PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA

College of Engineering and Information Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering
Tongco St., Maysan, Valenzuela

LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 1

Investigation of Overhead Transmission Line Under No Load Condition

Submitted by:
Ram Leoj R. Sorela

Submitted to:
Engr. Jomel Cristobal, Assoc. ASEAN Engr., REE
 I. INTRODUCTION

Overhead transmission lines are the backbone of long-distance electricity transmission.

However, the behavior of these transmission lines can vary considerably depending on their load
conditions. This investigation specifically aims to scrutinize the characteristics of overhead
transmission lines under no-load conditions, where the line remains energized but does not supply
active power to any load. Understanding the process of transmission lines in such scenarios holds
significant academic and practical importance.

The study of transmission lines under no-load conditions provides insights into various
phenomena to power system operation. For instance, it enables the analysis of voltage rise, a
phenomenon wherein the voltage at the receiving end may exceed that at the sending end under
specific circumstances. Additionally, it facilitates the quantification of reactive power consumption
by the line itself, a parameter that is important for ensuring the efficient operation and stability of
power systems. This report details the experimental procedures conducted to investigate
parameters such as voltage profiles and reactive power consumption of overhead transmission
lines under no-load conditions, contributing to a deeper understanding of their operational
dynamics.

II. PRELIMINARY DATA SHEET

Table 2.0 & 2.1 Data Sheet for Transmission Lines (150 and 300 km)
Figure 2.0 Connection Diagram

Figure 2.1 Smart Grid 1.1

 III. ANALYSIS

Simulated first in this experiment is the operating states comprising no-load for the two-
line lengths of 150 and 300 km. Two multimeters can be used to simultaneously measure all
voltages and currents as well as active, reactive and apparent powers at both line ends. The feed
transformer's voltage at the start of the line is to be increased in steps to the specified value in each
case. In this process, the voltage level is set to 380 V.

The data gathered, which is based on the formula V line to line/sqrt3, shows that the line-
to-neutral voltage varies between 214 V and 221 V, while the line-to-sending voltage measures at
370 V along the 150 km transmission line. Differences in the wire lengths used in the experimental
setting are the cause of the observed difference in values of the line to neutral voltages.

In addition, analysis of the receiving end indicates a line-to-line voltage of 377 V, which is
elevated due to capacitance in the transmission line. surprisingly, there is a slight current flow that
may be detected at the receiving end, which is caused by the capacitors' charging current.
Underground and overhead cables both exhibit charging current, which is the current passing
through the shunt capacitance of a transmission line.

Given the experimental conditions under no load, the total active power registers at 0 W.
However, an apparent loss of -108 VAR (Reactive Power) is evident at the receiving end, stemming
from losses incurred due to inductance within the transmission line.

Lastly, data from the 300 km transmission line investigation shows that receiving power,
line currents, and line-to-line voltage have all doubled. The line's doubled length and this rise are
directly related. The capacitance and inductance increase with line length, which then raises the
transmission line losses.
 IV. CONCLUSION

In summary, this lab experiment examined how overhead transmission lines behave in the
absence of load, with a particular emphasis on 150 and 300 km of line lengths. Important
information on power characteristics and voltage variations along the transmission lines was
discovered through careful data collecting and analysis. Variations in the wire lengths used in the
experimental setup were the reason for discrepancies in the line-to-neutral voltages. Moreover, the
transmission lines' capacitance resulted in higher line-to-line voltages at the receiving end, along
with small current flows caused by capacitor charging currents.

Reactive losses have been observed because of inductive effects in the transmission line,
even though total active power remained insignificant. In the end, the study demonstrated the clear
correlation between transmission losses and line length, highlighting the significance of
comprehending and reducing these impacts in real-world transmission line design and operation.

V. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Power losses are evident in this experiment is directly proportional to the length of the
transmission lines. As the length of the lines increase, the losses increase as well.

The findings of the laboratory experiment align with the study conducted by Wang et al.
(2012), which highlights the factors influencing electric energy loss in overhead transmission lines.
Wang et al. observed a positive correlation between the horizontal distance between overhead
ground wires and electric energy loss, implying that increased separation between these wires leads
to higher energy losses. Similarly, the laboratory experiment noted variations in voltage and power
parameters along the transmission lines, potentially influenced by factors such as wire lengths and
configurations.

