MAT3701/201/1/2012

Tutorial Letter 201/1/2012

Linear Algebra

MAT3701
Semester 1

Department of Mathematical Sciences

Solutions to Assignment 01

Bar code

Open Rubric
 2

ONLY FOR SEMESTER 1 STUDENTS

ASSIGNMENT 01
Based on Study Units 1 - 9
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 7 MARCH 2012
UNIQUE NUMBER: 771265

Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to do all the
questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important than one that is marked.
Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly after the due date.
For this assignment Questions 2, 4, 6, and 8 will be marked.
QUESTION 1

(a) If {v, w} is a basis for R 2 over R, show that {v, w, iv, iw} is a basis for C 2 over R.

(b) Without any further computations, use (a) to explain why ; = {(1, 0) , (i, 0) , (0, 1) , (0, i)} is a basis for C 2
over R.

SOLUTION

(a)

av + bw + civ + diw = 0, a, b, c, d + R
% av + bw + i(cv + dw) = 0
% av + bw = 0 and cv + dw = 0, since av + bw and cv + dw lie in R 2
% a = b = 0 and c = d = 0 since {v, w} is a basis over R

Therefore, {v, w, iv, iw} is linearly independent, and hence also a basis for C 2 over R, since it contains four vectors
and dim(C 2 ) = 4 over R.

(b) Let v = (1, 0) and w = (0, 1) and apply the result in (a).

QUESTION 2
Let V be the vector space C 2 with scalar multiplication over the real numbers R, and let T : V  V be the
mapping de¿ned by
T (z 1 , z 2 ) = (z 1 + z 1 , z 2  z 2 ) .

(a) Show that T is a linear operator. (9)

(b) Find a basis for N (T ) . (7)

(c) Find a basis for R (T ) . (7)

(d) Determine whether V = N (T ) c R (T ) (2)

 3 MAT3701/201/1

[25]
SOLUTION
Let (z 1 , z 2 ), (z 3 , z 4 ) + V and a + R.

T ((z 1 , z 2 ) + (z 3 , z 4 )) = T (z 1 + z 3 , z 2 + z 4 )
= (z 1 + z 3 + z 1 + z 3 , z 2 + z 4  z 2 + z 4 )
= (z 1 + z 3 + z 1 + z 3 , z 2 + z 4  z 2  z 4 )
= (z 1 + z 1 , z 2  z 2 ) + (z 3 + z 3 , z 4  z 4 )
= T (z 1 , z 2 ) + T (z 3 , z 4 )

and

T (a(z 1 , z 2 )) = T (az 1 , az 2 )
= (az 1 + az 1 , az 2  az 2 )
= (az 1 + az 1 , az 2  az 2 ) since a is real
= a(z 1 + z 1 , z 2  z 2 )
= aT (z 1 , z 2 )

Since both these conditions are satis¿ed, T is a linear operator (9)

(b) By de¿nition,
N (T ) = {(z 1 , z 2 ) + V : T (z 1 , z 2 ) = (0, 0)}.

When is T (z 1 , z 2 ) = (0, 0)?

T (z 1 , z 2 ) = (0, 0)
% (z 1 + z 1 , z 2  z 2 ) = (0, 0)
% z 1 + z 1 = 0 and z 2  z 2 = 0
% z 1 = z 1 and z 2 = z 2 .

Note that the only complex numbers that equal their conjugates are the real numbers: If a + ib = a  ib, then
b = b, hence b = 0. (See also Theorem D2(e) in the Appendix of Friedberg).
Similarly, the only complex numbers that are equal to minus their conjugates are the imaginary numbers: If
a + ib = (a  ib), then a = a, hence a = 0.
It follows that
N (T ) = {(i x, y) : x, y + R}.

We write an element of N (T ) as a linear combination with real coef¿cients (the scalar ¿eld is still R):

(i x, y) = x(i, 0) + y(0, 1).

It follows that N (T ) = span{(i, 0), (0, 1)}. Since (i, 0) and (0, 1) are clearly linearly independent, a basis for
N (T ) is
; 2 = {(i, 0), (0, 1)}.
 4

(7)

(c) We’ll use Theorem 2.2 in Friedberg. In order to apply this theorem, we ¿rst determine a basis for V . Write
an element (z 1 , z 2 ) + V as a linear combination with coef¿cients in R (since V is a vector space over R): If
we write z 1 = a + ib and z 2 = c + id, then

(z 1 , z 2 ) = (a + ib, c + id)
= (a, 0) + (ib, 0) + (0, c) + (0, id)
= a(1, 0) + b(i, 0) + c(0, 1) + d(0, i).

Therefore, V = span{(1, 0), (i, 0), (0, 1), (0, i)}. To check that it is linearly independent, suppose that

a(1, 0) + b(i, 0) + c(0, 1) + d(0, i) = (0, 0)

for some a, b, c, d + R. Adding up, we obtain (a +ib, c+id) = (0, 0). Therefore, a +ib = 0 and c+id = 0,
which implies a = b = c = d = 0. It follows that

; = {(1, 0), (i, 0), (0, 1), (0, i)}

is a basis for V . By Theorem 2.2, T (;) will span R(T ):

T (;) = {T (1, 0), T (i, 0), T (0, 1), T (0, i)}

= {(2, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 2i)}.

To ¿nd a basis contained in this set, we can clearly ignore (0, 0). The remaining two vectors (2, 0) and (0, 2i)
are clearly linearly independent. Therefore, a basis of R(T ) is {(2, 0), (0, 2i)}. It will be easier later if we get
rid of the 2’s now. Multiply each element of the basis by 1/2 to obtain the basis

; 1 = {(1, 0), (0, i)}.

(7)

(d) Note that ; 1 C ; 2 = ;, the basis of V mentioned in (c). It therefore follows that V is the direct sum of the
two subspaces N (T ) and R(T ). (2)

[25]
QUESTION 3

Let f a , f b , f c be the Lagrange polinomials associated with the distinct real numbers a, b, c respectively.
De¿ne T : P2 (R)  P2 (R) by T (g) = g (a) f a + g(b) f b

(a) Show that T is a linear operator.

(b) Explain whether or not T is a projection.

(c) Find [T ]; , where ; = { f a , f b , f c } .

 5 MAT3701/201/1

SOLUTION

(a) Let g, h + P2 (R) and d + R.

Then

T (g + h) = (g + h) (a) f a + (g + h)(b) f b
= (g (a) + h (a)) f a + (g(b) + h(b)) f b
= (g (a) f a + g(b) f b ) + (h(a) f a + h(b) f b )
= T (g) + T (h)

and

T (dg) = (dg) (a) f a + (dg)(b) f b

= dg (a) f a + dg(b) f b
= d(g (a) f a + g(b) f b )
= dT (g)

Thus T is a linear operator.

(b)
T 2 (g) = T (g (a) f a + g(b) f b )
= g(a)T ( f a ) + g(b)T ( f b )
= g (a) ( f a (a) f a + f a (b) f b ) + g(b)( f b (a) f a + f b (b) f b )
= g (a) f a + g(b) f b , since f a (a) = f b (b) = 1 and f a (b) = f b (a) = 0
= T (g)

Thus T is a projection.

(c)

T ( fa ) = f a (a) f a + f a (b) f b = f a , since f a (a) = 1 and f a (b) = 0

T ( fb ) = f b (a) f a + f b (b) f b = f b , since f b (a) = 0 and f b (b) = 1
T ( fc ) = f c (a) f a + f c (b) f b = 0, since f c (a) = f c (b) = 0

Thus  
1 0 0
 
[T ]; =  0 1 0  .
0 0 0

QUESTION 4
Let T : C 3  C 3 be a nonzero linear operator such that T 2 = 2T.

(a) Show that D = 2 is an eigenvalue of T. (8)

 6

(b) Show that R(T ) = E 2 (T ), the eigenspace of T associated with D = 2. (8)

(c) It is further given that
N (T ) = span{(1, 0, 0)}

and
R(T ) = span{(0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}.

Find the formula for T. (9)

[25]

SOLUTION

(a) Since T /= 0, there exists a vector v + C 3 such that T (v) /= 0.Hence

T 2 (v) = 2T (v) >" T (T (v)) = 2T (v),

so that T (v) is an eigevector of T corresponding to D = 2. (8)

(b) For all v + C 3 ,

T 2 (v) = 2T (v) >" T (T (v)) = 2T (v),

so that
T (v) + E 2 (T ). Hence R(T ) l E 2 (T ).

Conversely, t u
1
v + E 2 (T ) >" T (v) = 2v >" T v = v >" v + R(T ),
2

so that
E 2 (T ) l R(T )

Hence
R(T ) = E 2 (T ).

