
DIN 3966-3 Worms and worm wheels; information to be given to the
manufacturer by the purchaser in order to obtain the gear required
DIN 3967 System of Gear Fits; Backlash, Tooth Thickness
Allowances, Tooth Thickness Tolerances; Principles
60/344
Representation of cuts and sections
The cut is marked by two capital letters.

The line of sight is identified by arrows.
The cut itself shall be marked with the given letters.
The representation is provided by the CAD system automatically.
The following standards apply:

-DIN ISO 128-40 Technical drawings - General principles of
presentation - Part 40: Basic conventions for cuts and sections
presentation - Part 44: Sections on mechanical engineering drawings
presentation - Part 50: Basic conventions for representing areas on cuts
and sections
61/344
Breaking edges
Breaking edges are preferably indicated by a freehand continuous line. A

zigzag line may be used alternatively.
Within a drawing, break lines of similar type must be used.
The break line may be omitted for details.
62/344
Details
Special case:
without scale
The area identified as a detail is framed in the overall view by a narrow

continuous line (e.g. circle, ellipse or rectangle).
Details are marked with capital letters.
The last letters of the alphabet shall be used. (starting from the end: Z, Y,
X, …)
The letters shall not be the same as those for a cutting line or a view that
must also be indicated.
The lettering height shall be one size larger than the lettering used on the
technical drawing.
The detail should be arranged, as far as possible, near to the framed area.
The scale shall be indicated next to the detail indication if it differs from the
scale given in the title block.
63/344
Functional surfaces (marking)
hardened and tempered

60+3 HRC
If tolerance, surface or hardness indications shall only apply to a limited

part of an area or outline, then this area shall be indicated by a thick
dashed dotted line.
64/344
Weld seam inspection
a 1 1 = inspected to S 2xxxxx
Pictorial representation of weld seams
Welded seams are indicated on the drawing by using simplified

representations with symbols.
There are individual symbols, depending on the welded seam.
The example given above is only one of many examples.
The weld cross-section is represented either by blackening (hatching) or a
dot pattern.
DIN EN 22553: Welded, brazed and soldered joints - Symbolic
representation on drawings
DIN 1912-4: Graphical Representation of Welded, Soldered and Brazed
Joints; Concepts and Terms for Soldered and Brazed Joints and Seams
65/344
Relief grooves
½ grinding allowance
Shaft
Hub ½ grinding allowance
A complete dimensioning shall be provided for the in-progress drawing

(EDS) that is used for the production of the relief groove.
S 103301-1 Rolling bearings, relief grooves
S 103301-2 Rolling bearings, relief grooves; turning tools (in preparation)
DIN 509 Relief grooves - Types and dimensions
66/344
Relief grooves
Relief groove
Relief groove
Or:
Relief groove
A simplified representation of the relief grooves on the in-process drawing

is permissible.
Relief grooves of secondary importance (relief is not described completely
may be defined with the edge symbol
S 102001-8 Technical drawings, rules for the creation of technical

drawings; edge structure
67/344
Materials
100Cr6 S130000
100Cr6 S130000
The designations of the material or semi-finished product shall be entered

in the title block according to S 102001-2, -3, -4.
The quality standard (standard) shall be indicated on component drawings
(EDx) in addition to the material designation of the material or semi-
finished product (quality standard).
Drawing entry example: 100Cr6 S130000
68/344
Heat treatment
Customer delivery drawing Finished part and in-process

(EDD) drawing (EDP and EDS)
hardened and tempered hardened and tempered to S ......
hardened and tempered hardened and tempered to S ......

hardness 60 + 4 HRC hardness 60 +4 HRC
case hardened and tempered case hardened and tempered to S ......

Surface hardness 700 +130 HV 10 Surface hardness 700 + 130 HV 10
CHD 550 HV 1 = 0,3 +0,3 1) CHD 550 HV 1 = 0,3 +0,3 1)
1) CHD (Case hardened depth) = replaces EHT (Einsatzhärtetiefe)
Heat treatment specifications, if required, shall be entered on technical

drawings (EDx) the way as described in the table above.
All specifications are stored in the standard text.
Any deviations from the standard shall be indicated.
69/344
Representation of heat treated components
Hardened
Component tempered entirely
Hardened
Component tempered entirely
Figure 1:
Localized heat treatment of the represented part is required. The heat
treated area is identified by a thick long dashed dotted line, the position of
the heat treated area is indicated as well. The measuring point is also
indicated.
Figure 2:
When a component is heat treated it may be better to harden a lager area
than actually required due to procedural reasons. As far as this is
permissible, the area that has been additionally hardened is identified by a
thick long dashed dotted line. The position of the heat treated area is
indicated on the drawing.
70/344
Designation of the case-hardened depth
Old Designation DIN 50190-1 New designation DIN EN ISO 2639
Eht CHD
(Einsatzhärtungstiefe) (Case-Hardened Depth)
Example: Eht 600 HV3 = 0,5 + 0,3 CHD 600 HV3 = 0,5 + 0,3
Basic hardness: 600 HV3 (Vickers hardness)

Case-hardened depth: 0,5 mm
Tolerance: +0,3 mm
Hardness must be 600 HV3 in a depth of 0,5 mm.
71/344
Hardness parameter definitions
ISO 15787 English DIN 6773 Deutsch
CHD Case hardening depth Eht Einhärtungstiefe

(einsatzgehärtet)
CD Carburization depth At Aufkohlungstiefe
(aufgekohlt)
CLT Compound layer thickness VS Verbindungsschichtdicke
(nitrocarburiert)
FHD Fusion hardness depth Sht Schmelzhärtetiefe
NHD Nitriding hardness depth Nht Nitrierhärtetiefe

(nitriert)
SHD Surface hardening depth Rht Einhärtungstiefe
(randschichtgehärtet)
FTS Fusion treatment specification RSP Randschichtschmelzplan
HTO Heat-treatment order WBA Wärmebehandlungsanweisung
HTS Heat-treatment specification WBP Wärmebehandlungsplan
72/344
Design standards
Tolerancing principle
S 102501
- Principle of independence according to ISO 8015

- Envelope requirements according to DIN 7167
73/344
Drawing example
What is the relationship between geometrical and dimensional tolerances?

Where is the relationship indicated on this drawing?
74/344
Tolerancing principles
without drawing specification
Envelope requirement Principle of independence
Drawing specification Drawing specification

Tolerancing DIN 7167 Tolerancing ISO 8015
Envelope requirement:
The envelope requirement applies if there is no drawing specification (in
German-speaking countries).
In order to identity the envelope requirement in German-speaking countries
clearly, the indication ‚Tolerancing DIN 7167‘ should be stated in the
drawing or title block.
Independence:
The principle of independence only applies if ‚Tolerancing ISO 8015‘ is
indicated in or close to the title block.
In general: the independence principle to ISO 8015 shall be applied to all

technical drawings and models as the appropriate tolerancing principle to
use.
The specification ISO 8015 is the default value within the title block
application ZEBRA.
Geometrical tolerancing to S 102502 shall be used for technical drawings
and models for which the tolerancing to ISO 8015 applies.
Each of the dimensional, geometrical and positional tolerances specified in
the drawing must be adhered to independently from each other.
As per ISO 8015, the envelope requirement or the maximum material
principle to ISO 2692 may additionally be applied to individual dimensions.
75/344
Tolerancing ISO 8015
Envelope requirement Principle of independence
Envelope requirement
= Marking
Maximum material principle

MMR
(ISO 2692)
= Marking
The envelope requirement may be used for individual characteristics in the

independence system if the dimension is followed by a circled „E“ or if the
maximum principle is used.
76/344
Drawing specification
Envelope requirement:
Each of the dimensional and geometrical tolerances must be within the
permissible tolerance (±t).
77/344
Independence principle
Radial runout
Straightness runout
Independence system:
Each of the dimensional, geometrical, and positional tolerances in the
independence system must be adhered to independently from each other.
78/344
Independence principle
79/344
Gage
Taylor principle
Applicable for the go gage:

The nominal dimension of the ring gage must be equal to the diameter
of the go dimension and the length of the gage must be equal to the
length of fit of the fit to be produced.
Applicable for the no-go gage:

The nominal dimension is equal to the no-go dimension, and the
length of the fit only touches the material surface in two opposing
points.
The no-go gage must be designed in such a way that it does not
comply with the component in any point or in any position.
Source: DIN report 79. 2000
Note:
The expressions gage side and no-gage side have been used formerly.
MML = Maximum Material Limit (gage side)
LML = Least Material Limit (no-gage side)
LML
MML
Gut Ausschuss
80/344
Design standards
Tolerancing principle (S 102501)
Envelope requirement according to DIN 7167
All customer delivery drawings and models for which ASME Y14.5M -1994 applies shall
be clearly identified by the following standard text above the title block or in the model:
(special case):
Dimensional and geometrical tolerances according to

2_72
ASME Y14.5M-1994
The usage is only permissible if demanded by the customer. In this case, the envelope
requirement for technical drawings and models has to be applied (Tolerancing DIN
7167).
81/344
Drawing example
82/344
Dimensional and Geometrical Tolerances
Part 1
S102502
– Scope of application
– Indications on drawing
– Definitions
– Special indications
– Measuring principle
– Drawing examples
83/344
General tolerance indications
Customer delivery drawings (EDD):
Indicating general tolerances (e.g. ISO 2768) is not permissible.
Extract from the

title block: s!
ign
des
new
or
df
use
o be
t t
o no internal processing (such a bolts, nuts, plastic
Exceptions: purchased productsNwith
moldings, castings, etc)
For such products the general tolerances defined in public

standards are permissible, such as:
• Tolerances for fasteners (bolts, nuts) to DIN EN ISO 4759-1
• General tolerances for steel stampings to DIN 6930-2
• General dimensions for linear dimensions of plastic moldings to DIN
16901
• General tolerances of size, form and orientation for thermoplastics
extruded profiles to DIN 16941
• Tolerances on dimensions for steel die forgings to DIN EN 10243-1
• General tolerances for rough castings to DIN 1680-2, DIN 1683-1, DIN
1684-1, DIN 1685-1, DIN 1686-1, DIN 1687 and DIN 1688
• Castings to DIN ISO 8062
The general indications on customer delivery drawings are

indicated as standard text.
Dimensional and geometric tolerances acc. to DIN 620
84/344
General tolerance indications
Internal manufacturing drawings (EDP, EDS):

• Tolerances must be indicated for each dimension
• General tolerances according to ISO 2768:
only permissible for LuK products
Internal auxiliary drawings (EDA):

• General tolerances in auxiliary drawings have to be converted.
Purchasing and proposal supplier drawings (EDP):

• Tolerances must be indicated for each dimension
Customer drawings (EDC):

• General tolerances in customer drawings have to be converted.
EDP/EDS:
Exceptions:
Tolerances cannot be indicated for theoretical dimensions (there are no
tolerances).
Tolerances can be indicated for dimensions of clamping equipment.
General indications:
Product line manager‘s approval is a prerequisite.
EDU:
Exceptions:
Tolerances cannot be indicated for theoretical dimensions (there are no
tolerances).
Tolerances can be indicated for dimensions of clamping equipment.
The applying general indications are indicated in addition to the non-

standard tolerances.
85/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols
The following datum symbols are to be used for crest lines,

enveloping surfaces, axes, or points
Basic symbols: Datum feature:
Standard datum symbol (filled in) Use capital letters only
86/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols (Point)
The datum feature is a point (PT)
!
ns
Old drawing specification
g
New drawing specification
esi
d
n ew
r
fo
d
u se
be
o
ott
N
87/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols (straight line)
The datum feature is a straight line (SL)
Newly added to ISO 5459.
88/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols (plane)
The datum feature is a plane (PL)
89/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols (plane / Global Gauß)
The datum feature is a plane (PL) as per Least

Squares Method (GG = Global Gauß)
New drawing specifications
The datum feature refers to a plane which is located inside the measured
profile in such a way that the square sum of the profile deviations
becomes minimal (least squares).
If all datum features of a drawing are to be evaluated using the LS

method, this symbol can be replaced by a standard text.
Standard text:
The evaluation process based on the least squares method

applies for all dimensions and references that provide no
additional information.
90/344
Datum symbols
Global Gauß (Least Square)
Averaged plane according to Gauß

Max. point
Min. point
91/344
Datum symbols
General datum symbols (straight line / Global Gauß)
The datum feature is a straight line (SL), as per Last

Squares Method (GG = Global Gauß)
The datum feature refers to a straight line which is located inside the
measured profile in such a way that the square sum of the profile
deviations becomes minimal (least squares).
If all datum features of a drawing are to be evaluated using the LS

method, this symbol can be replaced by a standard text.
Standard text:

92/344
Datum symbols
Global Gauß (Least Square)
Averaged straight line according to Gauß
Max. point
Min. point
93/344
Mean diameter value
Bearing bore Outside bearing diameter
ø20 +0,005 (dmp) ø20 -0,004 (Dmp)
Important: Only with diameter indications!
Scope of application: Products, tools, thin-walled products

