SPENG 7
Mahatma Gandhi “A nation's culture
resides in the hearts and in the soul of its
people”
CULTURAL MODEL : a traditional
approach of teaching literature
Historical context : info about the period,
place, and events that created, influenced,
or formed the backdrop to the historic
resources.
Social context : reflection of how the
characters' actions and attitudes are
affected by events
Political context : concerns the political
climate and political views held at a certain
time
Literary context : background information
or circumstances you provide to inform why
something is taking place
PERSONAL GROWTH MODEL
: outlined by Carter and Long (1991)
who attempts to bridge the cultural and
language model
: focus on particular language in a text
: placing in a specific cultural context
CHARACTERISTICS :
1. context and informal schemata
2. different themes and topics
3. Seek the opportunity for the students to
relate & respond to the themes issues by
making a connection to their personal lives
4. Relates theories of reading emphasize
the interaction of the reader with the text.
5. Motivate and enlighten the students in the
literature class
BUQUEL??
LANGUAGE BASED APPROACH
ADVANTAGES :
: Detailed analysis of the language of the
literary text will help students to make
meaningful interpretations or informed
evaluations of it.
: students will increase their general
awareness and understanding of English.
: Literary texts are seen as means to
helping students’ improve language
proficiency
: focused on the learner mainly on their
reading processes and how they created
language awareness among themselves.
PARAPHRASTIC APPROACH : primarily
paraphrasing and rewording the text to
simpler language or use other languages to
translate it.
Evans and Robert (2009) promoted 2
ways to promote the use of paraphrastic
that give benefit to the students :
1. Paraphrasing may encourage rapport.
2. Transferring control to children / students.
MORAL PHILOSOPHICAL LITERARY
APPROACH
Moral philosophical critics believe that
the larger purpose of literature is to teach
morality and to probe philosophical issues
SPENG 7
“Works must have high seriousness.”
(Matthew Arnold)
“Literature must exhibit moralism and
utilitarianism.” (Plato)
“Literature should be delightful and
instructive.” (Horace)
The moral/philosophical literary
approach, concerned with content and
values.
Strengths:
1. Useful in evaluating works which present
moral philosophy
2. Useful when considering themes
3. It recognizes that literature can affect
readers.
Weaknesses:
1. The approach can be too judgemental
2. Literature should be judged primarily on
its artistic merits, not its moral or
philosophical content
STYLISTIC APPROACH
Style : person’s distinctive language habits
Stylistics
: method of textual interpretation in which
primacy of place is assigned to language.
: deals with the significance of the literary
style, language of writers, literary devices
and techniques
REASONS WHY STYLE DIFFERS :
1. Style as a Choice
2. Style as a Deviation
3. Style as a Situation
4. Style as a Temporal Phenomenon
5. Style as an Individual
14 ELEMENTS OF STYLE :
1. Character development : How a
character changes throughout the story
2. Dialogue: lines spoken/ internal thoughts
3. Foreshadowing: Hints dropped about
what's going to happen later
4. Form: Whether something is poetry,
prose, drama, a short story, a sonnet, etc.
5. Imagery: Scenes set or items shown
with descriptive words
6. Irony: An occurrence that's the opposite
of what's expected
7. Juxtaposition: Putting two elements
together to compare or contrast them
8. Mood: The atmosphere of a work, the
attitude of the narrator
9. Pacing: How quickly narration unfolds
10. POV: The narrator's perspective
11. Structure: How a story is told
12.Symbolism: element of story to
represent something else
13.Theme: message delivered
by or shown in a work
14.Tone: The writer's attitude toward the
subject or manner
11 LINE-BY-LINE ELEMENTS :
1. Alliteration: close repetition of consonants
2. Assonance: Close repetition of vowels
3. Colloquialisms: Informal words
4. Diction: correctness of overall grammar
5. Jargon: terms specific to a certain field
6. Metaphor: compare two elements
7. Repetition: Using the same words
8. Rhyme: same sounds in 2 or more words
9. Rhythm: having a musicality to writing
10. Sentence variety: variation in structure
11. Syntax: word arrangements in sentence
SPENG 7
LEVELS OF COMPREHENSION
QUESTIONS : we use these questions to
guide us which depends on what info we’re
seeking.
1. Literal : comprehending based on stated
facts in text such as data, specifics, dates,
traits and setting
2. Inferential : comprehension that builds
upon prediction using facts from text,
sequence, traits and setting.
3. Appreciative : comprehending based on
response to text like personal reaction and
reflection
4. Critique : comprehending based on how
the author uses language
5. Evaluative : comprehending based on
judging text based on facts, opinions,
validity
6. Essential : comprehending based on
what is drawn from the entire text
IMPORTANCE & AIMS OF LITERATURE
AMONG STUDENTS:
1. Cultural value: Cultures are built around.
2. Expanding Horizon: Exposing them to
ideas from other cultures.
3. Building Vocabulary: Enhance
writing and reading abilities.
4. Improve writing skills: Intimate
knowledge
5. Teaching critical thinking: Analyze on
their own
6. Enhances writing skills: Read more to
develop writing skills.
EVALUATION & ASSESSMENT:
1. Assessment: act of gathering info daily
2. Testing: procedures based on tests.
3. Language testing: practical and study of
evaluating
4. Measurement: broadly includes testing
and other types of measurement.
5. Evaluation: culminating act of
interpreting the information
ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES:
1. quizzes, tests, state-administered
standardized tests, and essays.
2. Alternative assessment like portfolio,
performance, and exhibitions.
3. Self-evaluation and peer-evaluation.
Terms :
Assessment : appraisal or evaluation
Self-evaluation: allowing students to
evaluate their own performance
Peer-evaluation: students evaluate the
performance of their peers on assignment
CATEGORIES IN LITERATURE TEST:
Literary information test:Assess student’s
knowledge of particular pieces of literature.
Literary interpretation test: Ability to read,
prose, poetry, drama with understanding.
GENRES OF POETRY:
1. Narrative Poetry : tells a story and
makes use of the voices of narrator and
character. Usually written in metered verse.
Ex: “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe
2. Lyric Poetry: tends to be shorter,
melodic, contemplative & portrays poet’s
own feelings, states of mind, perceptions.
Ex: “Sonnet 18” by William Shakespeare
SPENG 7