(8)

(c) Enough information is given so that we can determine the values of T at the elements of the standard basis
{(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} of R 3 . Then we’ll use linearity to ¿nd a formula for T .

Since (1, 0, 0) + N (T ), we have

T (1, 0, 0) = (0, 0, 0).

Secondly, it is given that T (T (v)) = 2T (v) for all v + R 3 . Since (0, 1, 0) + R(T ),
it follows that (0, 1, 0) = T (a, b, c) for some (unknown, and we don’t care) (a, b, c) + R 3 . Then

T (0, 1, 0) = T (T (a, b, c)) = T 2 (a, b, c)

= 2T (a, b, c) = 2(0, 1, 0)
= (0, 2, 0).
 7 MAT3701/201/1

A similar calculation using (0, 0, 1) + R(T ) gives

T (0, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 2).

Now that we know the values of T on the basis, we use linearity:

T (x, y, z) = T (x, 0, 0) + T (0, y, 0) + T (0, 0, z)

= x T (1, 0, 0) + yT (0, 1, 0) + zT (0, 0, 1)
= x(0, 0, 0) + y(0, 2, 0) + z(0, 0, 2)
= (0, 2y, 2z).

(9)
[25]

QUESTION 5

Let : M2×2 (C)  M2×2 (C) be the linear operator de¿ned dy

‚   
a b 0 bc
T =
c d b + c 0
(a) Show that T satis¿es the test for diagonalizability.
(b) Find a basis K for M2×2 (C) consisting of eigenvectors of T, and write down [T ]t .
(c) Show that T satis¿es the equation T 2 = 2T.

SOLUTION

(a) We determine the matrix of T with respect to the basis

       
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
; = E 11 = ; E 12 = ; E 21 = ; E 22 =
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

of M2×2 (C) :
 
0 0
T (E 11 ) = = 0.E 11 + 0.E 12 + 0.E 21 + 0.E 22
0 0
 
0 1
T (E 12 ) = = 0.E 11 + 1.E 12  1.E 21 + 0.E 22
1 0
 
0 1
T (E 21 ) = = 0.E 11  1.E 12 + 1.E 21 + 0.E 22
1 0
 
0 0
T (E 22 ) = = 0.E 11 + 0.E 12 + 0.E 21 + 0.E 22
0 0

Thus it follows that  

0 0 0 0
 
 0 1 1 0 
[T ]; = 


 0 1 1 0 

0 0 0 0
 8

The characteristic polynomial of T is therefore given by

P(D) = det(DI4  [T ]; )
 
D 0 0 0
 
 0 D1 1 0 
=



 0 1 D1 0 
0 0 0 D
 
D1 1
=D 2
1 D1

d e
= D2 (D  1)2  1

= D3 (D  2)

which clearly splits. The eigenvalues of T are D = 0 (with multiplicity 3 and D = 2.

We only need to check whether dim(E 0 ) = 3, since we already know from the relevant theory that dim(E 2 ) = 1,
because the algebraic multiplicity of D = 2 is one.
 
0 0 0 0
 
 0 1 1 0 

E 0 : 0 · I4  [T ]; =  
 0 1 1 0 

0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 0
 
 0 1 1 0 




 0 0 0 0  ...(i)
R3  R 3 + R 2
0 0 0 0
It follows that
dim(E 0 ) = 3 = multiplicity of D = 0,

therefore T is diagonalisable.

(b) We use (i) to obtain a basis for E 0 ([T ]; ); Let x1 = :, x2 = = and x4 = ;, then x3 = =. Thus

(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (:, =, =, ;) : :, ;, = + C

= :(1, 0, 0, 0) + =(0, 1, 1, 0) + ;(0, 0, 0, 1) : :, ;, =, + C

, E 0 ([T ]; ) = span{(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)}

so that {(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)} is a basis for E 0 ([T ]; ).
 9 MAT3701/201/1

since
 
1 0
E 11 + 0 · E 12 + 0 · E 21 + 0 · E 22 = ,
0 0
 
0 1
0 · E 11 + 1 · E 12 + 1 · E 21 + 0 · E 22 = ,
1 0
and  
0 0
0 · E 11 + 0 · E 12 + 0 · E 21 + E 22 =
0 1
It follows that      
1 0 0 1 0 0
K1 = , ,
0 0 1 0 0 1
is a basis for E 0 (T ).
We now obtain a basis for E 2 ([T ]; ).
 
2 0 0 0
 
 0 1 1 0 
2 · I4  [T ]; =  
 
 0 1 1 0 
0 0 0 2
 
1 0 0 0 R1  12 R1
 
 0 1 1 0 
 


 R R R
 0 0 0 0  3 3 2
0 0 0 1 R3  2 R 3
1

Let x2 = :, then x1 = x4 = 0 and x3 = :. Thus

(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (0, :, :, 0), : + C

= :(0, 1, 1, 0), : + C

Thus E 2 ([T ]; ) = span{(0, 1, 1, 0)}, so that {(0, 1, 1, 0)} is a basis for E 2 ([T ]; ).
Since  
0 1
0 · E 11 + 1 · E 12  1 · E 21 + 0 · E 22 =
1 0
it follows that  
0 1
K2 =
1 0
is a basis for E 2 (T ).
Therefore        
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
K = K1 C K2 = , , ,
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
is a basis for M2×2 (C) constisting of eigenvectors of T, and
 
0 0 0 0
 
 0 0 0 0 
[T ]t = 
 0 0
.

 0 0 
0 0 0 2
 10

(c)

‚  ‚ 
a b 0 bc
T2 = T
c d b + c 0
 
0 b  c  (b + c)
=
(b  c)  b + c 0
 
0 2(b  c)
=
2(c  b) 0
 
0 bc
= 2
b + c 0
so that T 2 = 2T.
QUESTION 6.
Let T : P2 (R)  P2 (R) be the linear operator de¿ned by T ( f (x)) = f (x) + f ) (x).

(a) Show that P2 (R) is T cyclic, i.e ¿nd a polynomial f + P2 (R) such that the T-cyclic subspace gener-
ated by f is P2 (R). (15)
(b) Write down the characteristic polynomial of T. (10)

[25]
SOLUTION

(a) A polynomial f in P2 (R) is of the form

f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 . ...(i)
For f to be a T –cyclic generator of P2 (R) ,
f (x) , T ( f (x)) , T 2 ( f (x)) . ...(2)
must be a basis of P2 (R) according to Theorem 5.27(a), since dim (P2 (R)) = 3. So, how shall we choose a0 , a1 , a2
to comply with this requirement? For one thing, a2 cannot be zero, since it follows from the de¿nition of T that
T (g (x)) cannot be of degree higher than that of g (x) for any g (x) + P2 (R) (if a2 were zero, then all three
polynomials in (2) would be of degree at most 1, which means they cannot form a basis of P2 (R) as they would not
be able to generate e.g. x 2 ).
Let us therefore try
f (x) = x 2 . ...(3)
Then
T ( f (x)) = x 2 + 2x. ...(4)
and
b c
T 2 ( f (x)) = x 2 + 2x + (2x + 2)
= x 2 + 4x + 2. ...(5)
Now, these three polynomials generate P2 (R) since
x2 = f (x) ;
1d e
x = T ( f (x))  f (x) ;
2
1d 2 e
1 = T ( f (x))  2T ( f (x)) + f (x) .
2
 11 MAT3701/201/1

Hence they form a basis of P2 (R) , and therefore P2 (R) is T –cyclic. (15)

(b) To ¿nd the characteristic polynomial of T, note that

b c
T 3 ( f (x)) = T 3 x 2 , from (3)
b c
= T x 2 + 4x + 2 , from (5)
b c
= x 2 + 4x + 2 + (2x + 4) , de¿nition of T
= x 2 + 6x + 6
= 3T 2 ( f (x))  3T ( f (x)) + f (x) (work out the details yourself)

Thus
T 3 ( f (x))  3T 2 ( f (x)) + 3T ( f (x))  f (x) = 0,

and it follows from Theorem 5.27(b) that the characteristic polynomial of T is

b c
cT (t) = (1)3 t 3  3t 2 + 3t  1 =  (t  1)3 .

(10)
Alternative solution
Find [T ]; with respect to the basis ; = {x 2 , x, 1} .

T (x 2 ) = x 2 + 2x
T (x) = x + 1
T (1) = 1

Thus  
1 0 0
 
[T ]; =  2 1 0  ,
0 1 1
so that

cT (t) = det(t I3  [T ]; )

 
t 1 0 0
 
=  2 t  1 0 
0 1 t  1

= (t  1)3

QUESTION 7
Let T : C 3  C 3 be the linear operator de¿ned by

T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) = (2z 1 + i z 3 , z 2 , 2i z 1  z 3 ).