(rolling bearing, seals, plastic parts, etc.)
Drawing specification: Finished part and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS)

Customer delivery drawing (EDD)
It is not necessary to indicate (dmp), (Dmp) and (mp) in the customer

delivery drawing, provided that an additional text indicates that the
bearings conform with the rolling bearing standards as per DIN 620 et
seqq. , or with the corresponding ISO standards.
Where no reference is made in the customer delivery drawing to the

above mentioned rolling bearing standards, the mean diameter values are
indicated in the same way as in the finished-part drawing by a standard
text.
Standard text:
dmp, Dmp, mp: Mean value acc. to ISO 1132
Dimensional and geometric

tolerances acc. to DIN 620
94/344
Mean diameter value
! !
s s
ign ign
d es es
w d
ne w
r r ne
fo fo
ed e d
us us
be be
o
tt tt
o
No No
Finished-part drawing Customer delivery drawing
(EDS/EDP) (EDD)
95/344
Mean diameter value
3)
1)
1)
2)
• mean diameter value for all diameters to ISO 1132-1

• with mean values, it is always necessary to indicate also the roundness
• The following symbols can be used as well:
1) Vp/2 2) VdP/2 or 3) VDp/2
The complete indication of mean values on finished-part drawings

(EDP/EDS) is:
Bore diameter: ø20-0,020 (dmp)
Outside diameter: ø40-0,011 (Dmp)
Other diameters: ø28±0,1 (mp)
Definition of the mean diameter value (dmp/Dmp):

As per DIN ISO 1132:
Arithmetic mean value of the minimum and maximum single bore
diameters (or mean outside diameters) identifiable in a radial plane.
dmp = (dsp max+ dsp min) / 2
96/344
Mean diameter value
Definition
+0,006
Averaged: Ø13 -0,008 (Dmp)
11,000 + 15,000 12,988 + 12,996

Mean value: = 13,000 = 12,992
2 2
97/344
Mean diameter value
Bearing bore (dmp)
Measuring principle
Two-point measurement of diameter, related to the total circumference:

Nominal dimension (dmp) = (dsp min + dsp max) / 2
Measuring process:
•The calibration ring (setting master) is placed on the two-point inside
gage (fixed stops top left and top. The part is attached to the stop on top,
opposite the moveable stylus).
•With the help of the adjusting screw, located below the measuring device,
the dial is adjusted to the dimensions of the calibration ring (set at zero).
•Then, the part is placed on the measuring device and rotated by 180°
•The deflection of the indicator is observed and the diameter mean value
is determined accordingly.
Example: the calibration ring diameter is 30,0 mm. The dial indicator
oscillates between -6 µm and -8 µm. The mean value is -7 µm. That is the
reason why the diameter mean value of the test piece is 29,993 mm.
98/344
Mean diameter value
Outside diameter (Dmp)
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The test piece is inserted in the two-point outside gage and rotated by 180°.
(fixed stops right and bottom. The part is attached to the stop at bottom
opposite the moveable stylus.
•The deflection of the dial indicator is observed and the diameter value is
determined accordingly.
Example: the diameter of the calibration ring with which the measuring
device has been set is 60,0 mm. The dial indicator oscillates between 0 µm and
-12 µm. The mean value is -6 µm. That is the reason why the diameter mean
value of test piece is 59,994 mm.
99/344
Roundness
Standard indication
Scope of application: Preferred specification in all drawing types to

ensure compliance with roundness to ISO
1101
Drawing specification: Finished-part drawings and in-process

drawings (EDP/EDS)
Customer delivery drawings (EDD)
100/344
Roundness
Standard indication
Drawing specification Definition of the tolerance zone
The tolerance zone is limited in the

measuring plane, which is perpendicular to
the axis, by two concentric circles at a
distance t.
Referring to filter value, filter type, and analysis method, the following has
been defined for this standard indication in group standard S241011-2
(draft):
The profile is filtered by a profile filter phase corrector as per DIN ISO
11562 (Gauß-Filter). The transfer characteristic is 50%.
•A filter with a limit value of 500 W/U is defined as standard filter. Other
filters (depending on the function of the tested surface, for instance) is
also permissible. At least 7 touch points per object are required for proper
use of the filter.
•The MZC is defined as two concentric circles positioned to just enclose
the measured profile such that their radial departure is a minimum The
appropriate evaluation procedure is MZCI (Minimum Zone Circle). The
MZCI is defined as two concentric circles positioned to just enclose the
measured profile such that their radial departure is a minimum. The
tolerance zone is enclosed in the measuring plane, which is perpendicular
to the axis, by two concentric circles at a distance t.
Other requirements to the measuring procedure shall be represented

according to the special indications as follows.
101/344
Roundness
Special indication
Filter value
Filter type
Analysis
Tolerance value
Scope of application: If all test parameters (filter value and filter

type) deviate from standard S 241011
Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing

(EDP/EDS)
If a specification does not indicate clearly the values to be used for one or
several operators, the specification is imprecise (see ISO/TS 17450-2)
and a supplier may use any, not specified, values to prove conformity.
Indicated characteristics always apply to a specific filtering procedure. A
center line filter (e.g. Gauß, spline, wavelet etc.) or a non-linear filter (e.g.
morphologic filter) may be additional filters.
Standard indication:
The reference procedure as per MZCI applies if there are no further
indications on the drawing.
102/344
Roundness
Special indication
If the test parameters (filter value and filter type) show compliance with the
indications given in group standard S 241011.
Test parameters that comply with the standard parameters given in S
241011 are not explicitly indicated; the position reserved for them remains
empty.
103/344
Roundness
Analysis method / Filter value
Analysis
MZCI MICI LSCI MCCI
Filter value
without 1-15 1-50 15-

15-150
5,11 µm 2,88 µm 3,98 µm 3,61 µm
Measured tolerance (MZCI):
The individual analysis methods are specified in group standard

S241011-2 as follows:
MZCI: (Minimum Zone Circle)
The MZCI is defined as two concentric circles positioned to just enclose
the measured profile such that their radial departure is a minimum.
MICI: (Maximum Inscribed Circle)
The maximum inscribed circle, sometimes referred to as the plug gauge
circle, is the largest circle that is totally enclosed by the profile.
LSCI: (Least Squares Circle)
The Least Squares reference circle is a circle where the sum of areas
inside this circle are equal to the sum of the areas outside the circle and
kept to a minimum separation (circle fitting procedure, Gauß-Newton
method)
MCCI: (Minimum Circumscribed Circle)
Under-roller diameter. It is the smallest circle (for outside surfaces) that
totally encloses the profile.
104/344
Roundness
Filter types
Filter name
G = Gaussian
S = Spline
Filter Type Class W = Spline Wavelet
L = Linear
A = Areal (3D) M = Morphological CB = Closing Ball
R = Robust CH = Closing Horizontal
F = Filter segment
L = Linear
OB = Opening Ball
P = Profile (2D) M = Morphological
OH = Opening Horizontal
R = Robust segment
AB = Alternating series Ball
AH = Alternating series
Horizontal segment
The filter type designation consists of 4 parts

•Filter
•Type (2D or 3D)
•Class and
•Filter name (designations are defined in ISO/TS 16610 et seqq.)
A combination of the individual designation units is possible if required.
Example:
Filter type FALS is a linear 3D spline filter.
The structure of the filter type designation also applies to the measuring of
straightness and flatness.
105/344
Roundness
Outside diameter
Measuring principle
Pick-up
Parallel light
Light source
Test piece Measuring length

Operating distance
Lens Receiver
Measuring procedure:
The part is placed on the lathe chuck and measurement is started. The
shadow of the diameter is projected in parallel to the beam on the
photosensitive receiver by using the shadow projection method.
According to a changeable rotating angle, the change of shadow width is
evaluated and thus roundness is calculated.
106/344
Roundness
Outside diameter
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The test piece is clamped to the turning table of the roughness
measurement device.
•The roughness measurement program is started via the connected
measuring computer.
•The measuring computer asks the workman to align the test piece. The
workman centers the test piece with the help of the adjusting screw below
the turning table.
•The computer starts the measuring program, the turning table is
automatically rotated by 360°.
•The computer represents a diagram showing the actual roundness of the
test piece compared to an ideal circle. Additionally, the roundness value in
numbers and the individual parameters are printed.
107/344
Two-point roundness
Outside bearing diameter Bearing bore Other diameters
Scope of application: For rolling bearings and components similar to rolling

bearings where compliance of the standardized
diameter variations Vdp / VDp as per ISO 1132-1 has to
be ensured.

(EDP/EDS)
Standard text in customer delivery drawings (EDD):
Dimensional and geometric tolerances acc. to DIN 620
(Instead of indicating the symbols Vdp/2; VDp/2; Vp/2, a general reference

is made to geometrical tolerances as per DIN 620).
108/344
Two-point roundness
Outer ring Inner ring
VDp/2=(Dsp1 max – Dsp1 min) / 2 Vdp/2=(dsp1 max – dsp1 min) / 2
Two-point roundness allows to measure roundness by means of a simple

two-point measurement.
It is thus a straightforward method of quality monitoring in volume
production.
The value measured differs from that obtained by roundness
measurement to ISO 1101
(experience value: = 1,33 x Vdp/2)
109/344
Two-point roundness
Measuring principle
Two-point measurement of diameter in a radial plane, related to the total

circumference:
Vdp/2 = (dsp max - dsp min) / 2
VDp/2 = (Dsp max - Dsp min) / 2
Measuring process:
•The calibration ring is placed on the two-point inside gage (the stylus top
left is fixed and serves as stop, the stylus on top is also fixed and serves
as counterpart to the moveable stylus below)
•The adjusting screw below the measuring device is used to set the dial
gage to the calibration ring dimensions (set to zero).
•Then, the test piece is inserted in the measuring device and rotated by
180°.
•The deflection of the indicator is observed and the two-point roundness is
Example: The indicator oscillates between -6 µm and -8 µm. The
difference of these values is the two-point roundness of the test piece. 8
µm – 6 µm = 2 µm. On this, the two-point roundness is 2 µm / 2 = 1 µm.
110/344
Two-point roundness
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•Then, the test piece is inserted in the measuring device and rotated by
180° (the stylus right is fixed and serves as stop, the stylus below is also
fixed and serves as counterpart to the moveable stylus on top).
•The deflection of the indicator is observed and the two-point roundness is
Example: During rotation, the dial indicator oscillates between 0 µm
and -12 µm. The difference of the values is the two-point out-of-
roundness of the test piece.
12 µm – 0 µm = 12 µm. On this, the two-point roundness is 12
µm/2 = 6µm .
111/344
Drawing comparison
Roundness (FAG old!)
!
s
ign
s
de
w
r ne
fo
e d
us
be Note: This symbol will be
t to
replaced by the indications
No
Vdp/2 or VDp/2 respectively!!!
112/344
Drawing comparison
Roundness (Schaeffler Group new!)
113/344
Parallelism
Scope of application: Preferred indication on all drawing types to

ensure compliance with parallelism to ISO 1101.
Drawing specification: Finished-part drawings and in-process drawings
(EDP/EDS)
114/344
Parallelism
Line

measuring plane by two parallel, straight
lines at a distance t.
115/344
Parallelism
Plane
Definition of the tolerance zone

planes at a distance t.
116/344
Parallelism
Plane to line


117/344
Parallelism
Two axes
Definition of the tolerance
zone
If parallelism of two bore axes relative to each other is

permissible, the tolerance (0,03) must be preceded by the
diameter symbol
118/344
Parallelism
Measuring principle
To check tolerances after drawing.
Measuring process:
•The test piece is inserted in the holding prism of the measuring device
and it is moved in horizontal direction across the whole length.
•The deflection of the dial indicator is observed and thus the parallelism of
the test piece is determined.
Example: The indicator deflection ranges between +2 µm to -5 µm.
The difference of these values is the parallelism. On this, the test piece
parallelism is 7 µm.
119/344
Parallelism
Measuring principle
Pick up
Holding
prism Air slide
Measurement of parallelism
Air cushioning /air to S 241014-1
suspension
Measuring process:
•The test piece is inserted in a holding prism.
•The stylus moves to the bore of the test piece.
•The deepest point of the bore is determined by setting the lateral
adjusting screw of the air slide. The reversal point of the numerical value
on the measuring computer represents the deepest point of the bore.
•Now, the stylus traces the top and bottom sides of the bore.
•The printout represents the traced sections graphically; on this, an optical
representation of parallelism is shown.
120/344
Drawing comparison
Parallelism (FAG old!)
Note: FAG has used this symbol for Vdmp!!!
121/344
Drawing comparison
Parallelism (Schaeffler Group new!)
B1IR
t7
b1IR t5 v1
v2
t4
t4
t3
t6
d (dmp) t2
FW
h
t2
t1
122/344
Parallelism
Diameter variation (axial)
Outside bearing diameter Bearing bore Other diameters
Scope of application: - Rolling bearings and components similar to roller

bearings
- If parallelism to ISO 1101 is indispensable, VDmp
has to be indicated exclusively.
Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP), (EPS)
123/344
Diameter variation
Cylindrical shaft / bore (VDmp/Vdmp)
Measurement of diameter difference related to the entire length of the

bore or to the entire length of the outside diameter respectively
Definition of a diameter variation of a cylindrical shaft / bore