3. Epic Poetry: lengthy poems celebrating Fun poetry/ funny poetry: has style of its
great deeds of legendary heroes own,differs from other types of poetry cause
Ex: “Beowulf” by John Lesslie Hall adds some spice making poem interesting.

4. Dramatic Poetry: category of verse
composition for theatrical performance.
Ex: “My last duchess” by Robert Browning
5. Satirical Poetry: expose, criticize
foolishness, corruption of individual/society.
Ex: “The rape of the lock”
LITERARY DEVICES: special tools used to
make poetry more interesting
: helps to spark emotions and paint vivid
pictures in a reader's mind.
Simile : Compare things using "like" or "as"
Haiku : 5-7-5 syllables & first emerged in
Japanese literature during the 17th century.
Limerick : humorous poem, have five lines.
Limerick poetry: unique form of verse has
playful nature, distinct structure. Five lines,
AABBA rhyme scheme & often feature
humorous, playful, or nonsensical content.
C - capitalization of first line.
RS - rhyme scheme
M - meter
H - humorous / nonsensical content
P - punchline / twist

Metaphor : direct comparison between two

unrelated things without using “like” or”as”. Riddle : statement, question, or phrase that
has a double meaning.
Personification : Giving non-living things
human qualities

Hyperbole : Uses exaggeration for

emphasis or humor

Oxymoron : Putting two contradictory

words together

Imagery : vivid and descriptive language

that appeals to the senses

Alliteration : repetition of the initial

consonant sound of a series of words,

Onomatopoeia : words that imitate the

sound they are describing

POETRY : one of the forms of literature that

makes people more creative and artistic
expressing ideas.