Furthermore, Wang et al. found a negative correlation between the vertical distance of
overhead ground wires to the ground and electric energy loss. This suggests that positioning the
ground wires closer to the ground mitigates energy losses. In the laboratory experiment, the
presence of capacitance in the transmission lines contributed to elevated voltages at the receiving
end, highlighting the importance of considering vertical distances and configurations in
transmission line design to minimize losses.
 Additionally, Wang et al. observed a positive correlation between the horizontal distance
of transmission lines and electric energy loss. This is consistent with the laboratory experiment's
findings regarding the relationship between line length and transmission losses, where longer lines
exhibited increased losses. Conversely, a negative correlation was noted between the vertical
distance of transmission lines and energy loss, emphasizing the significance of vertical
configurations in reducing losses.

Overall, the laboratory experiment corroborates the findings of Wang et al. by

demonstrating how factors such as wire configurations and distances influence electric energy loss
in overhead transmission lines. These insights are crucial for optimizing transmission line designs
and operations to minimize energy losses and enhance overall efficiency.

Figure 5.0 Electric energy loss varies with horizontal distance of transmission
lines.
Reference
Wang, H., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Xue, H., Yang, C., & Yan, T. (2012, May 1). The electric energy

loss in overhead ground wires of 110kV six-circuit transmission line on the same tower.

IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6303319
 IEEE PES ISGT ASIA 2012 1569544899
The Electric Energy Loss in Overhead Ground
Wires of 110kV Six-circuit Transmission Line
on the Same Tower
Hui Wang, Luyang Wang, Yufei Wang, Hua Xue, Changhui Yang, and Tianyou Yan
Abstract--In order to provide theoretical guidance for
reducing the electric energy loss of 110kV six-circuit transmission
line on the same tower, the factors affecting electric energy loss in
overhead ground wires are deeply studied. Firstly, the model of
110kV six-circuit transmission line on the same tower is
established in MATLAB. Secondly, the effect of phase sequence
arrangements on electric energy loss is studied. Finally, the
effects on electric energy loss of varying relative position between
two overhead ground wires, horizontal distance and vertical
distance among transmission lines are studied. The results show
that phase sequence arrangements have a great influence on
power loss in overhead ground wire. The inverse phase sequence
arrangement is validated to be optimized layout. The electric
energy loss is positively correlated with horizontal distance
between two overhead ground wires and negatively correlated
with vertical distance from overhead ground wires to the ground.
Index Terms--electric energy loss in overhead ground wires,
electromagnetic induction component and electrostatic induction
component, horizontal distance of transmission lines, MATLAB,
phase sequence arrangement, relative position of two overhead
ground wires, six-circuit transmission line on the same tower, the
most optimized layout, vertical distance of transmission lines,
110kV
I. INTRODUCTION
M ULTI-CIRCUIT transmission line on the same tower is
more widely used in power system in recent years,
because it can not only increase the transmission capacity to
satisfy the power demand of the rapid development of national
economy, but also reduce the width of corridor of transmission
lines to cover smaller area. Especially for densely populated
areas, compensation for demolition and resettlement and
construction cost of corridor are greatly reduced by building
multi-circuit transmission line [1], [2]. However, lightning
protection performance of multi-circuit transmission line
becomes poor, because it’s corridor is wider and it has higher
tower, which make triggering lightning area bigger than
single-circuit transmission line. Therefore, lightning outage
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
(50977055, 51007053), Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai
Municipal Education Commission (J51301), Shanghai Key Scientific and
Technical Project (09160501600, 10110502100) and Innovation Program of
Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (12YZ138).
Hui Wang is with the Department of Electric Power, Shanghai University
of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090 China (e-mail: wanghui907@163.com).
Luyang Wang is with Department of Electric Power, Shanghai University
of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090 China (e-mail: wly63@vip.sina.com).
1
rate of multi-circuit transmission line increases and higher
overvoltage is caused by lightning current [3], [4]. Erecting
ground wires is the most basic and effective lightning
protection measure for high-voltage and extra-high voltage
transmission line. In order to ensure power supply reliability,
overhead ground wire should be set up along with the entire
length of 110kV transmission line, and two ground wires
should be set up for 220kV, ultra-high voltage and extra-high
voltage transmission line [5]-[7].
Overhead ground wire can protect transmission lines from
lightning stroke, but it causes power loss at the same time [8],
[9].To reduce the electric loss in overhead ground wire,
overhead ground wire is not directly grounded somewhere, but
the lightning protection reliability is also reduced [10]-[12].
When the type of tower, the running current, the parameter of
overhead ground wire and the grounding mode are fixed, the
electric energy loss in overhead ground wire of multi-circuit
transmission line is determined by phase sequence
arrangements. Therefore, researching on the effect of phase
sequence arrangements on the electric energy loss in overhead
ground wires has important practical significance for reducing
energy loss, improving transmission efficiency and reducing
the transmission cost [13].
At present, the electric energy loss in overhead ground wire
is mainly researched on double-circuit and four-circuit
transmission line, rarely on six-circuit transmission line [14]-
[16]. Taking 110kV six-circuit transmission line in
Guangdong as background, the electric energy loss in
overhead ground wires is calculated through all phase
sequence arrangements, and other factors affecting electric
energy loss in overhead ground wires is researched, which can
provide theoretical guidance for construction and operation of
six-circuit transmission line on the same tower.
II. CALCULATION METHOD
Electromagnetic coupling and electrostatic coupling exist
between overhead ground wires and transmission lines. Three-
phase load current is not completely balanced in normal
conditions, and the distance between overhead ground wires
and each phase conductors is not equal. Therefore,
electromagnetic induction component and electrostatic
induction component are generated in overhead ground wires.
If overhead ground wires on each tower are directly grounded,
circulating current loop between two overhead ground wires per year can be calculated by (7).
through the ground is formed. In addition, induction current
loop between each overhead ground wire and the ground is A M  Pm  L  t  2 I m 2 Rt  L  t 7 
formed. The electric energy loss in overhead ground wires is Where L is the length of overhead ground wire and t is the
caused by these two kinds of currents. running time of the power transmission lines.
A. Calculation of Induction Electromotive force
III. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
According to the law of electromagnetic induction, the
mutual impedance Zmn and the self impedance Zmm of ground A. Model and Parameters of 110kV Six-circuit Transmission
wire can be calculated by (1) and (2) respectively. Line
Zmn  0.05  j 0.145lg( D0 / dmn ) 1 The tower of 110kV six-circuit transmission line is as
shown in Fig. 1. The main design parameters are as shown in
Z mm  R t  0 . 05  j 0 .145 lg( D 0 / r ) 2  Table I.
Where dmn is the distance between two lines and r is the
radius of ground wire. Rt is the DC resistance of ground wire.
D0 =660  / f is the function of earth resistivity ρ and power
frequency f.
Then electromagnetic induction electromotive force Vu and
Vw in two overhead ground wires per kilometer can be
calculated by (3).
Vu   ZuA ZuB ZuC ... Zua' Zub' Zuc' 
V   Z Zwc' 