(a) Show that T is a projection.

(b) Find a basis for the space onto which T projects.
 12

(c) Find a basis for the space along which T projects.

SOLUTION

(a)

T 2 (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) = T (2z 1 + i z 3 , z 2 , 2i z 1  z 3 ).
= (2(2z 1 + i z 3 ) + i(2i z 1  z 3 ), z 2 , 2i(2z 1 + i z 3 )  (2i z 1  z 3 )
= (2z 1 + i z 3 , z 2 , 2i z 1  z 3 )
= T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 )

Thus T 2 = T, which means that T is a projection.

(b) The space onto which T projects is

R(T ) = {T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) : (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) + C 3 }
= {(2z 1 + i z 3 , z 2 , 2i z 1  z 3 ) : (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) + C 3 }
= {2z 1 (1, 0, i) + z 2 (0, 1, 0) + i z 3 (1, 0, i) : (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) + C 3 }
= span{(1, 0, i), (0, 1, 0)}

A basis is therefore {(1, 0, i), (0, 1, 0)}.

(c) The space along which T projects is N (T ). Now

T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) = 0 % (2z 1 + i z 3 , z 2 , 2i z 1  z 3 ) = 0

!
 2z 1 + i z 3 = 0
% z2 = 0
!

2i z 1  z 3 = 0

2z 1 + i z 3 = 0
%
z2 = 0

since the third equation is i times the ¿rst.

Thus

N (T ) = {z(1, 0, 2i) : z + C}
= span{(1, 0, 2i)}

A basis is therefore {(1, 0, 2i)}.

QUESTION 8
Let  
0.5 1 0
 
A= 0 0 1 
0.5 0 0

(a) Show that A is a regular transition matrix. (10)

 13 MAT3701/201/1

(b) Find lim Am . (15)

m*

[25]
SOLUTION

(a) A is a transition matrix since all three of its column sums are equal to 1. A is also regular since all the
entries of  1 1  1 1   9 5 1 
4 2
1 4 2
1 16 8 4
    
A4 =  12 0 0   12 0 0  =  81 14 21 
1 1 1 1 5 1 1
4 2
0 4 2
0 16 8 4

are positive. (10)

(b) Apply Theorem 5.20(f).

     1    
x1 x1 2
1 0 x1 0
        
A  x2  =  x2  %  0 1 1   x2  =  0 
x3 x3  12 0 1 x3 0
   1 
x1 2
   
%  x2  = t  14  , t + R (show)
1
x3 4

Thus,  
1 1 1
2 2 2
 
lim Am =  1
4
1
4
1
4 .
m*
1 1 1
4 4 4

(15) [25]
 MAT3701/202/1/2012

Tutorial Letter 202/1/2012

Linear Algebra

MAT3701
Semester 1

Department of Mathematical Sciences

Solutions to Assignment 02

Bar code

Open Rubric
 2

ONLY FOR SEMESTER 1 STUDENTS

ASSIGNMENT 02
Based on Study Units 10 - 17
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 2 APRIL 2012
UNIQUE NUMBER: 781363
Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to do all the
questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important than one that is marked.
Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly after the due date. For this assignment,
Question 2,4,5 and 7 will be marked.
QUESTION 1
Let T : C 3  C 3 be the linear operator de
ned by T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) = (z 1 + i z 2 , i z 1 + z 3 , i z 2 + i z 3 )

(a) Find the formula for T ` (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) .

(b) Find a basis for N (T ) .

(c) Find a basis for R (T ` ) .

(d) Show that R (T ` ) = N (T )7 .

SOLUTION

(a) Use Theorem 6.10. Let ; denote the standard basis of C 3 , i.e.

; = {(1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1)} .

Then  
1 i 0
 
[T ]; =  i 0 1 
0 i i

(please check). Since ; is an orthonormal basis of C 3 ,

d `e
T ; = [T ]`;
 
1 i 0
 
=  i 0 i  .
0 1 i

Thus
d e d e
T ` (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) ; = T ` ; [(z 1 , z 2 , z 3 )];
  
1 i 0 z1
  
=  i 0 i   z 2 
0 1 i z3
 
z1  i z2
 
=  i z 1  i z 3  ,
z2  i z3
 3 MAT3701/202/1

so that
T ` (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) = (z 1  i z 2 , i z 1  i z 3 , z 2  i z 3 ) .

Alternative Solution
l b ) ) )c m lb ) ) ) c ` m
T z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) = z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 )
lb ) c m lb ) ) ) c ` m
i.e. z 1 + i z 2) , i z 1) + z 3) , i z 2) + i z 3) , (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) = z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 )
b ) c b c b c lb ) ) ) c ` m
i.e. z 1 + i z 2) z 1 + i z 1) + z 3) z 2 + i z 2) + i z 3) z 3 = z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 )
lb ) ) ) c ` m
i.e. z 1) (z 1 + i z 2 ) + z 2) (i z 1 + i z 3 ) + z 3) (z 2 + i z 3 ) = z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 )
b c b c b c lb ) ) ) c ` m
i.e. z 1) z 1  i z 2 + z 2) i z 1  i z 3 + z 3) z 2  i z 3 = z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 )
lb ) ) ) c m lb ) ) ) c ` m
i.e. z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , (z 1  i z 2 , i z 1  i z 3 , z 2  i z 3 ) = z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 )
i.e. T ` (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) = (z 1  i z 2 , i z 1  i z 3 , z 2  i z 3 ) .

(b)

(z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) + N (T ) % T (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) = (0, 0, 0)

!
 z1 + i z2 =0
% i z1 + z3 = 0
!

i z2 + i z3 = 0

by the formula of T .
     
1 i 0 1 i 0 1 i 0
     
 i 0 1    0 1 1  R2  i R1   0 1 1 
0 i i 0 i i 0 0 0 R 3  i R2

Hence
z 3 = t, z 2 = t, z 1 = it, where t + C,

i.e.

N (T ) = {t (i, 1, 1) : t + C}
= span {(i, 1, 1)} .

Thus, a basis of N (T ) is

{(i, 1, 1)} ...(1)

(c)
b c j k
R T ` = span T ` (1, 0, 0) , T ` (0, 1, 0) , T ` (0, 0, 1)
= span {(1, i, 0) , (i, 0, 1) , (0, i, i)} ,
 4

by the formula of T ` .
   
1 i 0 1 i 0
   
 i 0 1    0 1 1  R 2 + i R1
0 i i 0 i i
 
1 i 0
 
  0 1 1 
0 0 0 R 3 + i R2

The nonzero rows from a basis of R (T ` ), namely

{(1, i, 0) , (0, 1, 1)} . ...(2)

(d) From (1),

(z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) + N (T )7 % N(z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) , (i, 1, 1)O = 0

% i z 1  z 2 + z 3 = 0
% z 1 = t, z 2 = s, z 3 = it + s, where s, t + C.

Thus

N (T )7 = {(t, s, it + s) : s, t + C}
= {t (1, 0, i) + s (0, 1, 1) : s, t + C}
= span {(1, 0, i) , (0, 1, 1)}
= span {(1, i, 0) , (0, 1, 1)} ,

by adding i times the second vector to the
rst.

Therefore it follows from (2) that R (T ` ) = N (T )7 , as required.

QUESTION 2
The following exercise illustrates Theorem 6.15.
Let T : C 3  C 3 be the linear operator with matrix representation
 
1 i 0
 
A= i 1 0 
0 0 1+i
with respect to the standard basis.

(a) Show that T is normal. (8)

(b) Find T (1, 1, 1) and T ` (1, 1, 1), and verify that PT (1, 1, 1)P = PT ` (1, 1, 1)P. (8)

(c) Show that v = (1, 1, 1) is an eigenvector of T corresponding to D = 1 + i. Verify that T ` (v) = Dv. (3)

(d) Find an eigenvector u of T corresponding to 1  i.

Verify that Nu, vO = 0, with v as in (c) . (11)

[30]
 5 MAT3701/202/1

SOLUTION

(a)
  
1 i 0 1 i 0
  
A A` =  i 1 0   i 1 0  ...(3)
0 0 1+i 0 0 1i
 
2 0 0
 
=  0 2 0 
0 0 2
= 2I3 .

Similarly
A` A = 2I3 ,

hence
A A` = A` A.

This equation can be written as

[T ]; [T ]`; = [T ]`; [T ]; ,

where ; denotes the standard basis of C 3 .

Hence
d e d e
[T ]; T ` ; = T ` ; [T ]; ,

since ; is orthonormal with respect to the standard inner product.