(Vdmp/VDmp):
As per DIN ISO 1132:
Difference between the largest and smallest bore mean diameter / outside
diameter on a single ring related to the individual radial planes.
Vdmp = dmp max− dmp min
124/344
Diameter variation
Cylindrical shaft (VDmp)
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The calibration ring is inserted in the two-point outside gage in such a way that the
largest diameter is placed between the lower fixed tip and the upper moveable stylus
(=reversal point of the dial gage).
•The left stop is aligned.
•Turning the bottom adjusting screw adjusts the dial gage to the size of the calibration
ring.
•The test piece is inserted and rotated by 180°.
•The diameter mean value (Dmp) is determined at this measuring point.
•The test piece is moved by cranking the axial adjustment on the rear part of the
measuring device; due to this, the moveable measuring tips are tracing a new axial
measuring plane.
•Measurement is repeated as described above
•The smallest measured Dmp value determined from all measuring planes is deduced
from the largest measured Dmp value determined from all measuring planes.
Example: the largest Dmp value measured is 60,001 mm. The smallest Dmp value
measured is 59,998 mm. On this, the VDmp value of the work piece is 3µm.
125/344
Diameter variation
Cylindrical bore (Vdmp)
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The test piece is inserted in a two-point inside gage and rotated by 180° .
The gage has already been adjusted by a calibration ring (the stylus top
left is fixed and serves as a stop, the stylus on top is also fixed and serves
as a counterpart to the moveable stylus at the bottom).
•Now, the diameter mean value dmp is determined.
•The test piece is moved by turning the axial adjusting screw on the rear.
The moveable stylus tip and the fixed counter tip are now in the middle of
the test piece.
•Again, the test piece is rotated by 180° and the diameter mean value
(dmp) is determined.
•The smallest dmp value is deduced from the largest one.
Example: The largest dmp value is 30,003 mm. The smallest
measured dmp value is 29,998 mm. On this, the Vdmp value of the test
piece is 5µm.
126/344
Drawing comparison
VDmp (FAG old!)
ns!
sig
de
w
r ne
d fo
se
b eu
t to
No
127/344
Drawing comparison
VDmp (Schaeffler Group new!)
128/344
Parallelism
Special indication: without geometrical defects
Scope of application: Special symbols to ensure parallelism of the

Gaussian average of a plane / line (Least
Squares) to a datum plane / line.
Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP)
In-process drawing (EDS)
129/344
Parallelism
Special indication: without geometrical defects
New drawing specification Definition of the tolerance zone
The averaged plane / line must be

parallel to the datum plane / line A
within the tolerance zone t.
130/344
Straightness
Standard indication
Scope of application: Preferred specification in all drawing types to ensure

compliance with straightness to ISO 1101

(EDP/EDS)
131/344
Straightness
Standard indication


measuring plane by two parallel,
straight lines at a distance t.
Race straightness complies with the permissible deviation in shape in axial

scanning direction (N 030206).
132/344
Straightness
Special indication
Filter value
Filter type
Analysis
Tolerance value
Scope of application: At the time when all test parameters (analysis methods, filter
value and filter type) differ from standard S 241012
Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS)
Test parameters that differ from standard S 241013 in terms of filter value,
filter type, and analysis method are to be represented as shown above.
133/344
Straightness
Special indication
If the test parameters (filter value and filter type) show compliance with the
specifications given in group standard S 241012.
Test parameters that conform with the standard parameters given in S
241013 are not explicitly indicated. The position reserved for them
remains empty.
134/344
Straightness
Measuring principle
Pick up
Holding
prism
Measurement of straightness
to S 241012
Air cushioning /air
suspension
Measuring process:
•A holding prism is placed on the air slide of the straightness measuring
device.
•The test piece is placed on the holding prism.
•A dual tip stylus is now clamped in the pick-up.
•The stylus is retracted in the test bore and roughly adjusted.
•The deepest point of the bore is determined by adjusting the lateral screw
on the air slide. The reversal point of the numerical value on the
measuring computer represents the deepest point of the bore.
•The stylus now traces the bottom side of the bore.
•The graphical printout shows the traced section and thus represents the
straightness of the sampling section.
135/344
Cylindricity
t
Scope of application: Cylindrical components that must be checked using a
3D measuring equipment.

Extract of Norm N 030 200:

Tolerances for cylindricity should be avoided because of difficulties in
measurement.
With customer's agreement cylindricity can be separated into tolerances
for roundness and parallelism.
Tolerance values have to be chosen acc. to functional requirements.
Normally the following separation is recommended:
same value as
doubled values as
In case of high precision requirements or parts which should be fitted

(principle of envelope) the parallelism tolerance should get the same value
as the cylindricity tolerance.
136/344
Cylindricity
With conventional measurement With measurements using

3D measuring equipment
Cylindricity is composed of:
- Roundness
- Parallelism
- Straightness
A cylindricity of 0,1 mm is combination of roundness, parallelism, and

straightness, each with a tolerance value (t) of 0,1 mm.
Since this conversion is only a rough guideline, it must be harmonized with

the customer.
Exceptions must be harmonized with the HQ Product Design department

(Important: conversion is subject to consultation with the customer!)
Cylindricity cannot be measured by a simple measuring procedure

!!!
Exception: When using 3D measuring equipment
137/344
Waviness
Scope of application: To ensure compliance with raceway waviness

(inner ring - / outer) for example after all the grinding or
honing process operations
On finished-part drawings possible as standard text indication.
Standard text:
Waviness acc. to
S103207-ff: …
Overview of product groups

S 103207-1 General indications
S 103207-10 Cylindrical roller bearing
S 103207-11 Print machine bearing
S 103207-20 Needle bearing builded by swarf
S 103207-30 Spherical roller bearings
S 103207-40 Barrel roller bearing
S 103207-50 Tapered roller bearing
S 103207-60 Ball bearing
S 103207-61 Clamping bearing
S 103207-62 Release bearing
S 103207-100 Rolling elements – cylindrical rollers
S 103207-101 Rolling elements – spherical rollers
138/344
Waviness
Cylindrical roller bearing
Standard waviness indication for

cylindrical roller bearings to S 103207-10
Tolerance values to group standard S 103207 et seqq.

Other tolerance or measuring requirements shall be represented by using
special indications
139/344
Waviness
Special indications
Scope of application: In cases where the requirements relating to

tolerances or measuring procedures differ from
those given in S 103207 et seqq.
Special case are specified according to S 241006 et seqq.
Manual static waviness (Wmst) to S241006 - 11

Static waviness (Wst) to S241006 – 12
Dynamic waviness (Wdyn) to S241006 – 13
Spectral analysis (WRTA) to S241006 – 14
Quasi-static waviness (Wqst) to S 241006 – 15
140/344
Waviness
Special indication example
Standard text:
= waviness
100 / L1 / 3-4 / 700
100 / L2 / 5-8 / 700
100 / L3 / 9-25 / 700
200 / L / 3-25 / 700
200 / M / 26-154 / 700
150 / H / 155-923 / 117
The eye catcher symbol behind the waviness symbol is used to define the
applicable test specifications for the standard concerned.
141/344
Waviness
Measuring principle
Reference measuring procedure for deep groove ball bearings.
Measuring process:
•The stylus retract the test piece. The test piece has already been aligned
on the measuring turning table.
•The turning table is started via the measuring computer and rotates by
360°.
•At first, the measuring computer determines the roundness and displays
a graphical representation – compared to an ideal roundness - on the
screen.
•Now, the measuring computer triggers the program for determining the
RTA analysis.
•Waviness is displayed graphically, shown as a limiting curve. The height
and appearance of the limiting curve is determined by the limiting curve
parameters n0 and k. The individual waves, that have been determined by
the roundness measuring device, are shown as vertical, green and/or red
lines. The green lines are below the specified limiting curve and are ok.
The red lines are waves that exceed the curve and thus are outside the
tolerance.
142/344
Waviness
Measuring principle
Measuring the quasi-static waviness to S.2411006-15.

Suitable as a reference procedure for rolling elements and rolling bearing
rings with special noise requirements.
Measuring process:
•The stylus moved to the test piece by hand. The test piece has already
been aligned on the turning table.
•The turning table is started by hand and the measuring process starts at
the push of a button.
•The connected measuring computer starts the waviness evaluation as
soon as the turning table has reached a certain speed.
•The screen displays the roundness on the left side and the waviness of
the test piece down right by using a bar diagram. Each bar represents a
measured wave.
143/344
Drawing comparison
Waviness (FAG old!)
ns!
ig
des
w !
ne s
f or
ign
d s
use de
be
t to
new
No r
fo
Waviness of raceway acc. PF4.020WF s ed
u
Circumferential waviness of outer ring outside be
diameter to
Wave deepness <=0,002 ot
N
144/344
Drawing comparison
Waviness (Schaeffler Group new!)
B1IR
t7
b1IR t5 v1
v2
t4
t3
t6
d (dmp)
FW
h
t2
t1
145/344
Flatness
Standard indication
Scope of application: Preferred specification in all drawing types (EDD,

EDP, EDS etc.) to ensure compliance with
flatness to ISO 1101

(EDP/EDS)
146/344
Flatness
Standard indication

measuring plane by two parallel
147/344
Flatness
Special indications
Filter value
Filter type
Analysis
Tolerance value
Scope of application: In cases where geometrical defects are to be

filtered by means of filter value, filter type and
analysis method

(EDP/EDS)
filter type, and analysis method are to be represented as shown above.
148/344
Flatness
Special indications
filter type, are to be represented as shown above.
Test parameters that conform with the standard parameters given in S

241013 are not explicitly indicated. The position reserved for them
remains empty.
149/344
Flatness
Measuring principle
The measuring and test procedure are defined in group standard S241013
Measuring process:
•The stylus retracts the side surface of the test piece. The test piece has
been aligned roughly on the turning table of the roundness measuring
device.
•The necessary parameters and/or setting for determining the flatness are
selected from the measuring computer.
•The measuring process is started. The turning table rotates repeatedly
around its own; at the same time, the stylus is displaced horizontally.
•The measuring computer now determines the flatness of the traced
surface and displays it on the screen as a two-dimensional diagram.
150/344
Tolerance indication of a taper
Scope of application: Preferred specification on all drawing types to ensure

compliance with the taper angle tolerance of a taper to
ISO 3040.
Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP / EDS)
151/344
e.g.: 1 : 7,5
→ Referring to a length of 7,5mm, the cylinder diameter changes by one
millimeter.
Measuring method:
2 two-point gages are required; the knife edges must have an exact
altitude difference of 13mm.
The finished size the or setting master serves as a setting normal.
152/344
Special symbol
Scope of application: Special symbol to ensure compliance with the

tolerance of a taper

In-process drawing (EDS)
153/344
Special symbol
To indicate positive tolerance values, the sign (+) is not required.
154/344
Measurement of the tolerance of a taper to ISO 3040 and ATD
Measuring principle
1. Starting position with added basic slip gage (derived from the length of
the sinus bar SL)
2. Add slip gage 1 (E1=EBasis+sinα*SL) and trace first side

3. Add slip gage 2 (E2=EBasis+sinα*SL) and trace second side
155/344
Measurement of the tolerance of a taper to ISO 3040 and ATD
Measuring process:
•The test piece, with its datum point showing upwards, is inserted
(clamped) in the measuring device.
•The sinus bar of the fixture is now applied to a parallel slip gage that has
been calculated in advance. Due to this, the taper top side, that shall be
traced, is horizontally aligned according to the target taper.
•Now, the stylus traces the upper side of test taper.
•The gauge block is replaced. The taper bottom side is aligned in
horizontal position according to the target taper.
•Now, the stylus traces the bottom side of the taper.
•The necessary measuring parameters and/or settings are entered in the
measuring computer.
•Start up and run-out of the traced section are cut .
•The screen shows both traced sides as ideal parallel lines in a graphical
representation. The corresponding ATD value is represented in the table
above the diagram.
156/344
Drawing comparison
Tolerance indication taper angle / inclination angle (FAG old!)
!
g ns
s i
de
w
r ne
fo
e d
us
be
o
tt
No
157/344
Dimensional and Geometrical Tolerances
Part 2
S102502
– Scope of application
– Indications on drawing
– Definitions
– Special indications
– Measuring principle
– Drawing examples
158/344
Taper of a cylindrical shaft / bore
Scope of application: Special symbol to ensure compliance with the

tolerance of a cylindrical bore / shaft
Drawing specification: Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing
(EDP/EDS)
This symbol is allowed with a cylindrical shaft that may taper on one side
(conically).
159/344
The outside surface must be inside

the tolerance zone t which consists
of the difference quantity between a
cylinder and a frustum.
160/344
161/344
Inclination angle tolerance of a taper
Scope of application: Special indication used to ensure compliance with the

inclination tolerance for rolling bearings and
components similar to rolling bearings

(EDP/EDS)
162/344

Two-point measurements at
a distance L (on one side)
Preferably: Indication to ISO 1101

The inclination angle tolerance of a taper diameter (NTD =
Neigungswinkeltoleranz Durchmesser, inclination angle tolerance of
diameter ) compares the endpoints of a measuring length (L) with each
other.
163/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The test piece is inserted in the measuring device. The measuring device
has already been adjusted by a calibration ring. (the fixed stop is on the
left, the two moveable probes are arranged in the upper area, the fixed
counter tip is arranged at the bottom.
•The measuring device is calibrated and the ring is rotated by 360°.
•The two upper probes determine the difference to the calibration ring and
the connected measuring computer displays the inclination angle
tolerance in the diameter NTD and the inclination angle tolerance NT.
164/344
Drawing comparison
Inclination angle tolerance of a taper (FAG old!)
!
s
ign
s
de
w
r ne
fo
e d
us
be
t to
No
165/344
Inclination tolerance of an element
Scope of application: To ensure the inclination of an element to ISO

1101, if the entire measuring length is to be
evaluated.

