CASCADED FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER FOR

VOLTAGE SAG AND SWELL MITIGATIONS DVR

BASED POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by

G.JAGADEESH A.GOWTHAM RANGA D.CHANDRAVAMSI

21555A0217 21555A0224 21555A0226

Under the Supervision of

Dr.D.RAVI KISHORE
Ph.D

Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (A)
Chaitanya Knowledge City, NH- 16, Rajamahendravaram, A.P.

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, A.P., India

APRIL 2024
 (Autonomous)

Certified that this project report

is the
bonafide work of
who carried out the project work under my
supervision during the year 2023 to 2024, towards partial fulfillment of the requirements
of the Degree of in as
administered under the Regulations of
and award of the Degree from
. The results embodied in this report have not been
submitted to any other University for the award of any degree.

Signature of the Head of the Signature of the Supervisor

Department

SUPERVISOR
Department of EEE
Department of EEE

Date:

External Viva voce conducted on

We solemnly declare that this project report
is the bonafide work done
purely by us under the supervision of towards partial fulfillment of the
requirements of the in as
administered under the Regulations of
and award of the Degree from
the year 2023-2024.

We also declare that no part of this document has been taken up verbatim from any source without
permission from the author(s)/publisher(s). Wherever few sentences, findings, images, diagrams or any other
piece of information has been used for the sake of completion of this work, we have adequately referred to
the document source. In the event of any issue arising hereafter
about this work, we shall be personally responsible.

is further certified that this work has not been submitted, either in part or in full, to any other department
of the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, or any other
University,

institution or elsewhere, in India or abroad or for publication in any form.

Signature of the Student( s )

G.Jagadeesh (21555A0217)
A.Gowtham Ranga (21555A0224)
D.Chandravamsi (21555A0226)
First and foremost, we thank God almighty for endowing his immense blessings that
helped us in each step of progress towards the successful completion of the project.

We are very much obliged to , Principal, Godavari Institute of

Engineering & Technology ( Autonomous) & , Vice Principal
(Academics) & , Vice Principal (Administration) for providing the
facilities for the experimental work.

We would also like to record my gratitude to

, for his valuable suggestions and help in
carrying out this dissertation work.

We would like to express my sincere gratitude to , in Electrical and

Electronics Engineering Department, Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology
(A) Rajah mundry, under her guidance the present work is carried out. We consider it
ourprivilege.

Special and sincere thanks to the faculty members, non-teaching staff, the lab
assistants that play major role for this project completion.

We wish to thank our beloved parents and friends for their encouragement for this
project completion.

By

G.Jagadeesh (21555A0217)
A.gowtham Ranga (21555A0224)
D.Chandravamsi (21555A0226)
We declare that the project report for Bachelor of Technology (Electrical and
Electronics Engineering) titled

is a bonafide work done by us, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering and submitted to the Department of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING, GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous), Rajamahendravaram.

We also declare that this project is a result of our own effort and that has not been
copied from anyone and we have taken only citations from the sources which are
mentioned in the references.

This work was not submitted earlier at any other University or Institute for the
award of any degree.

Place:
Rajamahendravaram G.Jagadeesh (21555A0217)
Date: A.Gowtham Ranga (21555A0224)
D. Chandra Vamsi (21555A0226)
 Recently, the demand for high power quality by customers, has
increased significantly Common power equipment to protect sensitive
loads against voltage disturbances in distribution networks, which are
known by D-FACTS devices include: D-STATCOM, DVR and UPQC.
Consequences resulting from industrial processes can be classified into
two categories that are, nonlinear and unbalanced loads and high
vulnerability to transient faults (such as voltage sag) in distribution systems.
DVR is a equipment which was connected in series and adjusting the
loading voltage by feeding the voltage in system. Usually
DVR installed between sensitive loads feeder and source in distribution
system. The main duty, fast support load voltage (by fast detection
algorithm) during disturbance to avoid any disconnection. In this project
Cascaded Fuzzy Logic controller approaches to compensate for voltage sag
and swell as a common disturbance in voltage transmission and
distribution networks is presented. A dynamic voltage restorer based on the
average detection method for single-phase is discussed, in the other
hand this project describes the effect to using DVR in order to restoring the
voltage sag and swell by difference per-unit value method (average
detection) in distribution system. The result of three phase voltage sag and
swell simulation has been presented by SIMULINK/ MATLAB.
 Table Of Contents
Chapter No. Title Pageno.
Abstract
Table Of Contents
List Of Figures
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 DVR Basics 5
1.3 Basic DVR Operating

Principles 5
1.4 DVR Components 7

1.5 Location of DVR 7

1.6 Converter Type 7
1.7 Energy Source 8
1.8 Injection Transformer 9
1.9 Power Quality Issues 11

1.10 Overview of Power

Quality Phenomena 12
1.10.1 Over Voltage 12
1.10.2 Under Voltage 13
1.10.3 Sag 13
1.10.4 Swell 14
1.10.5 Transient 14
1.10.6 Short Duration
 Variation 16
1.10.7 Voltage Regulation 17
1.11 Objective 17
1.12 Advantages 18
1.13 Applications 18
1.14 Thesis Organization 18
2 Literature Survey 19
3 A New Technique Imple-
Nented In Synchronous
Reference Frame For
The DVR Control 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 A New Version of DQ
Control Technique 31
3.3 Dynamic Voltage Restorer

( DVR ) 32
3.4 System Description 32
3.5 New DQ Algorithm 34
3.6 Drawbacks 35
4 Cascaded Fuzzy Logic
Controller For Voltage
Sag And Swell
Mitigatons 36
4.1 Introduction 36
 4.2 Cascaded Fuzzy Logic
Controller 37