Hence
d e d e
TT` ;
= T `T ; ,

and therefore
T T ` = T ` T,

i.e. T is normal. (8)

(b)

[T (1, 1, 1)]; = [T ]; (1, 1, 1);

 
1
 
= A 1 
1
 
1+i
 
=  1 +i ,
1+i

so that
T (1, 1, 1) = (1 + i) (1, 1, 1) . ...(4)
 6

Similarly,
d e d e
T ` (1, 1, 1) ; = T ` ; [(1, 1, 1)];
 
1
` 
= A  1 
1
 
1i
 
=  1  i ,
1i

from the second matrix in (3). Hence

T ` (1, 1, 1) = (1  i) (1, 1, 1) . ...(5)
From (4),

PT (1, 1, 1)P2 = N(1 + i) (1, 1, 1) , (1 + i) (1, 1, 1)O

b c
= (1 + i) 1 + i N(1, 1, 1) , (1, 1, 1)O
= 3 (1 + i) (1  i)
= 6,

and, similarly, from (5),

o ` o
oT (1, 1, 1)o2 = 6.

Hence
o o
PT (1, 1, 1)P = oT ` (1, 1, 1)o .

(8)
b c
(c) The
rst part follows from (4), and the second part T ` (v) = Dv , follows from (5). (3)

(d) Calculate E 1i (A). The corresponding homogeneous system to solve is, in matrix form,
   
1  (1  i) i 0 i i 0
   
 i 1  (1  i) 0  =  i i 0 ,
0 0 (1 + i)  (1  i) 0 0 2i

hence
  
!
 t !
 
E 1i (A) =  t  : t + C
!
 !

0
 
!
 1 !
 
= span  1  .
!
 !

0

Since A = [T ]; , with ; the standard basis,

E 1i (T ) = span{(1, 1, 0)} . ...(6)

 7 MAT3701/202/1

Hence u = (1, 1, 0) is a suitable candidate, and clearly,

Nu, vO = N(1, 1, 0) , (1, 1, 1)O

= 0.

(11)
[30]
QUESTION 3
Let T and A be as in Question 2.

(a) Find an orthonormal basis for C 3 consisting of eigenvectors of T.

(b) Find a unitary matrix U and a diagonal matrix D such that U ` AU = D.

(c) Use (b) to
nd the spectral decomposition of A.

SOLUTION:

(a) The characteristic polinomial of T is given by

n n
n 1t i 0 n
n n
n n
det (A  t I ) = n i 1t 0 n
n n
n 0 0 (1 + i)  t n
n n
n 1t n
n i n
= ((1 + i)  t) n n
n i 1t n

d e
= ((1 + i)  t) (1  t)2  i 2
= ((1 + i)  t) (1  t  i) (1  t + i)
= ((1 + i)  t)2 ((1  i)  t) ,

hence the eigenvalues of T are

D = 1 + i and D = 1  i.

We already obtained E 1i (T ) in (6). To calculate E 1+i (T ), follow the same procedure as in 2(d): The
homogeneous system corresponding to E 1+i (A) is
 
i i 0
 
 i i 0  ,
0 0 0

hence
  
!
 t !
 
E 1+i (A) =  t  : t, s + C
!
 !

s
   
!
 1 0 !
   
= span  1  ,  0  .
!
 !

0 1
 8

Hence
E 1+i (T ) = span {(1, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1)} .

Hence, an orthonormal basis of E 1+i (T ) is

| }
1
T (1, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1) ,
2
and, according to (6), an orthonormal basis of E 1i (T ) is
| }
1
T (1, 1, 0) .
2
Thus
Q R
T1
2
(1, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1) , T1
2
(1, 1, 0) ...(7)
is an orthonormal basis of C 3 consisting of eigenvectors of T .

(b) It follows from (7) that we may choose

   
1 0 1 1+i 0 0
1    
U=T  1 0 1  and D =  0 1+i 0 .
2 T
0 2 0 0 0 1i

(c)
A = U DU `

   
!
 1+i 0 0 0 0 0 !
   
=U  0 1+i 0 + 0 0 0  U`
!
 !

0 0 0 0 0 1i

   
1 0 0 0 0 0
  `  
= (1 + i) U  0 1 0  U + (1  i) U  0 0 0  U`
0 0 0 0 0 1

= (1 + i) P1 + (1  i) P2 ,
which is the spectral decomposition of A, with orthogonal projections
   
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1   T 
P1 =  1 0 1   0 1 0   0 0 2 
2 T
0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

 
1 0  
1  1 1 0
=  1 0  T
2 T 0 0 2
0 2

 
1 1 0
1 
=  1 1 0 
2
0 0 2
 9 MAT3701/202/1

and    
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
1   T 
P2 =  1 0 1   0 0 0  0 0 2 
2 T
0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0


 K L
1
1  1 1 0
=  1 
2
0

 
1 1 0
1 
=  1 1 0 .
2
0 0 0

QUESTION 4
Explain whether each of the following pairs of matrices is unitarily equivalent or not.
‚  ‚ 
1 0 0 1
(a) and . (3)
0 1 1 0

‚  ‚ 
1
0 1 0
(b) and 1
2 . (3)
1 0 2
0

   
0 1 0 2 0 0
% & % &
(c) # 1 0 0 $ and # 0 1 0 $. (3)
0 0 1 0 0 0

   
0 1 0 1 0 0
% & % &
(d) # 1 0 0 $ and # 0 i 0 $. (8)
0 0 1 0 0 i

   
1 1 0 1 0 0
% & % &
(e) # 0 2 2 $ and # 0 2 0 $. (8)
0 0 3 0 0 3

[25]
SOLUTION
Note that unitary equivalence implies similarity, hence for two matrices to be unitarily equivalent, they must also
satisfy all the conditions for similarity.

(a) No, since their determinants differ. (3)

(b) No, since their determinants differ. (3)

(c) No, since their determinants differ. (3)

 10

(d) Yes. The
rst matrix is normal with eigenvalues 1, i and i (please check), hence, by Theorem 6.19, it is
unitarily equivalent to the second matrix, which is diagonal and contains the eigenvalues of the
rst. (8)

(e) No, the
rst matrix is not normal (please check), hence, by Theorem 6.19, it cannot be unitarily equivalent to
the second matrix, which is diagonal. (8)

[25]
QUESTION 5
Let P : C 3  C 3 denote the orthogonal projection on U =span{(1, 1, 0) , (0, 1, 1)}.
Find the formula for P (z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) .
(Note that the basis given for U is not orthonormal.) [20]
SOLUTION
First we use Gram–Schmidt to calculate an orthonormal basis of U :

v 1) = (1, 1, 0)
N(0, 1, 1) , (1, 1, 0)O
v 2) = (0, 1, 1)  (1, 1, 0)
N(1, 1, 0) , (1, 1, 0)O
1
= (0, 1, 1)  (1, 1, 0)
t u2
1 1
=  , ,1 .
2 2
Hence an orthonormal basis of U is given by
v)
v1 = o 1) o
ov o
1
1
= T (1, 1, 0)
2
and
v)
v2 = o 2) o
ov o
2
1
= T (1, 1, 2) .
6
(10)
Thus, P (a, b, c) is given by

P (a, b, c) = N(a, b, c) , v 1 O v 1 + N(a, b, c) , v 2 O v 2

~  ~ 
1 1 1 1
= (a, b, c) , T (1, 1, 0) T (1, 1, 0) + (a, b, c) , T (1, 1, 2) T (1, 1, 2)
2 2 6 6
1 1
= (a + b) (1, 1, 0) + (a + b + 2c) (1, 1, 2)
2 6
1
= (4a + 2b  2c, 2a + 4b + 2c, 2a + 2b + 4c)
6
1
= (2a + b  c, a + 2b + c, a + b + 2c) .
3
(10)
[20]
 11 MAT3701/202/1

QUESTION 6
Let  
1 2 1
 
A =  2 0 1 
1 1 1

(a) Find a nonsingular matrix Q such that Q t AQ = D, where D is diagonal.

(b) Write down the rank, index and signature of A.