(EDP/EDS), etc.
In contrast to the inclination angle tolerance of a lip face (NT), the entire
measuring length L is evaluated in this context.
NT only uses start point and end point of L (measuring length) evaluation
purposes.
166/344
Inclination tolerance of a plane
The tolerance zone is limited by

parallel planes at a distance t. The
planes are inclined according to the
specified angle for reference
purposes.
167/344
Inclination angle tolerance of a taper and
a plane
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The pick-up fixture is adjusted in such a way that the angle for both test
surface is approximately the same.
•The stylus traces the taper and rib surface of the test piece.
•Parts of the pick-up area are also traced; due to this, the connected
measuring computer uses the complete profile to determine the angles.
•Now, the screen displays the complete profile of the traced measuring
section.
•The workman can now make the measuring computer run to determine
the angle.
168/344
Inclination tolerance of a lip surface
Scope of application: Special symbol to ensure compliance with the angle

tolerances for rolling bearings and components
similar to rolling bearings

(EDP/EDS)
169/344
Two-point
measurements at a
distance L
Inclination tolerance of a lip surface (NT) compares the endpoints on a

measuring length (L).
170/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•A parallel slip gauge that has been calculated previously is placed under
the bearing area (sinus bar) of the air slide in such a way that the test
taper is horizontally adjusted to the ideal measure.
•The test piece is placed and the stylus traces the rib surface.
•The computer cuts the start-up and run-out lengths out of the measuring
section.
•The screen displays the entire measured section graphically. Only the
start and end points of the measurement are taken for evaluation
purposes.
•The NT value is indicated in the table above the diagram.
171/344
Drawing comparison
Inclination tolerance of a lip surface (FAG old!)
!
s
ign
s
de
Rib: ew
r n
fo
e d
us
be
o
ott
N
172/344
Variation of wall thickness
in radial direction
Scope of application: Drawings in which a variation of wall thickness in

radial direction or the ring width need to be
specified for an individual component.

(EDP/EDS)
173/344
in radial direction
Old drawing New drawing specification

specification
!
s
gn
si
de
w
ne
r
fo
ed
us
be
t to
No
Specifications to ISO 1132 Specifications to ISO 1101
Specifications Ki, Ki.1, Ke, Ke.1, KeJ and KiJ to ISO 1132 are blocked for
new designs!
174/344
in radial direction
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
• The test ring is inserted as far as it will go (in the bore).
• The test piece is adjusted by moving it back and forth (reversal point on
the dial gage)
• A fixed stop is attached to the left side to guide the test piece.
• The test piece is rotated by 360° and the indicator deflection is observed
at the same time. The radial wall thickness deviation to be tested is
directly read off the dial gage. There is no need to align (set to zero) the
dial gage.
Example: With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 µm in one
direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 2 µm.
175/344
Drawing comparison
Variation of wall thickness in radial direction
!
s
ign
s
de
new
r
fo
sed
u
be
t to
No
176/344
Drawing comparison
Variation of wall thickness in radial direction
B1IR
b1IR
t7
t5 v1 3
v2
t4
t3
t6
t6
d (dmp)
FW
h
t2
t1
177/344
in axial direction
Old drawing New drawing specification

specification
!
s
ign
s
de
new
r
fo
s ed
u
be
t to
No
178/344
in axial direction
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The test piece is placed on the two stops (on the rear measuring plate).
•The measuring tip of the dial gage is inserted in the raceway. The
moveable tip must be placed precisely opposite to the bearing side
(support border) of the measuring plate.
•The fine adjustment serves to align the indicator. It is not required for the
dial indicator to be set at zero.
•The test piece is rotated by 360° and the indicator deflection is observed
at the same time. The wall thickness deviation to be tested is directly read
off the dial gage.
direction. On this, the axial wall thickness deviation is 2 µm.
179/344
Ring width
Old drawing specification New drawing specification
ns!
esig
d
new
r
fo
sed
u
be
t to
No
Specification to ISO 1132 must not be used for new designs!

The indications VBs, VB1s, VCs, VC1s, VBZs, VBZs.1, VCZs and VCZs.1
to ISO 1132 must not be used for new designs!
180/344
Wall thickness variation of ring width
Measuring principle
V-Block
Measuring process:
•The test piece is placed on the two stops (on the rear measuring plate).
•The measuring tip of the dial gage is inserted in the face. The moveable
tip must be placed precisely opposite to the bearing side (support border)
of the measuring plate.
•The fine adjustment serves to align the indicator. It is not required for the
dial indicator to be set at zero.
at the same time. The wall thickness deviation of the ring width that shall
be tested is directly read off the dial gage.
181/344
Drawing comparison
Ring width
!
igns
s
de
w
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use
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ob
ott
N
182/344
in the cross sectional plane
Scope of application: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawings

(EDP/EDS) in which a variation of wall thickness
needs to be specified for a component.
Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawings

(EDP/EDS)
This indication is not permissible on customer delivery drawings!
183/344
s!
n
sig
de
w
ne
r
fo
ed
us
be
to
t
No
184/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The test ring is inserted as far as it will go (in the bore). A fixed stop is
attached to the left side to guide the test piece.
•Turning the axial adjustment in the rear of the measuring device
displaces the test piece in axial direction.
•The test piece itself is not rotated with this measurement
•When tracing, the deflection of the indicator is observed at the same time.
That wall thickness deviation of the cross-sectional plane that shall be
tested is directly read off the dial gage.
185/344
Variation of inclination
Outside surface to side face
on both sides
Scope of application: For machined rolling bearings and components similar

to roller bearings, the perpendicularity of the outside
surface with respect to the reference side face is to be
used
Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawings

(EDP/EDS)
The specification „on both sides“ is optional.

In case of symmetrical parts the measurement must be performed on both
sides =>
symmetrically mirrored.
Indication on inner ring is permissible.
186/344

!
g ns
i
!
es
s
gn
d
w
si
de r ne
fo
ew
d
rn
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us
fo
be
ed
to
us
t
No
be
to
ot
N
Inner ring Outer ring
187/344
on both sides
188/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The test piece is pushed to the fixed stops, that are mounted on a
measuring plate.
•The dial gage is now placed on the test piece, opposite to one of the fixed
stops, and finely adjusted. It is not required for the dial indicator to be set
at zero.
at the same time. The inclination deviation of the outside surface to the
side face that shall be tested is directly read off the dial gage.
Example: With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 µm in one direction.
On this, the wall thickness deviation is 2 µm.
189/344
Drawing comparison
Perpendicularity of outside surface with respect to side face
on outer ring (FAG old!)
!
s
gn
si
de
ew
rn
fo
ed
us
be
to
ot
N
190/344
Drawing comparison
Perpendicularity of outside surface with respect to side face
on inner ring (FAG old!)
!
s
gn
si
de
ew
rn
fo
ed
us
be
to
ot
N
Sd.1 indication has been used at FAG commonly, since the Sd

measurement (loop impedance measurement) is not very practicable
during production!
This indication has then been added to the standard.
191/344
Drawing comparison
Perpendicularity of outside surface with respect to the side face
(Schaeffler Group new!)
192/344
Side face runout
Scope of application: For machined components where the run must be

indicated.

Customer delivery drawings (EDD) optional
193/344
Runout of side surface

!
s
ign
s
de
e w
rn
fo
d
u se
be
t to
No
The indication Sd has no longer been used at FAG.
194/344
Runout of side face
Inner ring
Measuring principle
Slightly tapered test bar
Measuring process:
•The test piece is placed on a slightly tapered plug check gage.
•The plug gage is clamped between both centering tips of the clamping
bench.
•The test piece must be adjusted in case of smaller rings.
•The dial gage is placed on the side face of the test piece. As far as
possible, the measuring tip angle shall be at right angles with the side
face.
•The plug gage is rotated by 360° and the indicator deflection is observed
at the same time. The runout of the side face that shall be tested is
directly read off the dial gage.
195/344
Drawing comparison
Radial runout of inner ring (FAG old!)
n s!
sig
de
w
r ne
o
edf
e us
tob
t
No
Sd.1 indication has been used at FAG commonly, since the Sd

measurement (loop impedance measurement) is not very practicable
during production!
The SD.1 measuring method has also been added to DIN 620 later on.
196/344
Thickness variation – Differential measurement
Scope of application: For rings with more than one race where the running
tolerances relative to each other must be met.

(EDP/EDS)
197/344
198/344
not concave
199/344
Measuring principle
Point support
Difference of tolerance values relative to one another:

Δt = | t1 – t2 |
Measuring process:
•The ring that shall be measured, this means the upper ball raceway, is
pushed into the gage stop as far as it will go. The moveable stylus traces,
relative to the fixture, the lower ball raceway. Fixed stops, right and left to
the measuring plane, only serve for auxiliary alignment purposes. The ring
is rotated by 360° and the max. value is read off the digital display.
200/344
Drawing comparison
Measurement of radial runout difference (Schaeffler Group new!)
201/344
Radial runout of inner and outer ring
of assembled bearing
Scope of application: Symbol on the left:

On drawings for cylindrical roller bearings, spherical
roller bearings and needle roller bearings
Symbol on the right:
On drawings for radial ball bearings, radial angular
contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings
Symbol on the left:

The Kea/Kia specifications for cylindrical roller bearings, spherical roller
bearings and needle roller bearings on drawings are written on the outside
bearing diameter. The assembled bearings of these design types is
measured on a test bar. There is no possibility to place the measuring
device / dial gauge on the bearing bore.
Symbol on the right:

The Kea/Kia specifications with ball bearings and taper bearings are
indicated separately on the outer and inner ring. The assembled bearing is
tested on the device in a flat condition. There is the possibility to place the
measuring device / dial gage directly on the bearing bore.
202/344
203/344
Radial runout of outer ring
of assembled bearing Kea
Measuring principle
slightly tapered test bar
Measuring process:
•The assembled bearing is placed on a slightly tapered plug check gage.
bench.
•The dial gage is placed on the bearing outside diameter and roughly
aligned by using the fine adjustment. It is not required for the dial indicator
to be set at zero.
•The plug gage is fixed by hand and the outer ring is turned at the same
time.
•When turning the outer ring, the indicator deflection is observed. The
runout of the outer ring of the assembled bearing that shall be tested is
directly read off the dial gage.
204/344
Radial runout of inner ring
of assembled bearing Kia
Measuring principle
slightly tapered test bar
Measuring process:
•The test piece is placed on a slightly tapered plug check gage.
bench.
•The dial gage is placed on the bearing outside diameter and roughly
aligned by using the fine adjustment. It is not required for the dial indicator
to be set at zero.
•The plug gage is fixed by hand and the outer ring is turned at the same
time.
•When turning the outer ring, the indicator deflection is observed. The
inner ring runout of the assembled bearing is directly read off the dial
gage.
205/344
Drawing comparison
of assembled cylindrical roller bearing (Schaeffler Group new!)
206/344
Composite assembly drawing
Customer delivery drawing