4.3 Basic Elements of DVR 38

4.4 Series Injection
Transformer 40
4.5 Bidirectional Three Phase
Voltage Source Inverter 40
4.6 Cascaded Fuzzy Logic
Controller 44
4.7 Fuzzy Logic Controller 45
4.8 PWM Generator 47
4.9 LC Filter 47
5 Result And Discussion 50
5.1 Introduction 50
5.2 Introduction to Simulink 51
5.2.1 Concept of Signal
And Logic Flow 51
5.3 Simulink Block Libraries 53
5.4 Software Implementation 53
5.4.1 Starting Simulink 53
5.4.2 Basic Elements 53
5.4.3 Blocks 53
5.4.4 Lines 54
5.4.5 Building System 54
 5.4.6 Running
Simulation 55
5.5 Result View 55
6 Conclusion And
Future Scope 59
6.1 Conclusion 59
6.2 Future Scope 60
7 References 60
 List of The Figures
Figure No Title Page No
1.1 The Voltage Sag Generation 2

1.2 The Block Diagram of the DVR 4

1.3 Equivalent Circuit of DVR With Inverter

Side Filter 11

1.4 Typical Overvoltage Waveforms 12

1.5 Timescale of Short Duration Variation 17

3.2 A New Version of DQ Control Technique 31

3.2 Basic Circuit of Power System with DVR 32

3.3 Injecting Transformer 34

4.1 Cascaded Fuzzy Logic Controller 38

4.2 Block Diagram of DVR 39

4.3 Topology of a 3-Phase VSI 41

4.4 FLC System 47

4.5 LC Filter 55

5.1 Overall Simulation 56

5.2 Input Source Voltage Waveform(R-Phase) 56

5.3 Input Source Current Waveform(R-Phase) 56

5.4 Input Voltage and Current Waveform 57

5.5 Three Phase Load Voltage Waveform 57

5.6 Load Current Waveform(R-Phase) 57

5. 7 Reactive Power Waveform 58

5.8 Real Power Waveform 58

 These days, most enterprises are quite concerned about power
quality issues due to the rise in loads that are susceptible to power outages.
The power quality index is used to evaluate the voltage and current that are
available to residential, commercial, and industrial electricity users. The
issue affects consumers as well as utilities. Due to shifting user equipment
and requirements, utilities' ability to deliver appropriate power quality is a
dynamic goal. Issues arising from electrical equipment's sensitivity to
voltage quality might have severe repercussions for users. The quality of
power is a broad topic with many subfields. Power quality is affected by a
number of distinct phenomena on the one hand, including flicker, frequency
deviations, under- and overvoltages, surges or spikes, sags, swells, and
outages. As a result, various instruments for measurement and analysis are
needed to examine these occurrences, and various corrective measures can
be used to make up for them or lessen their impacts. However, a variety of
electronic devices are sensitive to varied levels of power quality, including
computers, process controllers, programmable speed drives, solid-state
relays, and optical devices, to mention a few.

Ranking the aforementioned events according to relevance without

considering a more detailed context seems illogical in practice, as one
occurrence might not pose a significant issue for one client class while
posing a major one for another. Regarding industrial and commercial
consumers, a number of recent research concur that voltage sags ought to
be included among the most significant power quality issues. This
statement is especially true for manufacturing plants, in which even brief
voltage sags can cause much longer production outages and significant lost
revenue. Although the exact cost of power quality issues is hard to calculate,

1
it is reasonable to assume that unplanned shutdowns can run into several
thousands of dollars. Indirect costs include harm to customer confidence
from missed delivery dates, in addition to the obvious costs of wasted raw
materials, broken equipment, and lost time in manufacturing (and
consequently, sales). By determining the exact power quality stage that the
customer requires, a custom power gadget can often offer the most cost-
effective solution. Frequently, this kind of equipment would eliminate the
requirement for the utility company to set up extra feeders or substations, or
for the customer to set up separate power conditioning at the load level.

Huge loads, including motors, transformer energising, equipment

failures, and distribution and transmission system failures, frequently cause
voltage sags. Numerous factors, including the impact of lightning,
conductors blowing together during a thunderstorm, contact with objects
(such as tree branches, animals, etc.), and vandalism, can result in faults on
the transmission and distribution systems. Seventy to eighty percent of
these faults are transient in nature, self-clearing in a matter of milliseconds.
If the fault persists, one or more protective devices (such as a f use, circuitry
breaker, or just recloser) will trip, cutting off power to the impacted portion
of the system..

2
 The voltage sag generation
Currently, there are a number of options that allow critical loads to continue
operating even in the event of voltage sag:
• Motor-Generator Sets (M-G Sets)
• Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS’s)
• Ferroresonant, Constant Voltage Transformers (CVT’s)
• Magnetic Syntesizers
• Superconducting Storage Devices
• Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
With its outstanding dynamic capabilities, the Dynamic Voltage
Restorer may compensate for voltage sags and, in a matter of milliseconds,
restore the line's voltage to its optimal level, preventing any disruption in
power to the load when it is set up between the supply as well as a critical
load feeder. A typical DVR consist of the following major components:

• Voltage Source Inverter/s (VSI)

• Injection Transformer/s
• Harmonic Filter
• Energy Storage Unit
• DC Link
• Control and Protection System
In order to compensate for the voltage differential between the
nominal and defective voltages, the DVR operates by introducing 3 single
phase AC power supplies in series with the 3 phase forthcoming system
voltages during a dip. The injected voltages have three phases, each with
amplitude and phase that can be adjusted. The necessary reactive as well as
active power is supplied by the voltage source inverter that is fed from the
DC link.