 w   wA ZwB ZwC ... Zwa' Zwb'
T 3
 IA I B IC ... Ia' Ib' Ic' 
Where ZuA is the mutual impedance between overhead
ground wire and power transmission line, while Zua’ is the
mutual impedance between overhead ground wire and the
image of power transmission line. And IA is the current in
Fig. 1. The tower of 110kV six-circuit transmission line.
power transmission line.
B. Calculation of the Electric Energy Loss TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF TRANSMISSION LINE
Circulating current between two overhead ground wires Parameters Number
and induction current between each overhead ground wire and The maximum running current (A) 744
the ground exist in normal circumstances, because the The economic running current (A) 400
induction electromotive forces on two overhead ground wires The height of the tower (m) 51
are not equal and a closed circuit is formed by two overhead The type of transmission line LGJ-400/35
ground wires on the tower. Therefore, it is required to The type of overhead ground wire LGJ -70/40
calculate the electric energy loss in overhead ground wires The radius of overhead ground wire (mm) 6.8
caused by two kinds of currents respectively. The induction The length of power transmission line (km) 6
electromotive forces VM can be calculated by (4) and the DC resistance of overhead ground wire (Ω/km) 0.4141
current IM in the ground wires can be calculated by (5). The Power factor 0.95

VM  Vu  Vw  / 2 4  B. Simulation Results and Analysis

I M  VM / Z M
Where ZM=Zuu+Zuw or ZM=Zuu+Zwu. The circulating current
between overhead ground wires can be acquired by using "-",
and the induction current between each overhead ground wire
and the ground can be acquired by using "+".
The power loss PM in two overhead ground wires per
kilometer can be calculated by (6)．
PM  2 I M2 Rt
Where Rt is the DC resistance of overhead ground wire.
The electric energy loss AM in two overhead ground wires
The program flow chat of calculating electric energy loss in
5 overhead ground wires is as shown in Fig. 2. The calculating
model of 110kV six-circuit transmission line on the same
tower is as shown in Fig. 3.
There are six phase sequence arrangements for single-
circuit transmission line, so there are 66 phase sequence
arrangements for six-circuit transmission line. The electric
energy loss in overhead ground wires under all phase sequence
arrangements is calculated, and the electric energy loss under
6  eight kinds of typical phase sequence arrangements are chosen
to analyze. Eight kinds of typical phase sequence
arrangements are as shown in table II. Layout 1 and Layout 2
are positive phase sequence arrangement and inverse phase