SOLUTION

(a) Use the algorithm after Example 6 in Friedberg (see also SG: Section 16.3)
   
1 2 1 | 1 0 0 1 2 1 | 1 0 0
   
 2 0 1 | 0 1 0   0 4 3 | 2 1 0  R2  R2 + 2R1
1 1 1 | 0 0 1 0 3 0 | 1 0 1 R 3  R 3 + R1

 
1 0 0 | 1 0 0
 
 0 4 3 | 2 1 0  C2  C2 + 2C1
0 3 0 | 1 0 1 C3  C3 + C1
(corresponding
column operations)
 
1 0 0 | 1 0 0
 
 0 4 12 | 2 1 0  R3  4R3
0 12 0 | 4 0 4 C3  4C3

 
1 0 0 | 1 0 0
 
 0 4 0 | 2 1 0  R3  R3 + 3R2
0 0 36 | 2 3 4 C3  C3 + 3C2

Thus,
 t    
1 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 0
     
Q= 2 1 0  = 0 1 3  and D =  0 4 0 .
2 3 4 0 0 4 0 0 36

(b) rank (A) = 3; index (A) = 2; signature (A) = 1

QUESTION 7
Let ‚ 
4 3
A=
3 4
and suppose P·P denotes the Euclidean norm.
o o
(a) Find PAP , o A1 o , and cond(A) . (15)
 12

(b) Suppose that we have vectors x and H

x such that Ax = b, PbP = 1, and Pb  AH
x P n 0.001. Use (a) to deter-
o o o o o 1 o
mine upper bounds for oHx  A bo (the absolute error) and oH
1
x  A bo / o A bo (the relative error). (10)
1

[25]
SOLUTION
 
` 25 24
(a) A A = A = 2
24 25
T
We leave it as an execise to show that the eigenvalues of A` A are 49 and 1 respectively. Thus PAP = 49 =
o o o o
7, o A1 o = T11 = 1 and cond (A) = PAP o A1 o = 7. (15)
o o o o o o
(b) oHx  A1 bo = o A1 (AH x  b)o n o A1 o PAH x  bP n 0.001.
Since o o
oHx  A1 bo PH
x  xP P=xP
o o = = ,
o A bo
1 PxP PxP

it follows that o o
oHx  A1 bo P=bP
o o n cond (A)
o A1 bo PbP

therefore o o
oHx  A1 bo
o o n 7 P=bP n 0.007
o A1 bo

since cond (A) = 7, PbP = 1 and P=bP = Pb  AH

x P n 0.001. (10)

[25]
 MAT3701/201/2/2012

Tutorial letter 201/2/2012

Linear Algebra
MAT3701
Semester 2

Department of Mathematical
Sciences

SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT 01

Open Rubric
 2

ONLY FOR SEMESTER 2 STUDENTS

ASSIGNMENT 01
Based on Study Units 1 - 9
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 15 AUGUST 2012
UNIQUE NUMBER: 892012

Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to do
all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important than one
that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly after the due date.

For this assignment, Questions 3 4 6 and 7 will be marked.

QUESTION 1

Let  be the vector space  2 with scalar multiplication over  and let  :  →  be the mapping defined
by
 (1  2 ) = (1 +  2  1 + 2 ) 

(a) Find a basis for  ( ).

(b) Find a basis for  ( ) 

(c) Determine whether  =  ( ) ⊕  ( ) 

SOLUTION

(a) Let 1 = 1 + 1 and 2 = 2 + 2  Then

 (1  2 ) = (1 + 2 +  (1 − 2 )  1 − 2 +  (1 + 2 )) (i)

= 1 (1 1) + 2 (1 ) + 1 ( ) + 2 (− −1)  (ii)

so
 ( ) = span {(1 1)  (1 )  ( )  (− −1)} 

To find a basis for  ( )  note that (ii) is equal to (0 0) iff (i) is equal to (0 0) iff
⎫
1 + 2 = 0 ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
1 − 2 = 0 ⎬
1 − 2 = 0 ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
 +
2 1 = 0 ⎭
 3 MAT3701/201/2

In matrix form:
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 −1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥→⎢ 0 0 1 −1 ⎥
⎢ 1 0 ⎥
0 −1 ⎦ ⎢ ⎥  −
⎣ ⎣ 0 −1 0 −1 ⎦ 3 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 −1 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 −1 ⎥
→ ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥ →⎢⎢
⎥
⎣ 0 1 0 1 ⎦ −3 ⎣ 0 1 0 1 ⎥
⎦
0 0 1 −1 4 + 3 0 0 0 0 4 − 2

Therefore, 2 = −2  1 = 2  and 1 = −2 = 2  so that

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ −1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢  ⎥ = 2 ⎢ 1 ⎥ (iii)
⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 1

Letting 2 = 1 it follows that

(− −1) = − (1 1) + (1 ) − ( ) 

hence
 ( ) = span {(1 1)  (1 )  ( )} 

The spanning set is linearly independent, since 2 = 0 in (iii) implies 1 = 2 = 1 = 0 Therefore, a

basis for  ( ) is
 = {(1 1)  (1 )  ( )} 

(b) (i) is equal to (0 0) iff (iii) holds. Therefore,

(1  2 ) = (2 + 2  −2 + 2 ) = 2 (1 +  −1 + )  2 ∈ 

A basis for  ( ) is therefore  = {(1 +  −1 + )} 

(c) Since  is linearly independent, to check whether  ∪  is linearly independent, it suffices to check
whether or not (1 +  −1 + ) is a linear combination of  Now, for    ∈ 

(1 +  −1 + ) =  (1 1) +  (1 ) +  ( )

= ( +  +   +  ( + ))
⎧
⎪
⎪ + = 1
⎪
⎪
⎨  = 1
⇔
⎪
⎪  = −1
⎪
⎪
⎩ + = 1

Since this system has no solution, it follows that  ∪  is linearly independent, and therefore  =
 ( ) ⊕  ( ) 
 4

QUESTION 2

Let  be the mapping defined in Question 1.

(a) Show that  is a linear operator.

(b) Find the  −cyclic basis  for the  − cyclic subspace  generated by  = (1 0).

(c) Without further computations, explain why  = 

(d) Find [ ] 

SOLUTION

(a)

 ((1  2 ) + (3  4 )) =  (1 + 3  2 + 4 )

= (1 + 3 + 2 + 4  1 + 3 +  (2 + 4 ))
= (1 + 2 + 3 + 4  1 + 2 + 3 + 4 )
= (1 + 2  1 + 2 ) + (3 + 4  3 + 4 )
=  (1  2 ) +  (3  4 )

and, for  ∈ 

 ( (1  2 )) =  (1  2 )

= (1 + 2  1 +  (2 ))
= (1 + 2  1 + 2 )  since  is real
=  (1 + 2  1 + 2 )
=  (1  2 ) 

It follows that  is a linear operator.

(b)  = (1 0) ;
 () =  (1 0) = (1 1).
Since {  ()} is linearly independent, we continue:

 2 () =  (1 1) = (2 1 + ) 

© ª
The set   ()   2 () is linearly independent, since  2 () cannot be expressed as a linear combi-
nation of {  ()} with real scalars (compare second components). Continuing,

 3 () =  (2 1 + ) = (3 −  1 + ) 
 5 MAT3701/201/2

© ª
Since  3 () cannot be expressed as a linear combination of   ()   2 () with real scalars (compare
first components), it follows that
© ª
 =   ()   2 ()   3 ()

is linearly independent, and therefore it must be the cyclic basis for  since dim ( ) ≤ dim ( ) = 4

(c)  =  since dim ( ) = dim ( ) and  ⊆ 

(d)

 4 () =  (3 −  1 + )
= (4 − 2 2)
= 0 (1 0) + 2 (1 1) − 2 (2 1 + ) + 2 (3 −  1 + )
= 0 + 2 () − 2 2 () + 2 3 ()

Therefore ⎡ ⎤
0 0 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 0 0 2 ⎥
[ ] = ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎣ 0 1 0 −2 ⎦
0 0 1 2

QUESTION 3

Let 1 and 2 be subspaces of a finite−dimensional vector space  such that

dim ( ) = dim (1 ) + dim (2 ) 

Prove that  = 1 ⊕ 2 if and only if 1 ∩ 2 = {0}  [15]

SOLUTION

If  = 1 ⊕ 2  then it follows from the definition of direct sum that 1 ∩ 2 = {0} 

Conversely, suppose 1 ∩ 2 = {0}  Then

dim (1 + 2 ) = dim (1 ) + dim (2 ) − dim (1 ∩ 2 )

= dim (1 ) + dim (2 )  since dim (1 ∩ 2 ) = 0
= dim ( )  given.

Hence  = 1 + 2  since 1 + 2 ⊆  , and it follows that  = 1 ⊕ 2 .