3
 The block diagram of the DVR
The DVR runs in a low-loss standby mode when the power supply is
not interrupted. The lower voltage side of the booster transformer has been
shorted and it operates as a short-circuited current transformer when it is in
the normal operation mode (no sag). Power Retention Voltage of Power
Converter Supply Sag Injected Voltage Output Voltage Critical Load Dynamic
Voltage Restorer Voltage Three phase voltage source inverter(s), a solid
state power electronics gadget that converts AC to DC and vice versa, are
the brains behind the DVR. The DVR can quickly switch a DC source to
create an AC waveform. The DVR continuously measures the voltage of the
incoming supply and compares it to a reference value. It introduces 3 phase
AC output voltages with compensatory amplitude, phase, and harmonic
content in the event of a disturbance. By doing this, unneeded process
interruptions are avoided and the voltage that's seen by the load is
guaranteed to be of the appropriate magnitude. DVR needs to provide the
line with both real as well as reactive power during a sag event. The DC link
is where this energy originates. This can be given either from the line itself
or from a battery system, or it can just be a charged capacitor bank. The

4
DVR injection transformer's primary side is built to handle full line current.
The highest voltage that the DVR can put into the line for a specific
application is known as the primary voltage rating.

The voltage source inverter attached to the DC link regulates the

secondary voltage. The harmonic filter filters the bridge outputs before
applying them to the injection transformer. Each phase can be
independently adjusted thanks to the bridge's independent controllability.
Three methods of control are proposed in the literature to account for the
typical situation of voltage sags coupled with phase jump:

1. Pre-sag compensation: The load voltage is adjusted to the pre-sag

scenario while the source voltage is continuously monitored. Although the
technique produces almost undisturbed load voltage, the DVR's rating is
frequently exhausted.

2. In-phase compensation: Regardless of the pre-sag voltage and load

current, the produced DVR potential will always be in phase with the
calculated supply voltage.

3. Energy optimal compensation: In order to minimise the energy

storage's depletion and maximise its util isation, load current information is
utilised.
The DVR does not have to be rated to the maximum capacity. Most
sags could be effectively screened out by installing a DVR that can inject a
fraction of the total load needed for a brief period of time; the remaining
sags would be adequately reduced in severity for plant equipment to tolerate
them. A 2MVA DVR, for instance, could shield a 4MVA load that can
withstand sags of up to 80% retained voltage from sags down to as low as
thirty percent retained voltage. A given application's ride-through capability,
typical sag profile, and potential shutdown costs determine the most cost-
effective solution.

5
 Dynamic voltage restorers are series compensators based on power
electronic converters that can shield critical loads from every source side
disturbance except outages. At its electrical output terminal, the restorer
has the ability to produce or absorb reactive as well as real power that can
be independently controlled. This device uses a pulse-width modulated
(PWM) inverting device structure with solid-state power electronic switches.
It synchronises and injects a series of a 3-phase system AC output voltages
with its distribution feeder voltages. It is possible to regulate the reactive as
well as real power trade between the gadget as well as the distribution
system by adjusting the injected voltages' amplitude and phase angle. A
suitable capacity energy source or energy storage device is connected to the
restorer's DC input terminal. The restorer generates the reactive power
internally, without the use of AC passive reactive components, and
exchanges it with the distribution system. Restorer source DC terminal
energy from an outside source of energy or energy storage structure
provides the real power traded at the restorer resultant AC terminals.

In order to compensate for the voltage differential between the

nominal and defective voltages, the DVR operates by injecting 3 one-phase
AC power supplies in series with the 3 phases forthcoming network voltages
while on a sag. The injected voltages have three phases, each with
amplitude and phase that can be adjusted. The active and reactive power is
provided by three (VSI or voltage source inverters) that are fed from a DC
link and are pulse-width modulated (PWM). The DVR runs in low-loss reserve
mode when the power supply is not disrupted. The lower potential side of
the boost transformer is shorted in normal operating mode (no sag) by a
solid state bypass toggle or by flipping one of the inverter's legs, making it
function as a short-circuited electrical current transformer. Only conduction
losses are produced by the DVR because there is no VSI switching. It is

6
important to minimise these losses to avoid steady state power loss. The
acceptable limit set by an appropriate filtering scheme must be reached by
reducing the harmonics generated by the functioning of the VSI. The VSI
switches' modulation scheme affects the harmonics that are produced as
well. During sags, an energy source must provide the necessary energy.

The required load MVA, the control strategy used, and the deepest sag
that needs to be protected determine how much energy the energy source
needs to deliver. The amount of voltage fall across the DVR is normally
determined by the injection transformer's short circuit impedance. This
impedance, which affects the fault current via the VSI on the secondary side
due to a short circuit that occurs at the load side, needs to be low. The
injection transformer's impedance has an impact on the filter design as well.
To prevent damage to the DVR, solid state bypass toggles or as
electromechanical bypass toggles must be added in the event of a fault or
overcurrent exceeding the DVR's rating on the load side. In summary, the
DVR's performance and rating are influenced by the following primary design
factors:
• Maximum MVA-load and power factor,
• Maximum 1 phase and 3 phase voltage sags to be compensated,
• Maximum duration of 3 phase voltage sag,
• Maximum allowed voltage drop across DVR under steady-state
conditions,
• Short circuit impedance of the injection transformers,
• Short circuit impedance and connection of step down transformers
at the input and output sides of the DVR as well as the short circuit power.