2
3
IV. OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING ON ELECTRIC ENERGY LOSS shown in Fig. 6. The result shows that the electric energy loss
IN OVERHEAD GROUND WIRES reduces with the decreasing of horizontal distance among
To reduce the electric energy loss in overhead ground wires, transmission lines. The horizontal distance among
the effects on electric energy loss of varying relative position transmission lines is also a main factor affecting corridor of
between two overhead ground wires, horizontal distance and the transmission lines, therefore, reducing the horizontal
vertical distance among transmission lines are studied. If the distance among transmission lines can not only reducing
relative position is varied between the ground wire and electric energy loss in overhead ground wires, but also
transmission line, the mutual impedance is also varied reducing the corridor width of the transmission lines.
4
between them. Then the induction electromotive forces and 7
x 10

induction current will be varied, which affects the electric

Electric energy loss in ground wire (kW*h/year)

energy loss in overhead ground wires. It is studied that the 6

above factors have different effects on electric energy loss 5

under different phase sequence arrangements. Considering the
inverse phase sequence arrangement being often used in 4

practical engineering, the effects of the above factors under 3

inverse phase sequence arrangement is studied.
2
A. The Effects of Varying Relative Position between Two
Overhead Ground Wires 1

The scope of protection varies with relative position 0

between two ground wires. So it is the basic premise that 0 1 2 3 4 5
The decreased number of the horizontal distance (m)
6

overhead ground wires should meet the requirements of

lightning protection, otherwise the study is meaningless.
The effect on electric energy loss in overhead ground wires
of varying horizontal distance between two overhead ground
wires is as shown in Fig. 5 (a). The result shows that electric
energy loss reduces with the horizontal distance decreasing.
The electric energy loss can reduce 11504kW·h per year when
the horizontal distance reduce from 6.8m to 4.8m. It is
predicted that the electric energy loss in overhead ground
wires will be minimum if the horizontal distance reduce to 0,
which is equivalent to only one overhead ground wire.
The effect on electric energy loss in overhead ground wire
of varying vertical distance form overhead ground wires to the
ground is as shown in Fig. 5 (b). The result shows that electric
Fig. 6. Electric energy loss varies with horizontal distance of transmission
lines.
C. The Effect of Varying Vertical Distance among
Transmission Lines
Keeping the position of the top two transmission lines, the
vertical distance between them and other transmission lines
reduces 3m by every 0.2m, which makes the arrange among
transmission lines more close, and the change of electric
energy loss in overhead ground wires is as shown in Fig. 7.
The result shows that the electric energy loss increases with
the decreasing of vertical distance among transmission lines.
x 10
5

6
energy loss reduces with vertical distance increasing.
The electric energy in ground wire (kW*h/year)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
The decreased number of vertical distance among lines (m)

Fig. 7. Electric energy loss varies with vertical distance of transmission lines.

Fig. 5. The effects of varying relative position between two overhead ground
wires.
B. The Effect of Varying Horizontal Distance among
Transmission Lines
When the horizontal distance between two transmission
lines on the same horizontal reduce 6m by every 0.4m, the
change of electric energy loss in overhead ground wires is as
V. CONCLUSIONS
The electric energy loss in overhead ground wires of
110kV six-circuit transmission line on the same tower is
considerable, which increases the cost of power transmission
and decreases the efficiency of power transmission. Selecting
reasonable phase sequence arrangements can reduce the
electric energy loss, which does not increase extra cost at the

4
same time. Therefore, selecting reasonable phase sequence
arrangements is a very economical and effective way to reduce
the electric energy loss in overhead ground wires. Layout 7 is
the optimized phase sequence arrangement, whose electric
energy loss in overhead ground wires is minimum. Layout 2 is
suited to be used in practical engineering.
The electric energy loss in overhead ground wires is
positively correlated with horizontal distance between two
overhead ground wires and negatively correlated with vertical
distance from overhead ground wires to the ground. The
electric energy loss in overhead ground wires is positively
correlated with horizontal distance of transmission lines and
negatively correlated with vertical distance of transmission
lines.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of
Luyang Wang and Yufei Wang for their instruction and help
on this paper.
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VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Hui Wang was born in Shandong province in
China, on September 21, 1988. He received the
electrical engineering degree from Qingdao
University of Science and Technology in 2010.
He is currently pursuing the master's degree in
electric power system and automation from
Shanghai University of Electric Power. His main
research interests are focused on high-voltage
transmission technology.