 6

QUESTION 4

Let −1  0 , and 1 denote the Lagrange polynomials associated with −1 0 and 1 respectively. Let
© ª
 = {−1  0  1 } and  = 1  2 

(a) Find −1  0  1  and express each one in standard polynomial form, i.e.  +  + 2  where   and
 are real numbers. (9)

(b) Use the Lagrange interpolation formula to express 1  and 2 as linear combinations of −1  0 
and 1  (9)

(c) Without any further computations, explain why  is a basis for 2 ()  (5)

(d) Write down the change of coordinate matrix  which changes − coordinates to − coordinates. (6)

(e) Without any further computations, write down  −1  (6)

[35]

SOLUTION
( − 0) ( − 1) 1 1
(a) −1 () = = −  + 2
(−1 − 0) (−1 − 1) 2 2
( + 1) ( − 1)
0 () = = 1 − 2
(0 + 1) (0 − 1)
( + 1) ( − 0) 1 1
1 () = =  + 2
(1 + 1) (1 − 0) 2 2
(b) 1 = −1 () + 0 () + 1 ()
 = −−1 () + 0 · 0 () + 1 ()
2 = −1 () + 0 · 0 () + 1 ()

(c) From (b), it follows that  spans 2 () and since we further have that || = dim (2 ()) = 3 it
follows that  is a basis for 2 () 

(d) From (b)

⎡ ⎤
1 −1 1
⎢ ⎥
 =⎣ 1 0 0 ⎦
1 1 1

(e) Since  −1 is the change of coordinate matrix which changes —coordinates to —coordinates we have
⎡ ⎤
0 1 0
⎢ ⎥
 −1 = ⎣ − 12 0 1
2 ⎦
1 1
2 −1 2
 7 MAT3701/201/2

QUESTION 5

Let  : 2×2 () → 2×2 () be the linear operator defined by

Ã" #! " #
  + +
 = 
  + +

(a) Show that  satisfies the test for diagonalizability.

(b) Find a basis  for 2×2 () consisting of eigenvectors of  , and write down [ ] 

(c) Show that  satisfies the equation  2 = 2

SOLUTION

(a) We determine the matrix of  with respect to the basis

( " # " # " # " #)
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
= 11 = ; 12 = ; 21 = ; 22 =
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

of 2×2 () :
" #
1 1
 (11 ) = = 1 · 11 + 1 · 12 + 0 · 21 + 0 · 22
0 0
" #
1 1
 (12 ) = = 1 · 11 + 1 · 12 + 0 · 21 + 0 · 22
0 0
" #
0 0
 (21 ) = = 0 · 11 + 0 · 12 + 1 · 21 + 1 · 22
1 1
" #
0 0
 (22 ) = = 0 · 11 + 0 · 12 + 1 · 21 + 1 · 22
1 1

Thus it follows that ⎡ ⎤

1 1 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1 0 0 ⎥
[ ] = ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎣ 0 0 1 1 ⎦
0 0 1 1

The characteristic polynomial of  is therefore given by

³ ´
 () = det 4 − [ ]
 8

¯ ¯
¯ −1 −1 0 0 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ −1  − 1 0 0 ¯
= ¯¯ ¯
¯
¯ 0 0 −1 −1 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 0 0 −1 −1 ¯
¯ ¯2
¯  − 1 −1 ¯
¯ ¯
= ¯ ¯
¯ −1 −1 ¯
h i2
= ( − 1)2 − 1
= 2 ( − 2)2

which clearly splits. The eigenvalues of  are  = 0 and  = 2 both of multiplicity two.

⎡ ⎤
−1 −1 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 −1 0 0 ⎥
0 : 0 · 4 − [ ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 −1 −1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 0 −1 −1
⎡ ⎤
−1 −1 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥ 2 → 2 − 1
→⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎣ 0 0 −1 −1 ⎦
0 0 0 0 4 → 4 − 3
⎡ ⎤
−1 −1 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 −1 −1 ⎥ 2 ←→ 3 . . . (ii)
→⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 0 ⎦
0 0 0 0

It follows that

dim (0 ) = 2 = multiplicity of  = 0

 9 MAT3701/201/2

⎡ ⎤
1 −1 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 1 0 0 ⎥
2 : 24 − [ ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 −1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 0 −1 1
⎡ ⎤
1 −1 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥ 2 → 2 + 1
→⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎣ 0 0 1 −1 ⎦
0 0 0 0 4 → 4 + 3
⎡ ⎤
1 −1 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 −1 ⎥ 2 ←→ 3
→⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 0 ⎦ . . . (iii)
0 0 0 0

Thus
dim (2 ) = 2 = multiplicity of  = 2

Since in both cases the dimension of the eigenspace equals the multiplicity of its associated eigenvalue,
it follows that  is diagonalisable.
³ ´
(b) We use (ii) to obtain a basis for 0 [ ] : Let 1 =  and 4 =  then 2 = − and 3 = −
Thus
(1  2  3  4 ) = {( − − ) :   ∈ }
= { (1 −1 0 0) +  (0 0 −1 1) :   ∈ }
=  {(1 −1 0 0)  (0 0 −1 1)}

³ ´
So, {(1 −1 0 0)  (0 0 −1 1)} is a basis for 0 [ ] 
Since " #
1 −1
11 − 12 =
0 0

and " #
0 0
−21 + 22 =
−1 1

it follows that (" # " #)

1 −1 0 0
1 = 
0 0 −1 1

is a basis for 0 ( ) 
³ ´
We use (iii) to obtain a basis for 2 [ ] : Let 2 =  and 4 =  then 1 =  and 3 = 
 10

Thus

(1  2  3  4 ) = {(   ) :   ∈ }
= { (1 1 0 0) +  (0 0 1 1) :   ∈ }
=  {(1 1 0 0)  (0 0 1 1)}
³ ´
so that {(1 1 0 0)  (0 0 1 1)} is a basis for 2 [ ] 
Since " #
1 1
11 + 12 =
0 0

and " #
0 0
21 + 22 =
1 1

it follows that (" # " #)

1 1 0 0
2 = 
0 0 1 1

is a basis for 2 ( ) 
Therefore (" # " # " # " #)
1 −1 0 0 1 1 0 0
 = 1 ∪ 2 =   
0 0 −1 1 0 0 1 1

is a basis for 2×2 () consisting of eigenvectors of  and

⎡ ⎤
0 0 0 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
[ ] = ⎢
⎢ 0 0 2 0
⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 0 0 2

(c) Ã" #! Ã" #!

  + +
2 =
  + +
" #
2 ( + ) 2 ( + )
=
2 ( + ) 2 ( + )
" #
+ +
=2
+ +
Ã" #!
 
= 2 
 

so that  2 = 2
 11 MAT3701/201/2

QUESTION 6
(" # )
 
Let  : 2×2 () → 2×2 () denote the projection on  = :+++=0 along  =
 
(" #)
1 0
span 
0 1

(" # " # " # " #)

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
(a) Find the matrix representation of  with respect to  =   
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
(18)

(b) Find the formula for  (12)

[30]

SOLUTION

(a) A typical element in  is of the form

" #
 
 − −  − 

and a typical element in  is of the form " #

 0
0 

where  is a scalar. Therefore a typical element in  +  is of the form

" #
+ 
 −−−

Now, " # " #

+  1 0
=
 −−− 0 0

yields  +  = 1  =  = 0 and  −  = 0 So  =  = 12  from which we obtain that

" # " # " #
1 1
1 0 2 0 2 0
= +
0 0 0 − 12 0 1
2

with " # " #

1 1
2 0 2 0
∈ and ∈ 
0 − 12 0 1
2
 12

Continuing this process, we express the other elements of  as sums of elements in  and  as follows:
" # " # " #
0 1 − 12 1 1
0
= + 2 1
0 0 0 − 12 0 2
" # " # " #
0 0 − 12 0 1
0
= + 2 1
1 0 1 − 12 0 2
" # " # " #
0 0 − 12 0 1
0
= + 2 1
0 1 0 12 0 2

We have now expressed each of the elements of  in the form  +  where  ∈  and  ∈  Since
 is the projection on  along  we have
Ã" #! " #
1
1 0 2 0
 =
0 0 0 − 12
Ã" #! " #
0 1 − 12 1
 =
0 0 0 − 12
Ã" #! " #
0 0 − 12 0
 =
1 0 1 − 12
Ã" #! " #
0 0 − 12 0
 =
0 1 0 12

Since  is the standard basis for 2×2 ()  the matrix of  with respect to  is given by
⎡ ⎤
1 1 1 1
− − −
⎢ 2 2 2 2
⎥
⎢ 0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢
[ ] = ⎢ ⎥
0 0 1 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
− 12 − 12 − 12 1
2

(b) We have that " # " # " # " # " #

  1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
= + + +
  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
(satisfy yourself that  is a linear transformation). We obtain that
Ã" #! Ã" #! Ã" #!
  1 0 0 1
 =  + 
  0 0 0 0
Ã" #! Ã" #!
0 0 0 0
+ + 
1 0 0 1
" # " # " # " #
1 1 1
0 − 1 − 0 − 12 0
=  2 +  2 +  2 + 
0 − 12 0 − 12 1 − 12 0 1
2
" #
−−−
2 
= −−−+
 2
 13 MAT3701/201/2

QUESTION 7
Let ⎡ ⎤
0 1 05
⎢ ⎥
=⎣ 0 0 025 ⎦ 
1 0 025
(a) Show that  is a regular transition matrix. (7)

(b) Find lim   (13)

→∞
[20]

SOLUTION

(a)  is a transition matrix since all its entries are nonnegative and the columns all add up to 1

⎡ 1 3
⎤
2 0 8
⎢ ⎥
2 = ⎣ 1
4 0 1
16 ⎦;
1 9
4 1 16
⎡ 3 1 11
⎤
8 2 32
⎢ ⎥
3 = ⎣ 1
16
1
4
9
64 ⎦
9 1 33
16 4 64

Since all the entries of 3 are positive, it follows that  is regular as well.