A typical DVR consist of the following major components:

• Voltage Source Inverter/s (VSI)
• Injection Transformer/s

7
 • Harmonic Filter
• Energy Storage Unit
• DC Link
• Control and Protection System

Protecting a single consumer or a handful of consumers with

purchasing power is the only goal. It is frequently possible to apply a DVR in
a medium- or low-voltage distribution system, and the only system type
taken into consideration here is radial grid structures. In Europe, medium
voltage systems typically have three wires, while low voltage systems
typically have four wires. The primary objective of both systems is to
introduce synchronous voltages in the event of symmetrical faults, and
occasionally, a reverse voltage element during non-symmetrical faults. The
production of zero-sequencing voltages and the passage of zero-
sequencing currents distinguish a Medium Voltage (MV) conjunction from a
low-voltage (LV) connection. Zero sequence currents in the four-wire system
must flow through either the injection transformer's delta winding or the
power converter's low impedance, which the DVR must ensure.

Inverters with pulse width modulation are frequently employed in this

kind of application. An injector transformer as well as a line filter are needed
to reduce switching harmonics produced by the VSI in order to apply it as a
substitute for a missing voltage. Furthermore, losses must be kept to a
minimum because the DVR continuously conducts the current required by
the load and a quick response is necessary to prevent the load voltage from
declining. When selecting a conversion device for a DVR application, the
following criteria must be met:

• Switching frequency - Generation of switching harmonics - Ripple

current in the converter - Power losses caused by the switching and

8
conduction
• Dynamic response
• DVR impedance
Topologies that facilitate the easy transfer of active power from a
basic DC power circuitry to the DVR conversion device are generally
considered useful. For DVR converters, a full bridge conversion device is
also a good option because it uses unipolar switching, which causes the
first harmonic to appear at twice the switching frequency.

Active power is needed for effective compensation for significant

voltage drops. This power can come from an auxiliary source, the grid, or a
storage system. The following is a summary of the solutions:

• Energy storage
• Auxiliary supply
• Line connected shunt converter
- Load connected
- Source connected
Since large storage of energy is still expensive and operating energy
storage limits effectiveness to compensate for long-duration sags, the
majority of suggested DVR remedies have been implemented using shunt
converters fed from the power line itself or a secondary supply. The primary
benefit of a s hunt converter connected to the load side is that its clean
voltage has been restored, allowing for steady charging of the common DC
link. The requirement for an increased current grading of the series
conversion device when the load side is connected is a disadvantage. The
DVR's current rating is very important. It ought to be adjusted for both the
current load and any future increases in load. Heavy loads with transient
electric currents require the DVR to be rated to deal with these greater
currents or to bypass the current if they are present in the load. A sudden

9
change in voltage is given to the transformer during voltage sag, and the
transformer's magnetization is adjusted to account for the size of the sag. It
is possible to detect a transient DC current, and the transformer's saturation
effects may even cause the inrush current to increase. The inrush current
must be supplied by the DVR converter, which also needs to be rated for it.

An injection transformer that is linked in series alongside the

distribution feeder introduces the injected voltages into the distribution
system. It is well known that careful choice of the inserted transformer is a
requirement to ensure the highest level of dependability and efficacy of this
restoration scheme. It is important to carefully consider the following
factors when choosing an appropriate injection transformer:

• The MVA rating

• The primary winding voltage and current ratings
• The turn-ratio which, in turn, determines the secondary winding
voltage and current rating
• The short-circuit impedance Determination of the above parameters
is dependent of the following system parameters:
• The MVA rating of the sensitive load to be protected,
• The maximum allowable voltage drop across the transformer,
• The characteristics of the expected voltage sags to be compensated
for,
• The design of the harmonic filter system
• The selection of the switching devices
• The energy storage capacity and the voltage restoration control

strategy
A parameter that affects a DVR's specifications is the maximum
voltage sags that the restorer can compensate for, both single- and three-
phase. The primary-side electrical voltage rating of the the infusion

10
transformer should be determined using the maximum one-phase voltage
sag thoroughness that needs to be compensated for, considering the DVR
system's limited energy storage capacity. The transformer's primary voltage
rating can vary significantly based on the energy injection strategy used, and
it can reach its maximum at the lowest energy injection strategy. The
sensitive load that needs to be safeguarded by the DVR is linked in series
with the injection transformer. As a result, the sensitive load's rated capacity
largely determines the injection transformer's current rating. The MVA rating
of the DVR is also developed with determining of its primary current and
voltage ratings. This rating is a portion of the overall MVA of the highly
sensitive load that needs to be protected.

The DVR's filtering system, also known as the line-side filter as well as
the inverter-side filter, can be mounted on either the high-voltage or low-
voltage side of the the infusion transformer. High-order harmonics from VSI
are bypassed by the filtering tactics when the inverting device side is used,
so their effect on the injector transformer current capacity can be
disregarded. High-order harmonic currents enter the injection transformer
through the line-side filtering scheme, carrying the harmonic voltages and
raising the transformer's rating. There is a relationship between the
secondary voltage, current, and turn-ratio ratings of the transformer that is
chosen. Starting with a given turns-ratio, one can calculate the secondary
voltage as well as current ratings once the primary's ratings are known. This
process yields the turns-ratio. The switching devices' blocking voltage and
current carrying capacity can then be ascertained. Stop the turns ratio
computation at that point if the calculated switches' rating matches that of
commercially available switches; if not, keep looking for reasonably priced,
commercially available switches. When a short circuit occurs on the load
side, the short-circuit's impedance will influence the faulty current via the
injection transformer. As covered in the section "Filtering Schemes," the

11
impedance has an impact on filtering scheme design as well. The voltage
drop across the transformer during regular power system operations,
however, should be the main consideration when specifying the
transformer's short-circuit impedance because this is how the power system
typically operates. The corresponding circuit is displayed in Figure 1.3 when
the DVR system is equipped with the inverter-side sorting scheme.