Standard text:
Dimensional and geometric tolerances

acc. to DIN 620
207/344
Radial runout of outer ring
of assembled bearing Kea
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The assembled taper bearing is affixed (screwed) to the measuring plate
by using a clamping fixture. The fixture must be designed in such a way
that only the bearing inner ring is attached. The outer must be easily
moveable.
•Two spacers and a ball are now placed on the outer ring to simulate the
test weight F.
•The stylus is placed on the side of the outer ring and aligned (set to zero).
•The outer ring is rotated via test ball until each point of the raceway is
over rolled by each roller/needle.
•Now, the bearing taper runout can be read off the connected the digital
measuring instrument. The difference between the largest and smallest
value displayed corresponds to the runout of the assembled taper bearing.
Example: The digital display ranges between -3 µm and 1 µm. On
this, the runout is 4 µm.
208/344
Radial runout of inner ring
of assembled bearing Kia
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The test piece (flange bearing) is inserted into a test fixture.
•The stylus is placed on the outside surface of the inner ring.
•The connected measuring device is adjusted. It is not required for the
indicator to be set at zero.
•The inner ring is rotated by 360° and the indicator deflection is observed
at the same time. The inner ring runout on the assembled bearing that
shall be tested is directly read off the measuring device.
Example: The indicator moves ± 5 µm. On this, the runout of the flange
bearing is 5 µm.
209/344
Drawing comparison
of assembled ball bearing (Schaeffler Group new!)
∅25 -0,008(dmp)
210/344
Axial runout of inner ring
(on assembled bearing)
Scope of application: On drawings for rolling bearings designed to take axial

forces

211/344

!
g ns
e si
d
n ew
r
fo
sed
u
be
o
o tt
N

Standard text:
Dimensional and geometric tolerances acc. to

DIN 620
212/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The inner ring of the assembled bearing is weighed down with a ball to
simulate the test force F.
•The stylus is placed on the inner ring of the bearing.
•The connected digital measuring device is aligned (set to zero).
•Now, the inner ring is rotated by 360° and the digital display is observed.
The difference between the smallest and the largest value display gives
the axial runout on the inner ring.
Example: The measuring device ranges between -1 µm and +3 µm.
On this, the axial runout is 4 µm.
213/344
Axial runout of outer ring
(on assembled bearing)
Scope of application: On drawings for rolling bearings designed to take axial

forces

214/344

!
g ns
e si
d
n ew
r
fo
sed
u
be
o
o tt
N

Standard text:
Dimensional and geometric tolerances acc. to

DIN 620
215/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The inner ring of the assembled bearing is weighed down with a ball to
simulate the test force F.
•The stylus is placed on the outer ring of the bearing.
•The connected digital measuring device is aligned (set to zero).
•Now, the outer ring is rotated by 360° and the digital display is observed.
The difference between the smallest and the largest value display gives
the axial runout on the outer ring.
Example: The measuring device ranges between -1 µm and +3 µm.
On this, the axial runout is 4 µm.
216/344
Drawing example
217/344
Line shape tolerance for radii
Scope of application: On all drawings to ensure compliance with radii

218/344
This symbol is used to tolerance a certain radius range referring to 1st

order (or higher) geometrical defect. This may be required for a raceway
radius to focus on the pressure angle when tolerancing.
219/344
Definition of tolerance range
First order: absolute radius deviation Second order: waviness

including deviation in shape
such as deviations in straightness, such as shafts (s. DIN 4761)

flatness or roundness
t1 applies to 1st order deviations in shape. These deviations may result

from, for instance:
Defects in the guides of the machine tool, bending of the machine or
component, wrong clamping of the component, quenching deformation,
wear
t2 tolerances 2nd order (or higher) deviations in shape such as roughness

with turned parts etc. These deviations may result from, for instance:
Wrong clamping, geometrical or running deviations of a cutter, machine
tool / tool vibrations
Trainings on the issue „Line shape tolerance for radii“ are to be booked in
the training catalog.
220/344
Measuring principle
Measuring process:
•The test piece is clamped into a fixture. The vice has a slightly beveled
arrangement to allow the radius, that shall be tested, a centered position.
•The stylus is placed on the radius and the clamping fixture is aligned by
using the lateral adjustment screw.
•The stylus starts to trace the measuring section of the radius that shall be
tested.
•The measuring parameters are now entered in the connected measuring
computer.
•The measured part of the radius is presented on the screen as a straight
line. With the help of this graphical representation, the line shape
tolerance of the radius can be compared with to parallels.
221/344
Drawing comparison
Line shape tolerance for radii (Schaeffler Group new!)
222/344
Identification of tolerance range
Scope of application: On drawings to identify the tolerance range

(EDP/EDS)
• With identical geometrical tolerancing symbols, t1 invalidates t2 in the

identified range (t1 ≠ t2; t2 is valid in the rest of the area)
• Straightness t3 is valid over the entire length
223/344
Identification of tolerance range
Measuring principle
Identification of measuring areas

• Measuring area are represented by dashed dotted lines.
• Position and size of the measuring area shall be indicated as theoretical
dimensions
• Reference to all symbols, explained up to now
224/344
Additional indications
Marking
Maximum material principle MMR
Marking
Minimum material principle LMR
Marking
Envelope requirement E:
„E“ may be omitted if DIN 7167 applies.
The dimensions with envelope requirement are composed as
follows:
Outside diameter
• Outside geometric element (outside diameter)
• Envelope requirement = minimum circumscribed size + two-point
dimension
• Inside geometric element (bore)
• Envelope requirement = maximum inscribed size + two-point dimension
Maximum material principle M:

The maximum material requirement allows to ensure the mutability of
parts.
Application is defined in ISO 2692.
Minimum material principle L:

The maximum material requirement allows to ensure the minimum wall
thickness of parts.
Application is defined in ISO 2692.
225/344
Projected tolerance zone
Marking
Least squares size (Global Gauß)
Marking (Least Squares Measurement)
Projected tolerance zone P:

The projected tolerance zone is used where the geometric element is not
contained in the component itself,
• but is located outside of it.
• where it is actually required for mating with other components.
The application of this principle is defined in DIN ISO 10578
Global Gauß GG:
Where all dimensions of a drawing have to be evaluated by the Global
Gauß method (LS method), the symbol can be replaced by the following
standard text:

Definition of GG:
Evaluation acc. to least squares method
Value of the measured feature evaluated acc. to the least squares
method.
226/344
Minimum circumscribed size
Marking
Maximum inscribed size
Marking
Definition of GN:
Minimum circumscribed size
Value of the measured feature evaluated acc. to the minimum
circumscribed method.
The minimum circumscribed size can be applied to cylinders and to
parallel surfaces.
In case of external features the minimum circumscribed size was also
called "internal fit size".
Cylinder type feature – minimum circumscribed diameter
Parallel surfaces feature – minimum circumscribed distance
The minimum circumscribed size of an internal feature can be used for
tolerancing a rough part which will be processed in a further step.
Definition of GX:
Maximum inscribed size
Value of the measured feature evaluated acc. to the maximum inscribed
method.
The maximum inscribed size can be applied to cylinders and to parallel
surfaces.
In case of internal features the maximum inscribed size was also called
"external fit size".
Cylinder type feature – maximum inscribed diameter
Parallel surfaces feature – maximum inscribed distance
227/344
Enclosing length dimension: bore
Maximum inscribed size:

Symbol: GX
Least Squares size:

Symbol: GG
Minimum circumscribed size:

Symbol: GN
228/344
Dimension, dimensioning and
tolerance entry
S 102001-11
229/344
Dimensioning
As a rule, the dimensions and tolerances

that must be indicated on drawings shall
be taken from the design guidelines
(D standards).
The dimensions and tolerances of

products without design guidelines are
subject to consultation between Production
and Design .
The dimensions apply to the final state in

the corresponding document type.
Note : The final state represented in the drawing can be the raw,
intermediate or finished state of the product .
The indication of dimensions and tolerances depends on the purpose of

the document (product and application). The arrangement of the
dimensions and tolerances in technical drawings may depend on the
technique used to produce the drawing (CAD system) .
230/344
Units, symbols, writing and creating
rules (S 102001-6)
Linear Standard unit: mm
dimensions
Decimal Comma
separators
Inch system Inch symbols are not indicated (except for threads).
Angle dimensions Generally in degrees [°]
Angle fractions can alternatively be expressed in minute and
second or as decimal value (alternatively)
Module With 5 decimal places when indicated as decimal number
Units: In general, the SI unit system according to ISO 31 is applicable.

Other units may only be indicated on customer delivery drawings in
addition to SI units on customer request.
Linear The standard unit for linear dimensions is mm. Deviating units must
dimensions be indicated in the drawing.
Decimal According to ISO 31-1, only the comma is used. This applies also
separators to USA! This must be observed with inch indications !!!
Inch system Inch symbols (“) are not indicated in dimensioning. Indications that
are translated from the metric system into the inch system must be
indicated with 5 decimal places.
Angle Angle indications are always indicated in degrees [°]. Angle

dimensions fractions can be indicated in minutes, seconds or as a decimal
number.
Examples: indication in degree, minutes, seconds 35° 25´ 26´´
indication as decimal notation 35,42389°
Module The value must be calculated with 5 decimal places in case of

indication as a decimal number.
231/344
rules (S 102001-6)
Number format:
Using thousand separators or grouping of numbers is not permissible.
Example: Permissible Not permissible
1000 1.000
Special characters:
Character sets for special characters according to the CAD system
232/344
rules (S 102001-6)
Binding Alternatively
Writing rules: Multiplication 1x1
Partition and bevel 5x45°
Greater or equal ≥ >=
Smaller are equal ≤ <=
Not equal ≠
Plus/minus ±
Infinite ∞
Approximately ~ ≈
Diameter indication Ø35
Ratio 5:7
Representation of Pi π
Negative values -20°C
Radius R20
max. / min. 21min.
Copyright ©
Set of standards S 123456
Et cetera etc.
233/344
Terminations – dimension lines
The following terminations are permitted (deviating from DIN 406-11):
● a solid black arrowhead
● a solid dot where space is limited
● an unfilled circle to indicate the origin when dimensioning from a

common feature
Definition:
Value
Maßzahl
Arrow head
Maßlinie
Termination dot
Maßlinienbegrenzung
Dimensioning line
Maßhilfslinie
234/344
Dimensioning and tolerancing examples
Example Explanation Applications
Ø60 Diameter
DIN 406-10
R50 Radius
DIN 406-10
The number of geometric

elements is indicated by the
number of distance dimensions
(DIN406 Part 11)
235/344
Example Explanation Application
SR50 Spherical
radius
DIN 406-10
SØ35 Spherical
diameter
DIN 406-10
<2,1±0,1> Tooling
dimension,
such as cage
cross piece
N 021002
236/344
Exampl Explanation Application
e
SW19 Width across Width across flats identifies the distance

flats between two parallel planes (flats). The
DIN 406-10 capital letters SW (for width across flats)
shall always precede the dimensional value
when the clearance of the flats cannot be
dimensioned in the drawing. SW is omitted if
t=5 Thickness the width across flats can be indicated with a
DIN 406-11 dimension line.
h=4 Depth or
height
DIN 406-11 * only EDD
*
35 Theoretically
exact
dimension
DIN 406-11
DIN ISO 7083
237/344
[20] Raw or
preprocessing
dimension DIN
406-11
50 Arc dimension
DIN 406-10
DIN ISO 7083
238/344
□ 50 Square
DIN 406-10
(□ 30) Auxiliary
dimension
DIN 406-10/11
Taper
14% Inclination
DIN 406-10
50 Effective length
(developed
view)
DIN 406-10
239/344
Measuring
point with Measuring points for deviations
measuring with measurement schedule
point number
DIN 406-11
D
Nominal size Dimension
1 D w1
2 D D w2
3 D w3
Hardness test measuring points
Shell-hardened
Measuring point1: 54+6 HRC
Measuring point2: 50+4 HRC
240/344
Measuring
point without = measuring plane for
measuring
outside diameter
point number
DIN 406-11
Hardness test measuring points
= 54+6 HRC
241/344
R0,2min. Limit deviations in
one direction “min.“
or “max.“
DIN 406-12
3xø10±0,1 Amount of identical

elements
such as 3 bores
DIN 406-11
Marking of
characteristics
CC, SC
S 102012
242/344
Check dimension
DIN 406-10
Circumferential
Example for sealed
seams, surface and edge
specifications
Arithmetic mean value

Applies only to diameter
indications
S 102502
243/344
General indication
(note symbol)
DIN 30-10
Function surface
Symmetry symbol
DIN 406-10
244/344
Specific dimensioning
Do not use anymore!
● Arithmetic mean value ø50 mm s !

n
new, see S102502
s ig
● Harmonization dimension 50 mm de
e w
● Not-to-scale 50 mm r n
fo
ed
● Characteristic requires documentation
s
50 mm u
be Classification of characteristics
t to acc. QV 0 811 243 1D