(b) In order to apply Theorem 5.20(f) we need to find a basis for 1 ()  Now
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 −1 − 12 1 −1 − 12
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
 − = ⎣ 0 1 − 14 ⎦ → ⎣ 0 1 − 14 ⎦
3 1
−1 0 4 0 −1 4 3 → 3 + 1
⎡ ⎤
1 −1 − 12
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎣ 0 1 − 14 ⎦
0 0 0 3 → 3 + 2

Let 3 = 4 then 2 =  and 1 = 3 Thus,

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
1 3
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ =  ⎣ 1 ⎦   ∈ 
3 4

so that ⎧ ⎡ ⎤⎫
⎨1 3 ⎪
⎪ ⎬
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1
⎪
⎩8 ⎪
⎭
4
is a basis for 1 () which is also a probability vector. By Theorem 520 () 
⎡ ⎤
3 3 3
⎢ ⎥
lim  = 18 ⎣ 1 1 1 ⎦ 
→∞
4 4 4
 MAT3701/202/2/2012

Tutorial Letter 202/2/2012

Linear Algebra

MAT3701
Semester 2

Department of Mathematical Sciences

Solutions to Assignment 02

Bar code

Open Rubric
Open Rubric
 2

ONLY FOR SEMESTER 2 STUDENTS

ASSIGNMENT 02
Based on Study Units 10 - 17
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 13 SEPTEMBER 2012
UNIQUE NUMBER: 681610
Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to do all the
questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important than one that is marked.
Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly after the due date. For this assignment only
Question 1,2,4 and 7 will be marked.

QUESTION 1

Let T : C 4  C 4 be the linear operator such that

 
0 1 0 1
 
 1 1 1 0 
[T ]; = 

,

 1 0 0 i 
0 i i 1

where ; is the standard basis for C 4 , and let

W = span {(1, 0, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 1, 0)} .

(a) Show that W is T  invariant. (10)

(b) Find a basis for W 7 . (10)

(c) Show that W 7 is T `  invariant. (15)

[35]
SOLUTION

(a)

[T (1, 0, 0, 0)]; = [T ]; [(1, 0, 0, 0)];

  
0 1 0 1 1
  
 1 1 1 0  0 

=   
 
 1 0 0 i   0 
0 i i 1 0
 
0
 
 1 

=  ,

 1 
0

hence
T (1, 0, 0, 0) = (0, 1, 1, 0) + W.
 3 MAT3701/202/2

Similarly
T (0, 1, 1, 0) = (1, 0, 0, 0) + W.

Since the image under T of each spanning vector of W lies in W again, it follows that W is T –invariant.

(b)

(a, b, c, d) + W 7 % N(a, b, c, d) , (1, 0, 0, 0)O = 0 and N(a, b, c, d) , (0, 1, 1, 0)O = 0

a=0
%
b  c = 0.

Thus

W 7 = {(0, b, b, d) : b, d + C}
= {(0, b, b, 0) + (0, 0, 0, d) : d, b + C}
= {b (0, 1, 1, 0) + d (0, 0, 0, 1) : b, d + C}
= span ({0, 1, 1, 0} , (0, 0, 0, 1)) . ... (i)

Since these two spanning vectors are linearly independent, a basis of W 7 is

{(0, 1, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 0, 1)} .

(c) Since ; is orthonormal with respect to the standard inner product,

d `e
T ; = [T ]`;
 `
0 1 0 1
 
 1 1 1 0 
=  

 1 0 0 i 
0 i i 1
 
0 1 1 0
 
 1 1 0 i 
=  0 1
.
 0 i  
1 0 i 1

To show that W 7 is T ` –invariant, we show that the image under T ` of each spanning vector in (i) lies in
W 7 again.
d ` e d e
T (0, 1, 1, 0) ; = T ` ; [(0, 1, 1, 0)];
  
0 1 1 0 0
  
 1 1 0 i   
=   1 
 0 1 0 i   
  1 
1 0 i 1 0
 
0
 
 1 
=   ,

 1 
i
 4

hence

T ` (0, 1, 1, 0) = (0, 1, 1, i)

= (0, 1, 1, 0)  i (0, 0, 0, 1) + W 7 .

Similarly,

T ` (0, 0, 0, 1) = (0, i, i, 1)

= i (0, 1, 1, 0) + (0, 0, 0, 1) + W 7 .

Thus, W 7 is T ` –invariant.

QUESTION 2

(a) Prove the following general result illustrated in the previous question: Let T : V  V be a linear operator
on a ¿nite-dimensional inner product space V, and suppose that W is a T  invariant subspace of V . Then
W 7 is T `  invariant. (10)

(b) Explain where a special case of this result is used in the proof of Schur’s Theorem (Theorem 6.14). (5)

[15]

SOLUTION

(a) Let w ) + W 7 .
l b c m l m
T ` w) , w = w) , T (w) for all w + W
= 0 for all w + W,

b c
since T (w) + W and w) + W 7 . Hence T ` w) + W 7 , and therefore W 7 is T ` –invariant.

(b) W = span ({z}) is T ` invariant, since z is an eigenvector of T ` . Therefore W 7 is T  invariant.

QUESTION 3
Let M2×2 (R) be the inner product space with inner product de¿ned by NA, BO = tr (B ` A) (see SG: Example 6, p.
106), and let T : M2×2 (R)  M2×2 (R) be the linear operator de¿ned by T (A) = C A, where C + M2×2 (R) is a
¿xed matrix.

(a) Show that T ` (A) = C ` A for all A + M2×2 (R) . Thus, T is self-adjoint if C is self-adjoint.
 5 MAT3701/202/2

 
1 1
(b) Let C = (hence T is self-adjoint)
1 1
Find an orthonormal basis for M2×2 (R) consisting of eigenvectors of T.

SOLUTION

(a)

NT ` (A) , BO = NA, T (B)O

= NA, C BO
b c
= tr (C B)` A
= tr (B ` C ` A)
= NC ` A, BO for all A, B + M2×2 (R)
Therefore it follows that
T ` (A) = C ` A for all A + M2×2 (R)

(b) The standard basis for M2×2 (R) is given by

       
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
;= B11 = ; B12 = ; B21 = ; B22 = .
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Now,
    
1 1 1 0 1 0
T (B11 ) = = = B11 + 0 · B12  B21 + 0 · B22
1 1 0 0 1 0
    
1 1 0 1 0 1
T (B12 ) = = = 0 · B11 + B12 + 0 · B21  B22
1 1 0 0 0 1
    
1 1 0 0 1 0
T (B21 ) = = = B11 + 0 · B12 + B21 + 0 · B22
1 1 1 0 1 0
    
1 1 0 0 0 1
T (B22 ) = = = 0.B11  B12 + 0 · B21 + B22
1 1 0 1 0 1

So
 
1 0 1 0
 
 0 1 0 1 
[T ]; = 



 1 0 1 0 
0 1 0 1
 6

b c
f (D) = det [T ];  D I
n n
n 1D 1 n
n 0 0 n
= n n
n 0 1D 0 1 n
n n
n 1 1D n
n 0 0 n
n n
n 0 1 0 1D n

n n n n
n 1D 0 1 n n 0 1D 1 n
= (1  D) nn n n
n n
n
n
n 0 1D 0 n  n 1 0 0 n(expansion along ¿rst row)
n n n n
n 1 0 1D n n 0 1 1D n

n n n n
n 1D 1 n n 1D 1 n
n n n n
= (1  D)2 n nn n
n 1 1D n n 1 1D n

d e2
= (1  D)2  1

= D2 (D  2)2
b c
E 0 [T ]; : Solve the homogeneous system with coef¿cient matrix.
   
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
   
 0 1 0 1   0 1 0 1 

[T ];  0 · I =     
 1 0 1 0 

 0 0 0 0 

0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

Therefore,    
!
! 1 0 !
!
!
! !
b c 
 0



 1
!