Equivalent Circuit of DVR with Inverter-Side Filter

The transformer's primary-side resistance as well as leakage
inductance are represented by R1 and L1 in Figure 1.3. Referred to as the
primary-side of the transformer, R2 and L2 stand for the secondary-side
resistance as well as leakage inductance, respectively. The filter elements,
Lf and Cf, are also known as the primary-side. A resistor called Rv is used to
account for the overall conduction voltage drop that the switches and
diodes produce. ZM stands for the transformer's magnetising impedance.

Electrical Power quality, just like the quality of other items and
services, is troublesome to degree. There's no common acknowledgment of
great abilities. While there are control benchmarks and other guidelines, the
ultimate control rating depends on the execution and efficiency of the
conclusion product.

There is no such thing as "great" in case power isn't sufficient to meet

these needs. In this manner, control quality is the customer's issue, and end-

12
user control quality is characterized as "each control issue itself is contrasts
in voltage, current or frequency that cause glitch or destitute execution of
customers."
Power Framework The organize is planned to function at sinusoidal
voltage of recurrence ( ordinarily 5 0 or 6 0 Hz) and sufficiency. Any alter in
waveform plentifulness, recurrence, or immaculateness may be a potential
issue. In genuine hardware there's continuously a relationship between
voltage and current. In spite of the fact that the generator gives immaculate
sine wave voltage, current streaming through the framework impedance can
cause different voltage mutilations. For example,

1. Due to the current passing through a brief circuit, a voltage drop happens
or vanishes totally depending on the problem.

2. Due to a lightning strike, the created current streams through the control
framework and produces huge surge voltages, causing low-insulation
flashovers, brief circuits and other events.

3. Loads that deliver sounds cause current twists; In this manner, as the
misshaped current passes through the framework impedance, the voltage is
additionally misshaped. A misshaped voltage is subsequently displayed to
other conclusion users.

So, in spite of the fact that the subject we are curious about is distant from
power, we still got to learn more around what is happening presently in
arrange to get it the source of numerous negative issues.

Corresponds to a measured voltage that is higher than the voltage

that is intended for a duration of more than one minute when used to
characterise a particular kind of long duration variation. The usual range of
values is 1.1 – 1.2 p.u.

Overvoltage can occur from changes in the reactive mitigation of the

13
system (turning on a bank of capacitors, for example) or load switching
(turning off a big load, for example). Overvoltage is the result of inadequate
system controls or voltage regulation capabilities. Overvoltage in the system
can also be caused by wrong tap settings on transformers. A usual
overvoltage waveform is shown in Figure 1 . 4 .

Typical overvoltage waveform

A measured voltage that, when applied to a particular kind of long

duration variation, has a value lower than the voltage that is intended for a
duration longer than one minute. The usual range of values is 0.8 –0.9 p.u.

Events that result in undervoltage are the opposite of those that cause
overvoltage. An undervoltage may result from a load turning on or a
capacitor bank turning off until the system's voltage regulation equipment
restores the voltage to with in tolerances. Undervoltages can also arise from
circuits that are overloaded.

A decline to a value of 0.1 to 0.9 p.u. is called a sag. 0.1 to 0.9 p.u. are
typical values for rms for current or voltage at the electrical frequency for
periods ranging from 0.5 cycles towards 1 minute.

14
 The recommended usage for sag is "a sag to 20%," which indicates
that the voltage across the line is lowered to 20% of its typical value rather
than by 20%. It is not recommended to use the preposition "of" (as in "a sag
of 20%" or implied by "a 20% sag"). A sag is a drop in root mean square
current or voltage at the electrical frequency that lasts anywhere from half a
minute to a full cycle. Values typically range from 0.1 to 0.9 p.u.

The nomenclature employed to depict the extent of voltage sag

frequently lacks clarity. One can define a "20% sag" as a sag that produces a
voltage about 0.8 or 0.2 p.u. Throughout, this suggested Practice will show
the voltage that is still present. An undetermined sag magnitude will relate
to the remaining voltage, just as an undetermined voltage designation is
recognised as referring to line to line potential. An 8 0 % sag, for instance,
denotes a disturbance that produced an electrical voltage about 0.8 p.u. The
nominal in nature or base, level of voltage ought to be stated whenever at all
possible. Large motors or heavy loads being switched on or off can also
result in voltage sags, which are typically linked to system faults.

A rise in the power frequency's rms current or voltage for periods that
vary between 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. The usual range of values is 1.1 – 1.8
p.u. The remaining voltage, which in this case is always greater than 1.1,
also describes the magnitude of the swell. Although swells are far less
frequent than voltage sags, they are typically linked to system fault
conditions. An individual line-to-ground fault in the system may cause a
swell, which is a brief increase in voltage on the faulted sections. Turning on
or off a sizable capacitor bank or load can also result in swells.

The duration and magnitude (rms value) of swells are what define
them. The location of the fault, mechanism impedance, and grounding all

15
affect how severe a voltage swell is during a fault condition. When a line-to-
ground fault occurs on an ungrounded arrangement, the line-to-ground
voltages across the ungrounded sections will be 1.73 per unit. Given that the
electrical substation transformer is often connected delta-wye, offering an
extremely low-impedance zero-sequence route for the fault current, there
won't be a voltage develop on the unfluted phases nearest to the substation
at a grounded system.