A characteristic (2x)
● Symbol for the classification of
No
B characteristic (4x)
characteristics
245/344
Tolerance indications
Nennmaß
Nominal size
oberes Abmaß
Upper limit deviation
unteres Abmaß
Lower limit deviation
Nominal size and tolerance
should preferably have
the same size
Special case:
one size smaller
The representation below should be avoided and is

only allowed in exceptional cases:
Special case: (The representation of dimensions,
written in the same line, is realized in
dimensions written in Pro/ENGINEER only by not
the same line parametrical indications).
Tolerances of linear dimensions are indicated on the drawing as limit

deviations (upper and lower deviation), each with mathematical sign and
following the nominal size .
They may be one size smaller than the characters for the nominal sizes,
but their minimum height shall be 2,5 mm.
Nominal size and limit deviations may be indicated alternatively in the

same line, the upper and lower deviation being separated by a diagonal
slash then.
246/344
Dimensional tolerances as per DIN ISO 286-1
(fits)
Tolerance class
ø30 H7
Nominal size
Fundamental dimension
Tolerance grade
Tolerances as per ISO tolerance system are indicated on the drawing with
lower and upper limits. The tolerance class (such as B.H7) should not be
indicated.
However, if the tolerance quality of a toleranced dimension should be
visible in the drawing (e.g. customer delivery drawing EDD), the tolerance
is indicated as shown above.
Nominal size: The size from which the upper and lower limits are derived
(may be an integral or decimal number).
Fundamental dimension: Deviation that specifies the position of the

tolerance zone with respect to the zero line.
Tolerance grade: Tolerance grades are identified by the letters IT,

followed by a number (e.g. IT7). The letters IT are omitted if the tolerance
grades are associated with a fundamental deviation, e.g. H7.
247/344
Dimensional tolerances as per DIN ISO 286-1
(fits)
● The following representations are permissible on manufacturing

drawings (EDP and EDS):
● Not permissible in manufacturing drawings, to be used in customer

delivery drawings only
248/344
Designations of screw threads
As a rule, the Schaeffler Group always indicates the standard designation

as additional information.
Drawing example:
Trapezoidal screw thread DIN103 – TR40x7
The standard does not demand the indication of the corresponding DIN or
ISO standard in the designation of the screw thread type
World-wide, there are 204 different screw thread types that are marked
with different code letters! That is the reason why the corresponding DIN
or ISO standard shall be indicated on the drawing, preceding the
designation.
Example: The designations to DIN 202 are used for standardized screw
threads. The designation is composed of:
• designation for the screw thread type, e.g. M, R, Tr
• nominal diameter (screw thread size)
• flank lead or pitch if necessary
• additional indications, e.g. tolerance, multiple threads, left-handed
threads and conicity
249/344
Dimensioning and tolerancing
in the inch system
z This kind of dual dimensioning shall be indicated on the

drawing by an unit symbol close to the title block
(see S 102001-6).
z The marking of linear dimensions must be positioned

centrally to the dimension arrow heads.
250/344
Dimensioning and tolerancing
in the inch system
If the inch system is demanded by the customer, the inch indication may
be added to the [mm] indication in the customer delivery drawing.
Example:
Note:
Dual dimensioning (inch and mm) is not permissible with screw thread
indications.
Some customers demand inch only.
251/344
Description of surfaces
S 102001-10
252/344
Suitable surface parameters
● the explanatory power of parameters differs
● one parameter alone is not sufficient
● specify meaningful parameters
● describing functional requirements with suitable

parameters
The explanatory power of parameters differs.

It would be wrong for a plant to select one of the parameters as preferred
value.
In fact, the most meaningful parameter(s) must be specified for a test
piece according to its functionality.
253/344
Scope of application
● The surface quality shall be selected in

such a way how it is required for the
functionality of the part.
● A detailed description shall be used to

specify the function-relevant surface Rx = f(F,p,A, n)
properties
● Electroplatings, hard material layers, and sprayed layers are described

within the D standards (design guidelines).
February 2005
Design guideline
Electroplated coatings
Surface indications shall be as complete as possible to enable proper

manufacturing of the part.
The required surface texture shall be comparable and reproducible. On

this, only standardized surface parameters according to DIN or ISO should
be used.
254/344
Surface indication
Upper and lower Transmission Evaluation Limit valueh

limit U or L a characteristic length
Surface
Filter type parameter Specifies the
limit:
Para- 16% or max. 9
Profile
metere
ground
Machining Position of
procedure Machining
surface score
used i procedure k
marks j
Definition
U Upper and lower limit
X Filter type placeholder (see PowerPoint presentation on
dimensional and geometrical tolerances „roundness measurement“)
λs: 0,08
λc: 0,8
Rz: Parameter
8: Number of sampling lengths
max: 16% rule overridden
3,3: Parameter value in µm
The standard filter (Gauß) shall be used on Schaeffler Group drawings.

Deviations from this standard indication are subject to close consultation
with Quality Assurance.
255/344
Traversed length, evaluation length
and filter
Start-up length Roughness profile Run-out length
● lt = Traversed length is the distance over which the stylus is drawn

● ln = Evaluation length (without start-up and run-out)
● lr = Sampling length in which the surface parameters are defined [except
for Rt and Rmr(c)]
● Sampling length lr corresponds to cutoff wavelength λc
● λc = Cutoff wavelength to separate roughness and waviness
The traversed length, lt, is the full distance over which the stylus
instrument is drawn for a data collection operation, including the start-up
length, evaluation length and run-out length.
The cutoff wavelength, λc, of a profile filter is used as a means of
filtering or separating the wavelengths according to roughness or
waviness.
The sampling length, lr, for roughness is part of the traversed length lt.
The sampling length corresponds to the cutoff length lc. Sampling length
lp or lw for the P profile or W profile corresponds to the evaluation length
and represents the reference length for evolution purposes.
The (overall) evaluation length, ln, is the part of the traversed length
that is subject to evaluation. Five consecutive sampling lengths, lr, are
taken as standard .
The start-up length represents the start-up transient of the filters.
The run-out length represents the stop transient of the filters.
256/344
The table determines the filter to be
selected (λc)
Periodic profiles Surface roughness Non-periodic profiles

(turning, milling ...) (grinding, eroding ...)
Measuring conditions
to DIN EN ISO 4288:1998
and DIN EN ISO 3274: 1998
Cutoff wavelength λc
Sampling length lr
Evaluation length ln
Traversed length lt
Mean width of Stylus tip radius rSp max
Digitalization distance ∆xmax or
roughness Arithmetic Max. roughness
profile elements mean deviation profile height
257/344
λc Filter
Depending on the size of λc, different parameter values are provided.
258/344
Surface indication

Surface
limit:
Profiled Para-
16% or max. g
metere
ground
procedure Machining
surface score
used i procedure k
marks j
Definition
λs: 0,08
λc: 0,8
Rz: Parameter

259/344
λS Filter - Impact
Profil: R [LC GS: 0,25 mm] λ S = 0,0 µm

0,5
[µm]
0,0
-0,5
[0,25 mm/Skt] 1,25 mm

0,5
[µm]
0,0
-0,5
[0,25 mm/Skt] 1,25 mm

0,5
[µm]
0,0
-0,5
[0,25 mm/Skt] 1,25 mm

0,5
[µm]
0,0
-0,5
[0,25 mm/Skt] 1,25 mm
λS cuts off noises when profiles are recorded. Using the λS- filters is not
permissible according to VDA standard.
260/344
Surface indication

Surface
limit:
Profiled Para-
16% or max. g
metere
ground
procedure Machining
surface score
used i procedure k
marks j
Definition
λs: 0,08
λc: 0,8
Rz: Parameter

261/344
16% Rule
● If the interpretation of the surface limits is not specified, the 16% rule to
EN ISO 1302 applies.
Such as
NumberAnzahl
of measured
der gemessenen
surfaceOberflächenkennwerte
parameters
16% Rule (DIN EN ISO 4288)
Normalverteilung
Normal distribution
● Measuring is stopped when the first measured der gemessenen
of measured
Oberflächenkennwerte
surface parameters
value does not exceed 70 % of the value
defined Surface parameter
geforderter
required
Oberflächenkennwert
● The thirst three measured values do not exceed
the value defined
● Only one of the first six measured values
exceeds the value defined Deviation
Standard-
from
abweichung
standard
● Not more than two of the first twelve measured σ Wert der parameter
Surface
Oberflächenkenngröße
value
values exceed the value defined
μ
● With normal distribution, the indicated value is MeanMittelwert
value
der gemessenen
of measured
16 16% aller
% of all Meßwerte
measured values
Meßwerte
OberflächenkennwerteMeasured values > Grenzwert
> limit value
μ + σ. surface
parameters
262/344
Surface indication

Surface
limit:
Para- 16% or max. g
Profiled
metere
ground
procedure Machining
surface score
used i procedure k
marks j
Definition
λs: 0,08
λc: 0,8
Rz: Parameter

263/344
Tolerance limits
● Two tolerance limits are written on top of each other.

● U = upper limit defined
● L - lower limit defined
Example:
264/344
Arithmetic mean deviation Ra
Mean line
l
1
l ∫0
Ra = z( x) dx
Ra is the arithmetical mean of the absolute values of the

roughness profile.
It is the arithmetical mean of the absolute departures of the
roughness profile from the mean line.
265/344
Ra – Explanatory power
The different surface structures
and corresponding component
properties always result in the
same Ra value.
Ra = 2 µm
Ra = 2 µm
Ra = 2 µm
Ra alone is not sufficient to serve

as a surface quality
Ra = 2 µm characteristic!
The Ra value is historically most common and preferred with non-

periodic profiles that have been created by grinding, for instance. Due to
the increasing requirements, especially in the rolling bearing industry, this
parameter alone does not suffice to describe surface quality sufficiently.
266/344
Arithmetic mean deviation Rq
Mean line
lr
1 2
lr ∫0
Rq = z ( x) dx
The arithmetic mean deviation Rq is the root

mean square value of the absolute values of the
roughness profile.
267/344
Average peak to valley height Rz
The roughness depth Rz is the arithmetic mean value of the

single roughness depths Rzi, taken from five consecutive
sampling lengths.
Rz refers to the sampling length lr.

The mean value taken from five consecutive sampling lengths complies
with the Rz value to DIN EN ISO 4287.
Outliers are only considered in the result to one fifth.
Rz may be used to measure bearing and gliding surface as well as
interference fits.
268/344
Rsk - Skewness
Rsk = is the asymmetry of the ordinates distribution of the roughness profile

related to the mean line (amplitude density curve).
It differentiates between symmetric profiles of the same Ra or Rq values.
A negative Rsk value identifies a surface with good bearing properties.
269/344
Rku - Kurtosis
Rku is a measure for the peak amplitude density curve.

Rku = 3 with normally distributed profile values
270/344
Surface texture parameters
"Burr area"
Reduced peak area
Material ratio curve
(Abott curve)
Core area
"Scratch area"
Reduced valley area Material ratio
Rk = core roughness depth

Rpk = reduced peak height
Rvk = reduced valley depth
The Rk value with its associated parameters mainly serves to evaluate

plateau surfaces properly.
Rpk = reduced peak height (stands for the run-in properties)
Rvk = reduced valley depth (determines the oil retaining capability)
271/344
Number of high spot counts - HSC
Measurement
Plane Measured Measured
Measured value 4
Measured depth value 8
value 1 Measured
value 2
value 5 Measured
Selectable bandwidth Measured value 6 value 7
Measured
value 3
Measurement plane
Height
HSC – Number of high spot counts (HSC /cm)
HSC The high spot count is the number of complete profile peaks (within
an assessment length) projecting above a horizontal reference line, in
other words, parallel with the mean line. The reference line can be set at a
selected distance above or below the mean line or in a certain plane as
desired.
272/344
Profile depth - Pt
P profile
Reference length
The profile depth Pt (= total profile height) is the total distance between
the highest peak and the lowest valley within the sampling length. The
reference length shall be indicated.
273/344
Drawing indications
for raceway surfaces
Amplitude density Abbott Curve

curve (ratio curve)
Ra or Rq Rk
Rsk Rpk
Rku Rvk
● The amplitude density curve or Abbot Curve shall be indicated on

drawings to define raceway surfaces properly.
At least three surface parameters are required to specify a surface

properly.
An exact surface description needs six parameters.
274/344
Reference values for raceways
1)
Rpk
<1 Rsk < 0 3 < Rku < 20
Rvk
1) Must be indicated on drawings separately
Note:
The indications according to the Abbot Curve are only proven with honed
and ground surfaces. Defects may occur with other surfaces.
275/344
Effects on the calculation of load ratings
Rq π
= = 1.25331
Ra 2
276/344
Material ratio of roughness profile, Rmr(c)
Drawing specification example:
Abbot Curve
Cutting depth in μm
Material ratio %
Symbol explanation:
Any processing procedure permissible, evaluation length consisting of five
single sampling sections with λc = 0,25. Upper limit arithmetical mean
deviation Ra of 0,02µm.
Reference line starts at 5%;
Bearing ratio (basing on the reference line) may not exceed 95% at a
depth of 0,6µm.
Reference line starts at 5%;
Ratio of bearing contact area to total area (basing on the reference line) of
80% max. at 0,3µm.
The 16% rule applies to all parameters.
277/344
Roughness profile material ratio
Rmr(c)
Drawing specification example:
Bearing ratio
Reference line
Reference level
c: value in µ
L: minimum lower limit
Rmr(0) 10: is the length of material surface at a depth
(10% material ratio) below a reference linel
Rmr(0,35) 80: reference level c= 0,35, 80% material ratio
278/344
Material fraction of the roughness profile
Turned surface
Ratio curve
This figure shows a surface for which no ratio (ratio of bearing contact
area to total area) curve value can be evaluated since the best-fit straight
line does not include 40% of the measured points.
279/344
Designation indication
Amplitude density curve
or Abbott Curve:
280/344
Surface indications
for general requirements
Indicating the Ra and/or Rz value is sufficient to meet the general

requirement.
Parameter Ra is preferred for non-periodic profiles that have been created
by grinding, for instance.
Parameter Rz is preferred for periodic profiles that have been created by
turning, for instance.
281/344
Indications on the drawing
● The surface indication of an area shall only be indicated once on a

drawing, preferably within the same view as the dimension data.
Example:
282/344
Simplified drawing specifications
Figure 1 Figure 2
If most of the surfaces of a component are subject to the same

requirement, the requirement shall be placed near the drawing title block.
This general symbol that corresponds to the surface texture shall be
followed by:
• a basic symbol without further specification in parenthesis (Figure 1), or
• deviating requirements in parenthesis to indicate that further
requirements exist (Figure 2). These requirements differ from the general
surface texture requirements.
283/344
Standard texts collective indications
1 Collective indications (roughness, edges) shall be indicated on the

drawing top right.
Drawing header
Surface texture collective indications (roughness indications) are placed

above the text line.
In contrast to the other standard texts having a left-aligned loading point,
they are structured from right to left since they need more space.
284/344
Additional surface requirements
Example: free of spiral marks