E 0 [T ]; = span 

,



 (check)
!
!
! 1   0 !
!
! !
!
 0 1 

so that    
1 0 0 1
E 0 (T ) = span , ,
1 0 0 1

which is orthogonal since the Froberius inner product is given by

b c b c
NA, BO = tr (B ` A) = a11 b11 + a12 b12 + a21 b21 + a22 b22, where A = ai j and B = bi j .
b c
E 2 [T ]; : Solve the system with coef¿cient matrix
   
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
[T ];  2 · I =    
 0 1 0 1   0 1 0 1 
  
 1 1   0 0 
 0 0   0 0 
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
 7 MAT3701/202/2

Therefore    
!
! 1 0 !
!
!
! !
b c 
 0 
 
 1
!


E 2 [T ]; = span  ,   (check)
! 1   !
!
!   0 !
!
!
 !

0 1

so that    
1 0 0 1
E 2 (T ) = span , ,
1 0 0 1

which is orthogonal with respect to the given inner product.

It follows that
       
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
< = T , T , T , T
2 1 0 2 0 1 2 1 0 2 0 1

is an orthonormal basis for M2×2 (R) consissting of eigenvectors of T.

QUESTION 4

Let M2×2 (R) be the inner product space with inner product de¿ned by NA, BO = tr (B` A) (seeSG: Example
 6, p.
1 1 1 1 1 1
106), and let P : M2×2 (R)  M2×2 (R) be the orthogonal projection on W = span , .
2 1 1 2 1 1
‚ 
a b
(a) Find the formula for P . (15)
c d
 
1 1
(b) Find the matrix in W closet to . (5)
1 0

[20]

SOLUTION

(a) It is easy to check that    

1 1 1 1 1 1
S= ,
2 1 1 2 1 1

is an orthonormal basis for W. Let  

a b
A= .
c d

Making the elements of S to be S1 and S2 respectively, we obtain that

P (A) = NA, S1 O S1 + NA, S2 O S2

1 1
= (a + b + c + d) S1 + (a + b + c  d) S2
2 2
1 2a + 2d 2b + 2c
=
4 2b + 2c 2a + 2d
 8

i.e. ‚ 
 
a b 1 a+d b+c
P =
c d 2 b+c a+d
  ‚   
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
(b) The matrix in W closest to is given by P = .
1 0 1 0 2 2 1

QUESTION 5

Let  
1 0 i
 
A =  0 1 i 
i i 1
T T
It is given that the eigenvalues of A are 1, 1 + 2i, and 1  2i.

(a) Show that A is normal.

(b) Find the spectral decomposition of A.

SOLUTION

(a) We obtain that

  
1 0 i 1 0 i
`   
A A =  0 1 i   0 1 i 
i i 1 i i 1
 
2 1 0
 
=  1 2 0 
0 0 3
  
1 0 i 1 0 i
  
A` A =  0 1 i   0 1 i 
i i 1 i i 1
 
2 1 0
 
=  1 2 0 
0 0 3

i.e. A A` = A` A and so A is normal.

(b) For D1 = 1, we obtain that     

0 0 i x1 0
    
 0 0 i   x2  =  0 
i i 0 x3 0

i.e.

i x1 = i x2 ,
i x3 = 0 " x3 = 0
 9 MAT3701/202/2

i.e.

x1 = x2 ,
x3 = 0

so that      
x1 x2 1
     
 x2  =  x2  = x2  1 
x3 0 0
T
For D2 = 1 + i 2, we obtain that
 T    
i 2 0 i x1 0
 T    
 0 i 2 i   x2  =  0 
T
i i i 2 x3 0
 T
!
 i 2x1 T + i x3 = 0
i 2x2 + i x3 = 0
!
 T
i x1 + i x2  i 2x3 = 0
T
from which we obtain that x1 = x2 and x3 = 2x2 (check) so that
     
x1 x2 1
     
 x2  =  x  = x2  1 
T 2 T
x3 2x2 2
T
For D3 = 1  i 2, we obtain that
 T    
i 2 0 i x1 0
 T    
 0 i 2 i   x2  =  0 
T
i i i 2 x3 0
T
i.e. x1 = x2 , x3 =  2x2 (check) so that we obtain that
     
x1 x2 1
     
 x2  =  x2  = x2  1 
T T
x3  2x2  2

Observe that the set      

!
 1 1 1 !
     
S =  1 , 1 , 1 
!
 T T !

0 2  2

is orthogonal using the standard inner product and so the set

      
!
 1 1 1 1 !
  1  1 
S1 = T  1  ,  1  ,  1 
!
 2 2 T 2 T !

0 2  2
 10

is orthonormal. So P is given by
 
1
T 1 1
 2 2 2

P=

T1
2
1
2
1
2


T1 1
T
0 2 2

so that
 
1 0 0
 T 
P ` AP =  0 1 + i 2 0 
T
0 0 1  i 2

So

   
1
T 1 1 1
T T1
1 0 0 0
 2 2 2
  2 2 
E1 =  T1 1 1  0 0 0 
 1 1 T1 
 2 2 2   2 2 2 
T1 1
T 1 1 1
T
0 0 0 0 2 2
2 2 2
 1 1

2 2
0
 1 
=  2
1
2
0 
0 0 0
   
1
T 1 1 1
T T1
0 0 0 0
 2 2 2
  2 2 
E2 =  T1 1 1  0 1 0 
  1 1 T1 
 2 2 2   2 2 2 
T1 1
T 1 1 1
T
0 0 0 0 2 2
2 2 2
 1 1
T
2

4 4 T4
 
=  1 1 2

T4 T4 4
2 2 1
4 4 2
   
1
T 1 1 1
T T1
0 0 0 0
 2 2 2
  2 2 
E3 =  T1 1 1  0 0 0 
 1 1 T1 
 2 2 2   2 2 2 
T1 1
T 1 1 1
T
0 0 0 1 2 2
2 2 2
 1 1
T
 2

4 4 T
4
  2 
=  1 1

T4 T4 4
 2  2 1
4 4 2

Therefore the spectral decomposition of A is given by

r T s r T s
A = 1E 1 + 1 + i 2 E 2 + 1  i 2 E 3
 11 MAT3701/202/2

QUESTION 6
Let  
1 1 1
 
A =  1 0 1 
1 1 0

(a) Find a nonsingular matrix Q such that Q t AQ = D, where D is diagonal.

(b) Write down the rank, index and signature of A.

SOLUTION

(a) Use the algorithm after Example 6 in Friedberg (see also SG: Section 16.3).
   
1 1 1 | 1 0 0 1 1 1 | 1 0 0
   
 1 0 1 | 0 1 0   0 1 2 | 1 1 0 
R2  R2 + R1
1 1 0 | 0 0 1 1 1 0 | 0 0 1

 
1 0 1 | 1 0 0
 
 0 1 2 | 1 1 0 
C2  C2 + C1
1 2 0 | 0 0 1

 
1 0 1 | 1 0 0
 
 0 1 2 | 1 1 0 
0 2 1 | 1 0 1 R3  R3 + R1

 
1 0 0 | 1 0 0
 
 0 1 2 | 1 1 0 
0 2 1 | 1 0 1 C3  C3 + C1

 
1 0 0 | 1 0 0
 
 0 1 2 | 1 1 0 
0 0 3 | 1 2 1 R3  R3  2R2

 
1 0 0 | 1 0 0
 
 0 1 0 | 1 1 0 
0 0 3 | 1 2 1 C3  C3  2C2

Therefore
 t    
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
     
Q= 1 1 0  = 0 1 2  and D =  0 1 0 .
1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 3

(b) rank (A) = 3; index (A) = 2; signature (A) = 1

 12

QUESTION 7
Let ‚ 
3 2
A= ,
2 3
and suppose P·P denotes the Eulidean norm.

o o
(a) Find PAP , o A1 o , and cond(A) . (15)

(b) Suppose that we have vectors x and H

x such that Ax = b, PbP = 1, and Pb  AH
x P n 0.001. Use (a) to deter-
o o o o
o
mine upper bounds for H 1 o
x  A b (the absolute error) and Ho x  A b P/P A1 bo(the relative error). (15)
1

[30]

SOLUTION
 
13 12
(a) A` A = A2 =
12 13
We leave it as an execise to show that the eigenvalues of A` A are 25 and 1 respectively. Thus PAP =
o o o o
5, o A1 o = 1 and cond (A) = PAP o A1 o = 5.
o o o o o o
(b) oHx  A1 bo = o A1 (AHx  b)o n o A1 o PAH
x  bP n 0.001
Since o o
oHx  A1 bo PH
x  xP P=xP
o o = = ,
o A1 bo PxP PxP

it follows that o o
oHx  A1 bo P=bP
o o n cond (A)
o A1 bo PbP

therefore o o
oHx  A1 bo
o o n 5 P=bP n 0.005
o A1 bo

since cond (A) = 5, PbP = 1 and P=bP = Pb  AH

x P n 0.001.