Relating to or denoting a quantity or phenomenon that fluctuates

between two successive steady states over a brief period of time relative to
the time size of interest. A damped fluctuating wave with its first maximum
occurring in either polarity or a single-directional impulse of either
orientation can both be considered transients.
Impulsive and oscillatory transients can be broadly divided into two
groups. These words describe the transient waveform of a voltage or
current. An impulsive transient is an abrupt, unidirectional, non-power
frequency change (usually either negative or positive) in the stable condition
of current, voltage, or both. The rise and decay times of impulsive transients
typically serve as distinguishing factors. The spectral content of these
events can also be used to characterise them. An impulsive transient with a
2000-V peak value that rises to 1.2 µs in duration and decays to half in 50 µs
is an example of a 1.2/50 µs transient.

Lightning is the most frequent cause of impulsive transients.

Impulsive transients' duration and spectral content are described in Table
1.1.
Descriptions of impulsive transients

OSCILLATORY SPECTRAL DURATION

16
 CONTENT

Nanosecond 50 ns rise <50 ns

Microsecond 1 µs rise 50 ns - 1ms

Millisecond 0. 1 ms rise > 1ms

Impulsively transients are damped swiftly by resistant circuit

elements and do not travel far from their source because of the high
frequencies involved. The transient characteristic can vary significantly
depending on where you are in a building. Oscillatory transients are a kind of
disturbance that arises when electrical system resonance circuits are
excited by impulsive transients. An abrupt, non-power frequency shift in
normal conditions of current, voltage, or both, involving negative as well as
positive polarity values, is referred to as an oscillatory transient. A voltage or
current that rapidly changes polarity in its instantaneous value is known as
an oscillatory transient. Its duration, magnitude, and spectral content
(prevailing frequency) define it. Table 1.2 defines the subclasses of spectral
content as medium, high, and low frequency. These classifications'
frequency ranges are selected to align with typical forms of oscillatory
transient phenomena in power systems.

Descriptions of oscillatory transients

OSCILLATORY SPECTRAL DURATION VOLTAGE
CONTENT MAGNITUDE

Low frequency x≤ 5kHz 0.3-50 ms 0-4 pu

Medium 5kHz< x ≤ 500kH 20 µs 0-8pu

frequency z

High frequency 500kHz< x ≤ 5M 5 µs 0-4 pu

17
 Hz

Short-term changes allude to changes within the viable esteem of

resistance to ostensible voltage enduring longer than 0.5 control recurrence
but less than or equal to 1 miniature. Usually frequently portrayed in more
detail utilizing factors that demonstrate the size of the alter in voltage (e.g.
misfortune, swell, or obstructions) and potential modifiers that demonstrate
the time of the change (e.g. immediate, momentary, or transitory).

A short-term variation may be a gather of occasions that are longer

than 0.5 cycles but less than or break even with to 1 diminutive. This ought
to not be confounded with changeless state changes such as coherence,
bungle, or commotion, which may be short-lived but habitually rehash with
each cycle of the sinusoidal waveform. Short-term changes are nearly
continuously caused by infringement such as expanding the control required
to begin a current that accounts for a large division of the operating current
(physical control) or free associations in existing gear. In expansion,
whereas the foremost vital changes within the brief term are depicted as
electrical changes, current changes can too vanish within the brief term.
Figure 1.5 appears the timing of the short-term mode alter.

18
 Time scale of short duration variations

The level of stability or control over the average voltage at the point of
load is known as voltage regulation. It is frequently described in terms of
other variables, like changes in load, temperature, or input-voltage variations.

The calculation of voltage regulation varies based on the context in

which it is used. For instance, the voltage control at customer assistance is
frequently determined as a percentage of the nominal voltage and looks like
this:

% Regulation = 100 × [Vmax - Vmin]/Vnominal

The percentage change in voltage that occurs in relation to the
standard voltage is displayed in the above equation. When comparing the
voltage change to the average voltage, as is the case in certain applications,
the result will deviate slightly from the formula above. More variation will
result from regulations that are frequently computed using the maximum
and no load conditions.

. To design and develop a Fuzzy based DVR system for three phase

power system.

. To overcome the PQ issues like voltage swell/sag Flexible AC

Transmission System (FACTS) devices are employed.

. To ensures constant load voltage through injection of required

voltage to compensate effects of voltage fluctuation.

. Near unity power factor operation.

. High voltage stability.

19
. Effective Reactive power compensation.

. It used primarily in transmission lines to compensate for the

voltage sag and voltage swell that occurs on it.

. Low losses, injects only the missing part of the supply voltage and
less maintenance.

. FACTS applications

. Pumping applications for PFC

. Motor drives application for PFC

. Transmission And Distribution Systems

. Power Quality Related System

. Three Phase Systems.

. Active and Reactive control systems

. HVDC Applications

Chapter 2: Literature Review

. Chapter 3: A New Technique Implemented in Synchronous Reference Frame

For DVR Control

. Chapter 4: Cascaded Fuzzy Logic Controller For Voltage Sag/Swell Mitigation

. Chapter 5: Result and discussion

20
 . Chapter 6: Conclusion

. Chapter 7: Reference

A standard for particular electrical energy indicators is called "power

quality." Power quality issues occur when non-linear electrical hardware is
linked to the power source, with potentially disastrous results. Current and
voltage fluctuations are among the Power Quality (PQ) problems that affect
household appliances. Even though a lot of traditional methods, like using
both active and passive filters, have been constructed to improve power
quality, their increasing use makes them insufficient to address PQ issues.
The ensuing survey provides a comprehensive examination of the primary
PQ issue classifications and PQ issue mitigation strategies.