The rules of S 241022 Drallprüfung apply
(testing of spiral marks, standard in preparation)
Free of spiral marks acc. to S 41022
Machining Test
method standard
Generalized or unspecific indications such as “clean” or “free of grooves”

are not permissible.
If special indications such as free of spiral marks, free of scale, clean, free
of grooves, etc. are necessary, these indications shall be specified in
group standards (S no.).
285/344
Flush-cut proportion (fine blanking)
according to VDI 2906 Page 5
● Flush-cut proportion over the total sheet thickness is possible (100%)
● But torn and chipping may occur
● Drawing indications are represented in percentage flush-cut proportions
Achievable flush-cut proportion

hS1/s in % 100 100 90 75 50
hS2/s in % 90 75
Torn
Burr
Chipping
Fine blanking is a process used to produce highly accurate parts with

smooth cut surfaces. Prior to cutting the material, it is clamped in such a
way that flowing is only possible in that direction where the material is cut.
Normally, the parts are ready for assembly after deburring and do not
need any further processing.
Flush-cut, chipping and torn:

s material thickness
hS1/S min. flush-cut proportion in % of s with chipping
hS2/S min. flush-cut proportion in % of s with bowl-shaped chipping
bA max. permissible bowl-shaped thickness of chipping
ba max cumulative value for bA, may be specified by the user if
required
E torn permissible according to surface comparison normal no.
1, 2, 3 or 4 according to VDI
286/344
Drawing specifications
Dimensioning of a fine-cut surface
Example:
Ra max. arithmetic mean deviation of the profile in µm

h1 min. flush-cut proportion in % of s with chipping
h2 min. flush-cut proportion in % of s with bowl-shaped
chipping
E torn permissible according to surface comparison
normal no. 1, 2, 3 or 4
287/344
Drawing specification of a fine-cut surface
Simplified symbols are used to avoid repeated and complicated

indications. The last letter of the alphabet is the first one to use.
Symbol Explanation
Min. flush-cut proportion 50% of material
thickness s with chipping.
Arithmetic mean deviation Ra = 2,4 μm

Flush-cut proportion h1 90% of material
thickness with chipping. Bowl-shaped
chipping (h2) permissible to 25% of s. On
this, the flush-cut proportion is 75%.
Flush-cut proportion h1 100% of material

thickness s with chipping. Bowl-shaped
chipping (h2) permissible to 10% of s. On
this, the flush-cut proportion is 90%.
Component precision cut across the entire

thickness s (100%).
Torn E permissible to surface comparison

normal no 2.
.
288/344
Surface indications for coatings
Example:
The following standards apply to general indications of electroplated

coatings:
• DIN 50960-2, DIN EN 12540,
• and corresponding design guidelines, D standards and/or the group-wide
applicable design guideline D 100105,
• surface database via web access
(http://inanet.ina.de/infolw/Werkstofftechnik/Galvanotechnik/Beschichtung
snormen/Normbezeichnung.xls)
289/344
Hard material coating
Drawing specification example
-Standard text indication:
1 = coated
2 = coating permissible
3 = coating impermissible
If only individual areas on a part are to receive a coating, these shall be

identified by a chain thick line.
There shall be no coating on the unidentified areas. The type of coating is
to be indicated on the line.
Alternatively, the indication may be placed on the chain line, in form of an
eye-catcher symbol, and may be explained in the text field.
Type of line Meaning

Surfaces which are to be coated acc. to the
spec; main surfaces
Surfaces which may be coated optionally
Surfaces which must not be coated within

04.2 and 02.2
290/344
Coating to size
as per DIN 50960-2
z A coating to size e.g. in the case of fit dimensions shall be indicated

as shown.
z The unfinished size and the finished size shall be specified.
Example:
ground
291/344
Corrosion protection indications
Preservative coating
● Generally, no corrosion protection indications are made on drawings

● Exceptions: if corrosion protection indications are made on customer
request, the standard text shall inform about the following:
Corrosion protection to S 132202 KA1
The customer is informed about the corrosion protection medium at the

time of sampling.
Corrosion protection is specified by the packaging plan.
Changing the corrosion protection duration is only performed in agreement
with the customer.
292/344
Edge structure
S 102001-8
293/344
Vocabulary
State of an
edge Edge
Burr
Corner
Undercut
Passing
Designation Meaning
Edge Intersection of two surfaces
State of an edge Geometrical shape and size of an edge
Edge of Edge with a shape that is not specified precisely.

undefined shape Sharp edge. External or internal edge of a part with
almost zero deviation from the ideal geometrical
shape.
Corner In contrast to an edge, a corner is an intersection
point consisting of three or more surfaces. It is
represented by a dot.
Burr Rough remainder of material outside the ideal

geometrical shape of an external edge.
Undercut Deviation inside the ideal geometrical shape of an

internal/external edge.
Passing Deviation outside the ideal geometrical shape of an

internal edge.
294/344
Edge dimensioning
Possible edge dimensioning methods by indicating
● an exactly defined geometrical shape to DIN 406 Part 11
● an undefined geometrical shape to DIN ISO 13715
295/344
Edge symbol to ISO 13715
• The upper tolerance limit is represented by the following placeholders:

a1, a3 and a5.
• The lower tolerance limit is represented by the following placeholders:
a2, a4, and a6
• There is no need to indicate zero values.
• Deviating from DIN ISO 13715, a1 and / or a2 in combination with a5
and/or a6 can be indicated with different values.
• Mathematical signs (- / +) shall be indicated.
• a1, a2, a5, and a6 shall not be described if a3 and/or a4 are indicated.
• Character heights correspond to the table. All other character heights
given in DIN ISO 13715 are not used.
Description Series 1 Series 2
Lettering height "h“ 2,5 3,5
Line width of symbol "d“ 0,25 0,35
Symbol height "H“ 3,5 5
Series 1 shall be used preferably. Other heights than those stated in Table 1
are not permissible.
296/344
States of edges – external edges
States of edges for external edges States of edges for external edges
Drawing Meaning Explanation Drawing Meaning Explanation
specification specification
Edge with burr Edge without burr;
acceptable from 0 mm undercut from 0 mm to
to 0,3 mm; 0,3 mm
burr direction
undefined
Edge without burr;
undercut from 0,1 mm
to 0,5 mm
Size and direction of
burr undefined
Edge without burr;
undercut undefined
Edge with burr Edge with burr/

acceptable from 0 mm undercut acceptable
to 0,3 mm; from 0 to 0,05 mm
burr direction defined direction undefined
Edge with burr
acceptable up to 0,3
mm or undercut accept.
down to 0,1 mm;
direction undefined
297/344
States of edges – internal edges
States of edges for internal edges States of edges for internal edges
Drawing Meaning Explanation Drawing Meaning Explanation
specification specification
Edge with undercut
acceptable from 0 Edge with passing
mm to 0,3 mm; acceptable
undercut direction
up to 0,3 mm
undefined
Edge with acceptable

undercut from 0,1 Edge with passing
mm to 0,5 mm; acceptable from 0,3
undercut direction mm to 1 mm
undefined
Edge with undercut

acceptable from 0 mm
Edge with passing
to 0,3mm;
acceptable from
undercut direction
0,1mm to 0,3mm;
defined
direction undefined
Edge with undercut
or passing
acceptable from
0 mm to 0,05 mm;
direction undefined
298/344
Special symbols for edge dimensions
with burr and undercut direction
DIN ISO 13715 does not define the specified indication of different
asymmetrical edge dimensions and transition shapes.
Meaning
Standard text
Tangential transition in
axial / radial direction
Note:
Indications referring to asymmetrical undercut directions on an edge are
permissible. The individual indications are always maximum dimensions,
whereas the minimum direction may be 0 in each direction.
Two dimensions per direction are also permissible and specify a tolerance
zone.
299/344
Collective indications in drawings
to DIN ISO 13715
Detailed method
Simplified method
A simplified reference indication may be used if most of the component’s

edges are subject to the same requirements.
If it is necessary to emphasize in a collective indication that another state
of edge is present elsewhere on the drawing, an additional indication in
parentheses is given at right of the collective indication.
300/344
Standard texts Collective indications
Collective indications (roughness, edges) shall be indicated on the
drawing top right.
Drawing header
Collective indications are arranged in the order

•Surface texture (roughness indications) and
•Edge structure
above the text line.
In contrast to the other standard texts having a left-aligned loading point,

these ones are structured from right to left since they need more space.
301/344
Rolling bearing chamfers
to DIN 620-6
Minimum chamfer dimension

Ring face
Circular arc (with radius rs min)
beyond which no material may
project
Maximum chamfer dimension

Actual profile
Ring bore or outside cylindrical

(d or D)
d Nominal bore diameter

D Nominal outside diameter
r Nominal chamfer dimension
rs Single chamfer dimension
r1, r3, r5 Radial direction chamfer dimensions
r2, r4, r6 Axial direction chamfer dimensions
r4, a, r6, a Axial direction chamfer dimensions (with reduced maximum
limits)
max. permissible maximum value
min. permissible minimum value
302/344
Rolling bearing chamfers
to DIN 620-6 (Dimension limits)
to DIN 616 = Allocation to series
Indication on finished-part drawings.

Chamfer dimension rs min and tolerances
on dimensions t1 and t2 to DIN 620-6 and
DIN 616.
Indication on in-process drawings,

such as turning drawing
Note:
Care must be taken to ensure in the 3D model of the finished part that the
edge is represented in a realistic way, indicating the radius alone is not
sufficient.
Representation on in-process drawings
rrad Radial chamfer dimension

rax Axial chamfer dimension
SAPlan Grinding allowance on face
SAX Grinding allowance on bore diameter/outside
diameter
Other angles are only permissible in exceptional cases.
303/344
Form rigidity
S 102503
304/344
Form rigidity
What is the form rigidity of a ring?
305/344
Basics
The form rigidity is based on the elasticity theory
F~f
F=c*f
Proportionality relation
(stiffness and/or spring
rate according to
„Hooke“)
F is the force.
f is the resilience of the ring.
Stiffness alone is not sufficient to describe form rigidity properly. On this,
another parameter – the ring size – is required.
306/344
Definition of form rigidity
The form rigidity of a ring is

the ratio between
stiffness C and diameter D
C/D
This parameter is a measure for the stiffness of the component
The following diameters are used:

•the centroid of an area (first moment of an area) for annular work pieces
•the moment of inertia (second moment of area) for slewing rings (pivot
bearings).
307/344
Scope of application
¾ Manufacturing aid for any operation that is carried out on a solid

component (rotary feed, clamping forces, hardening, grinding)
¾ Selection of measuring methods
¾ Criterion for the interpretation (tolerances)
¾ Specifying the roundness in in-process drawings (allowances)
308/344
Classification
Assessment aid (Extract from S 102503):

C/D
Class Ring is Comment / General notes
(daN/mm * mm)
0 up to 0.2 extremely Extraordinary diligence! Paper bearing
soft Clamping: first inside then outside; use clamping rings, ideal clamping
pressure
I 0.2 to 0.5 very soft Hardening: use fixtures, quenching as mild as possible
Grinding: iteration method
II 0.5 to 1.0 soft Turning: dual clamping and alternating overturning, place ring carefully
III 1 to 2 Hardening: quenching as mild as possible, piled material
IV 2 to 5 normal Turning: Use cutting implement for finish turning
Hardening: quenching in hot salt bath preferred, piled material
Grinding: possibly iteration method
V 5 to 10 stiff Hardening: oil quenching possible, bulk material
VI 10 to 30
VII 30 to 100 very Harmless in all cases
VIII > 100 extremely
sift
The calculations are approximation values; these values suffice for

classification purposes.
To calculate the rigidity of bearing rings in a more precise way, specified

procedures such as the finite element method shall be used.
The treatment of the ring in the manufacturing process depends on the

class resulting from the calculation process.
309/344
Indication as standard text:
C/D acc. to S 102503: * …
¾ The C/D value is indicated on all component manufacturing drawings

for annular solid work pieces.
¾ No dimensions are indicated.
¾ The indications are located in the text block
310/344
Drawing examples
FAG old!
311/344
Interpretation rules
¾ Basing on the finished-part drawing
¾Geometric-dependant formula in S 102503 for steel

with E = 2,1*104 [daN/mm2]
¾The calculation result must be corrected for other materials
Link to formulary:
312/344
C/D valuation example
AR.6220.2ZN
The outer ring form rigidity of a ball bearing is determined by a

formula that is included in the group standard S 102503. See this
standard for further information.
Extract from S 102503:
47 ∗ B ⎡ (2 D − D 1 − F ) ∗ 10 ⎤
3
C /D = ⎥⎦
2 D + D 1 + F ⎢⎣ 2D
313/344
AR.6220.2ZN
D = 180
D1 = 154,94
F = 165,4
B = 34
314/344
AR.6220.2ZN
These values are inserted in the formula:
⎡ (2 * 180 − 154 ,94 − 165 , 4 ) ∗ 10 ⎤