investigates the capacity to alter the control of the

source side (PCC) of the association utilizing advanced control recuperation
(DVR). With the utilize of point control (PAC), the DVR's electrical charge is
infused into the transmission line at a certain point and adequacy, causing
the control to alter the point of the ultimate stack voltage. Subsequently the
voltage is continuously in stage with the current beneath distinctive
conditions; this implies that the voltage setting is utilized by the on-site PCC.
The research facility show of the DVR is utilized to analyze the application
control framework. Test comes about demonstrate that the insides space
can be roughly controlled to coordinated vitality.

proposes A modern sun based

photovoltaic bolster energetic voltage restorer (DVR) based on Trans-Z field
inverter (TransZSI) is proposed to progress the vitality proficiency of grid-
connected photovoltaic (PV) frameworks. DVR is an electrical generator

21
utilized to infuse the desired power into the PCC concurring to the impact of
voltage. In DVR application, TransZSI points to supplant conventional VSI
with ideal disc/amplification, more extensive enhancement pick up, less
detached components and lower voltage. In arrange to viably distinguish,
restrain the affect of impedances, and diminish the coupling of the
coordinates circuit, a half breed unit vector design with most extreme
enhancement control (UVT-MCBC) strategy is proposed for TransZSI-DVR.
The execution of TransZSI-DVR with UVT-MCBC was analyzed on
overwhelming plunges, light plunges with sounds, swell and obstructions.
Comparative thinks about and reenactment comes about appear that the
performance of TransZSI-DVR proposals is nice for ZSI-DVR and VSI-DVR
models. TransZSI-DVR in photovoltaic frameworks diminishes voltage
dips/swells/interruptions. It moreover moves forward the control
productivity of PCC infusion voltage and PV framework yield voltage.

proposes Due to the interconnected

nature of renewable vitality and its affect on network steadiness, integration
of vitality dissemination into the framework has gotten to be a challenge for
the commerce arrange. Hence, energetic voltage restorers (DVRs) are
introduced in dispersed organize frameworks to diminish the affect of
network voltage on delicate loads. In this article, a voltage controller based
on pseudo-differential input (PDF) is utilized to create the DVR work well in
voltage unsettling influences. The reaction of the DVR generally depends on
the execution of the controller. This paper tackles the issues in conventional
P and PI multi-loop controllers with and without feedforward and after that
proposes a PDF control methodology for DVR. The execution of the DVR is
expanded by utilizing the said controls. The execution of the proposed
controller is clarified by performing comparative ponders with standard P
and PI controls utilizing reaction time and relative examination. At long last,

22
PSCAD reenactment ponder of 1 0 kV medium voltage DVR and exploratory
comes about utilizing moo voltage DVR demonstrate are displayed to
illustrate the strength of DVR hardware beneath symmetric and hilter kilter
voltage drop.

proposes A customized electronic

gadget called energetic voltage restorer (DVR) was examined to serve the
control dissemination framework as per the require. This article
employments DVR to illuminate the dispersion issue of the control quality of
the gear. Four diverse line parameters are taken into consideration when
testing DVR usefulness, such as voltage plunges, swells, awkward nature
and mutilations. The DVR is controlled utilizing optimized relative and
indispensably (PI) accomplished in combination with the slope versatile
variable learning taken a toll slightest cruel squares control calculation.
Switching between diverse step sizes within the LMS gives more grounded
control for the engine, hence making strides execution. Additionally, another
imperative commitment of this paper is the optimization of self-correcting
PI pick up in administration. The optimizer's thought in assessing the PI pick
up is based on the reaction of the DVR to the DC connect voltage. The
proposed control calculation was recreated on the DVR and great comes
about were gotten. For test approval, the Micro Lab Box created by d-SPACE
was utilized as the method control, and the confirmation of successful and
steady-state comes about was talked about.

proposes Fault current limited DVR (FCL-DVR),

moreover known as dual-function DVR, joins the progressively well-known
FCL and voltage emolument (VC) work. In any case, in the event that the FCL
-DVR works in VC mode, capacity capacity within the DC connect or an
expansive generator is required, and in case the FCL-DVR works in FCL
mode, DC capability is required. Interface the capacity framework. There

23
ought to be a rise in DC transport voltage and a huge control switch. In this
manner, to overcome these deficiencies, this paper presents an moved
forward FCL-DVR comprising of an LC channel and an AC side serial
coupling capacitor (LCC). The improvement of FCL-DVR utilizing the control
optimization control procedure not as it were guarantees effective operation
but too improves the capacity of the most components of FCL-DVR. The
working guideline and execution of FCL-DVR are indicated in FCL and the VC
mode is clarified in like manner. The proper structure of the LCC and the
choice of the FCL department have been considered in detail to guarantee
the solidness and unwavering quality of FCL-DVR operation in both modes.
Recreation and testing comes about clearly check the adequacy of the
proposed topology and strategy.

proposes Voltage sag is one of the greatest

issues with power quality (PQ) for numerous loads; In this manner, dynamic
voltage restorers (DVRs) have been created to diminish the impacts of
voltage droop. Be that as it may, in today's applications, concurring to later
ponders, DVR reaction time necessities for more delicate components are
stricter (once more, brief in numerous working conditions). This article
portrays investigate on diminishing single-phase DVR reaction time for
single-phase frameworks beneath different working conditions. Based on
the current innovation, the most strategies and procedures to decrease DVR
reaction time in different operations are talked about. On this premise,
comparison (with boolean flag) is proposed in this paper as a fast explore
for mains voltage drop. A filter (BSF) that replicates the voltage
measurement at distinctive times and a quick and solid return for bypassing
thyristors within the DVR based on a double voltage step demonstrate. The
location strategy can distinguish the control line with a delay of 0.75ms
beneath numerous working conditions, and the return strategy can be solid