3
47 ∗ 34
C/D=
2 * 180 + 154 ,94 + 165 ,4 ⎢⎣ 2 * 180 ⎥
⎦
Results in the C/D value: 2,85
Due to this, the ring is to be assigned to Class IV!
Table extract from S 102503
Class C/D Ring is Comment / General Notes

(daN/mm*mm
)
IV 2 to 5 normal Turning: use cutting
implement for finish turning
Hardening: quenching in hot
salt bath preferred, piled
material
315/344
Form rigidity
Calculation in BEARINX®
● Calculating the form rigidity according to group standard S 102503

will be available in BEARINX
● Starting the calculation via
Produktauswahl->Verschiedenes->Gestaltsteifigkeit
316/344
Classification of characteristics
S 102012-1
317/344
Classification of characteristics
Terms Explanation
Special characteristics Product or process characteristic specified by customers
Critical characteristics Represents an immediate threat to life or physical condition in

the case of non-compliance.
Significant characteristics Special characteristics that have a significant impact on
functionality.
Inspection characteristics Characteristics that are not identified in the control plan.
Characteristics requiring Do not use anymore. Corresponds to critical characteristics.

documentation
Terms Description
Special characteristics -Product / process characteristics specified by the customer
-Characteristics specified within the Schaeffler Group
Are identified in the control plan, inspection plan, inspection
instruction and in FMEA.
Handling these characteristics may be defined in a customer-
specific way.
Critical characteristics Represents an immediate threat to life or physical condition

in the case of non-compliance. Legal requirements may also
lead to the classification as a critical characteristic. The
assessment of FMEA relevance is 10. Documents (paper /
data) that are dealing with these characteristics are subject
to special archiving. They must be kept on file for a
minimum of 15 years.
Significant Special characteristics that have a significant impact on

characteristics functionality.
Inspection There is no need to identify them in the control plan or

characteristics FMEA.
This includes characteristic having no impact on the
functionality of the product.
Characteristics requiring May no longer be used. Corresponds to critical

documentation characteristics.
318/344
Marking of characteristics
• to be applied on purchased parts and on manufactured parts
• valid from July 1st, 2006

• replaces INA N 021021 012, FAG PA2.002/QA1.028,
LUK QV 0811 297 1D
• only for new drawings
• to be used continuously in projects
319/344
Who defines the characteristics?

• Customer
• Construction, manufacturing process, …
• Legal terms
Where are the characteristics indicated?

• Drawings
• Control plan
• Inspection plan / inspection instruction
• FMEA
320/344
321/344
322/344
323/344
Harmonization of drawing contents
Design and drawing contents
324/344
Deep groove ball bearing
On both sides
S103207-60
Tolerance
Tolerance
Tolerance (dmp)
Tolerance
C/D acc. to S102503: ***
On both sides
On both sides
325/344
Deep groove ball bearing
Inner ring
On both sides
Symbols:
Indications to ISO 1101
S103207-60 Line shape tolerance

- 1st order tolerance
- 2nd order tolerance
Tolerance
Tolerance
Tolerance
Measuring dimensions
Tolerance (dmp)
On both sides
On both sides
Chamfer dimensions
Surface indications
-Roundness
-Parallelism
Tolerance
Tolerance
326/344
Cylindrical roller bearing
Outer ring
On both sides
crowned
hollow
Recess
Without scale
Symbols:
Indications to ISO 1101
Measuring dimensions
crowned
hollow
Chamfer dimensions/
Relief grooves
Surface indications
Roundness
Parallelism
327/344
Axial spherical roller bearings
Soft processing – housing locating washer
Dimensioning and
tolerance entry
to S102001-11
Dimensional and
geometrical
tolerances
to S102502
Edges
Marking:
not marked to S102001-8
not tolerated angles: +-2°
Surface texture
to S102001-10
Suitable for heat treatment:

Darstellung n.
S102001-7
Tolerancing principle Form rigidity

to S102501 to S102503
Housing washer
Machining before hardening
Production measuring method
328/344
Comparison:
housing locating washer (old)
Raceway radius
with tolerance indication
Detail X
Surface indications
to FAG guidelines
Variation of wall
thickness
Se.1
in pressure angle
Surface indication with
processing procedure
329/344
Comparison:
housing locating washer (new)
Surface setting parameters see S 103206-30
Indication
VDmp/VDp/2 to DIN ISO 1132
Symbols to DIN ISO 1101
Line shape tolerance

Measuring dimension
Edge structure
Surface description to
Abbott Curve
330/344
Comparison:
shaft locating washer (old)
Raceway and rib radius

with tolerance indication
Detail X
Si.1
in pressure angle
Roundness indication for bore
Surface indication with

processing procedure
331/344
Comparison:
housing locating washer (new)
Line shape tolerance
Waviness to group standard
Indication
VDmp/VDp/2 to DIN ISO 1132
Symbols to DIN ISO 1101
Measuring dimension /
Measuring range
Surface description to
Abbott Curve
332/344
(Distance across corne
rs)
rs)
333/344
Cylindrical roller bearing - cage
Po
ck
et
pit
ch
cir
c le

in radial direction
Parallelism with special

indication
CZ = common zone
Mean value
with roughness indication
Edge representation
334/344
Positional tolerance
of pocket
rs)
Perpendicularity
rs)
of pocket
Straightness of cage pocket

lec
cir
ch
pit
et
ck
Po
Theoretical dimensions
Limit sizes
335/344
Appendix
336/344
Checklist for Multiplicators
This checklist shall help you when preparing the trainings for you’re the end users of your product line.
Please process from top to bottom.
If you have any questions or need support please contact Mr. Ernst Ammon, ST/HZA-KR, or +49 9132
82 2587.
(Note for filling out the form: please check the box when task is completed. Enter answers in the grey
boxes in column “Comments”).
# Task Comment o.k.
Training organization
Ask your local HR department to get to know Name of conctact:
who will support you in organizing the end
user trainings (participants, rooms, dates).
No one responsible ?
Please email to Andreas Diehm,
FH/SWE-HCD
Do you know who else in your product line Yes, the following persons:
will be multiplicator? Construction:
Segment:
Quality:
No:
Please ask Mr. Ammon via mail.
Coordinate with the other multiplicators of Departments:
your product line who will be training which
department.
# of end users:
Which departments will you be training and
how many users will that be?
How many trainings are necessary to train all # of trainings:

users of your area?
(max. 15 participants in one training)
Discuss the preparation tasks and the Discussed with:

training dates with your supervisor. Date:
Group the participants and assign training

dates together with your HR department. Ask
your HR department to invite the participants
(SAP-Nr. SP90025, „Drawing standards for
end users“).
Training documents
Do you have access to the original training Yes.
document in the intranet (Link)?
No.
Please mail to Ernst Ammon.
337/344
# Task Comment o.k.

Are all of your users able to read and Yes.
understand German or English?
If not, the training documents have to be No.
translated into national language.
Please mail to Ernst Ammon.
Download the newest version of the training

documents from the intranet.
(Link)
There is a ZIP-file available for download.

Right click and choose “Save target”. The
videos are also available for download, be
sure to keep the folder structure so the video
links in the documents still work.
Reduce the documents to the content which
affects your product line and your users..
Most suitable is to do that together with the
other multiplicators of your product line.
Discuss the reduced training documents with
the other multiplicators of your product line.
Before the training
Check the registrations for the training date.
Participants which declined attendance have
to be invited to a new training date.
Are the training documents available in the
right language?
Is a training room booked with appropriate

equipment?
(1 Beamer, 1 PC/Laptop, Catering)
Do you have an attendance list?
During the training

Do the participants have confirmed their Yes.
attendance in written form on the attendance
list?
No.
Please get the written confirmations.
338/344
# Task Comment o.k.

After the training
Forward the attendance list to Mrs. Vera
Cremers or Mr. Ernst Ammon (as Fax or
scanned as E-Mail), so the participants can
be registered.
Discuss with your product group leaders for Products:
which products the drawings will be created
newly or have to be changed.
Where will the products be manufactured?
Manufacturing plants:
Organized (together with the other Participants transfer talk:

multiplicators of your product line) a transfer
talk. Participants should be the responsible
engineer, the segment leader and the
responsible quality engineer.
Optionally you can invite the central Date of transfer talk:
construction department (Ernst Ammon) and
one of the trainers respectively.
Have a written confirmation of the transfer

talk in the appropriate form.
(Link)
339/344
Trainer education
Target group Employees which execute training tasks as multiplicator for the
project “Harmonization of drawing standards”.
Goal Multiplicators know

• which preparations are necessary
They are able to
• manage their training,
• encourage participants to cooperate,
• use media target-oriented,
• recite presentations in understandable manner,
• adjust the training material to the target group
They know
• which activities can be suitable in difficult training situations.
Content • Adjustment of the training document for the target group

• Tips for the personal preparation for the training
• Role and tasks of the trainer
• Start and end the training: Check lists on how to organize the
begin and end a training
• Structuring the training based on the sandwich principle:
rotation of information phases and exercise phases
• Communicate information: Tips on how to present slides
• Exercises and participants mobilization: suitable exercises,
leading exercises, behavior during exercises
• Usage of flip charts and other media
• Manage difficult training situations
• Execution of a short training lesson (15 min) and receipt of
feedback
Method The training is structured base on the sandwich principle. Various

exercises help to reflect the information heard and to transfer to the
own situations.
Participants have the possibility to execute a short training situation
themselves. They can experience the trainer role and receive
feedback from the participants and the trainer. A time frame is
reserved for preparing these training situations.
Trainer 2 trainers for each training

Number of min. 8, max. 16 participants
participants
Duration 2 days
Notes Please bring your laptop in order to be able to access the training
documents. A pair of compasses is also helpful.
340/344
Notes
341/344
Notes
342/344
Notes
343/344
Notes
344/344

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Multiplicator Training

Harmonization of drawing standards

Version 1.8 10/2006

Table of contents ................................................................................................. 2

Implementation concept / overview ................................................................. 22

Multiplicators – tasks and rollout..................................................................... 29

Drawing layout to S 102001-5 ........................................................................... 34

Drawing illustration to S 102001-7 ................................................................... 47

Tolerancing principle to S 102501..................................................................... 73

Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 1 to S 102502 ..................... 83

Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 1 to S 102502

Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 1 to S 102502

Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 2 to S 102502 ..................... 158

Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 2 to S 102502

Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 2 to S 102502

Dimension, dimensioning and tolerance entry to S 102001-11 ...................... 229

Description of surfaces to S 102001-10 ............................................................ 252

Description of surfaces to S 102001-10

Edge structure to S 102001-8 ............................................................................ 293

Form rigidity to S 102503 ................................................................................... 304

Classification of characteristics to S 102012-1................................................ 317

Harmonization of drawing contents.................................................................. 324

Appendix ............................................................................................................. 336

Mr. Ernst Ammon (Project manager)

Mr. Gerhard Schorr (Design)

Mr. Karl Bywalez (Quality assurance)

Mr. Otmar Hartling (Design)

Mr. Christian Bahrmann (Design)

Mr. Erich Sick (Quality assurance)

Mr. Walter Scharf (Quality assurance)

Harmonization of drawing standards

FAG uses INA uses

● - Uniform specifications (generally accepted standards)

● - Technical standards (tolerancing principle, standard texts, etc.)

● - Standards and guidelines

Update Training Drawing contents

Rules for creating and reading technical drawings

General Tolerances Drawing illustration Dimension, Surface indications

Form rigidity Rules for the creation

Dimension, dimensioning Tolerancing principle

The new rules shall be applied to

¾ product line (PL) and product group (PG)

immediately after meeting the following:

10:30 Dimensional & geometrical tolerancing – Part 2

12:00 Lunch Break

08:15 Surface indications (continued)

● The Project team UP12 is responsible for the technical harmonization of

● The Personnel development (central and local) supports the

● Space of time: March 06 – December 06

● Number of participants: 350 - 400 across the entire Schaeffler Group

● Space of time: March 06 – Q1/07

● Number of participants: approx. 2.500 across the entire Schaeffler Group

Project team UP12

Training FAG: approx. 1,5 days/group

End user Instruments:

● Space of time: April 06 – Q1/07

● Number of participants: approx. 28.000 across the entire Schaeffler Group

Project team UP12

Training FAG: approx. 1,5 days/group

● The meeting shall be conducted systemically according to a checklist.

● All documents, checklists and auxiliary means may be

● When organizing end user trainings, your local

● A guideline providing information about the further

¾ Selecting product line specific contents from the design standards