24
and quick. Turn off bypass on the DVR indeed on the off chance that the
estimation isn't steady. Presently. Then, the possibility and viability of the
thoughts were confirmed by accomplishing a reaction time of less than 3
ms within the broadly utilized twofold feedforward twofold closed circle
control, single-stage DVR demonstrate concurring to different working
conditions. Location strategies and commuting procedures.

proposes Harmonics delivered by

nonlinear basic loads are a major concern for industry. Control methods for
dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) are depicted to restrain voltage sounds
caused by adjustable speed drives (ASDs) within the hardware. Furthermore,
this control framework guarantees a steady DC transport voltage on the ASD
when there's an intrusion within the association. The numerical clarification
that limits the ASD voltage sounds and generates the ASD utilizing the DC
connect voltage is appeared within the dq0 system. Transistor Clamp H-
Bridge (TCHB) Multi-Level Inverter (MLI) is utilized as the voltage source
inverter of the DVR. TCHB MLI's moved forward capacitor voltage
estimation (ECVB) strategy to guarantee high-speed operation of the DVR is
additionally talked about. The proposed DVR control framework to constrain
ASD voltage sounds was mimicked utilizing MATLAB program. Also, the
DVR keeps up ASD amid arrangement, inconsistency, plunges, and spikes
are mimicked and the comes about of ASD execution are appeared. The
execution of the TCHB-based ECVB DVR control scheme is approved
utilizing exploratory comes about. ASD voltage consonant concealment and
quick energetic reaction of ECVB-based TCHB are the most center of this
article. The viability of the proposed technique appears that viability in
administration is uncommon.

proposes In dispersion, power quality (PQ) is

influenced by voltage lists and swells. Dynamic Voltage Corrector (DVR) is

25
utilized to adjust different PQ issues such as voltage plunges, swells, and
sounds. Already, natural space vector transformation (ISVT) control
innovation was coordinates into the DVR framework to compensate for
control quality issues. Steady disappointment comes about in moo
proficiency and tall THD. SMB-based DVRs have accomplished extraordinary
comes about in overcoming these issues. The DVR collects vitality from
capacity gadgets, which is changed over into vitality by sun oriented
photovoltaic cells. Multi-Objective Test Investigation (MPPT) based on the
P&O calculation was connected to adjust sun oriented vitality. The voltage
source inverter (VSI) creates receptive control, which should be
compensated with the assistance of beat width balance (PWM), and the
criticism control circle is fundamental to move forward the infusion of
responsive control into the line. Hence, DVR-based prediction space vector
transform (PSVT) has been proposed. It analyzes outside control changes
and produces suitable input for the inverter framework. As soon as voltage
is connected to the line with the assistance of DVR, point jumble happens,
which causes the responsive control to be out of adjust with the arrange.
More consonant mutilation will happen due to reactive power not being
synchronized. A relative reverberation (PR) controller is appeared, which
may be a proportional resonance (PR) current controller. The current infused
into the network by the inverter is in stage with the control line and remains
in stage with the control of the joint. The PR controller plan is cascaded with
a harmonic stabilizer to decrease low-frequency current and decrease total
harmonic distinction (THD) within the VSI yield current.

proposes The power quality (PQ) arrangement

employments a T-type 5-phase inverter-based dynamic voltage restorer
(DVR) to compensate for voltage drops in grid-connected electric vehicle
quick charging stations (EVFCS). In this ponder, a lithium particle battery

26
pack with 48 V, 10 Ah and 5 A values was utilized as an electric vehicle (EV)
battery. To begin with, voltage drop incorporates a noteworthy affect on the
execution of EVFCS. The impact of voltage drop on diverse characteristics
of EVFCS, such as DC interface voltage, battery current, state of charge
(SOC) and battery voltage, has been tentatively analyzed in
MATLAB/Simulink. Also, the charging framework is outlined employing a 1-
Φ rectifier and a closed-loop current-controlled DC-DC converter. The
execution of the closed-loop current-controlled step-down converter is tried
for droop at distinctive rates (0%, 25%, and 50%). Furthermore, the 1-φ DVR
employments the closed-loop voltage-based α β-to-dq transformation work
in Synchronous Reference Outline (SRF) hypothesis to decrease the 50%
voltage drop. This DVR keeps up the measured DC transport voltage (110V)
and measured battery current (5A) beneath a extreme 50% voltage drop.
Also, the DVR ensures the PCC (mains) from the consonant voltage created
by the EVFCS, decreasing the PCC voltage THD from 9.8% to 2.42%. In
expansion, the control input of the converter and DVR is made by the
equipment stage utilizing STM32 microcontrollers..

proposes Energy productivity in today's

hardware industry is an critical issue with numerous results for buyers and
vitality items. The integration of renewable vitality, keen vitality innovation
and vitality productivity within the current vitality framework has made
numerous issues. Exactness gear; It may be harmed due to voltage drops
and increments. This include is affected by other things within the body,
causing the vitality to alter. Subsequently, in today's age, the quality of
vitality has picked up significance since vitality items are valuable and costly.
To overcome the challenge postured by non-standard voltages, energetic
voltage restorer (DVR) gadgets are broadly utilized to stabilize the stack
voltage. In arrange to ensure great and fast reaction of DVR, there's a got to

27
create immediate receptive control (PQ) strategy to control DVR in awful
control environment. The proposed strategy is based on subtracting the
positive stage of the control framework and the negative stage of the stack
current to create the framework flag. The control lattice works utilizing PQ
control techniques that have been considered and tried in different
circumstances to compensate for overwhelming adjust, irregularities
(voltage dips and swells), and stack varieties. MATLAB/Simulink is utilized
to analyze the scientific show of the PQ demonstrate and plan the DVR PQ
control framework. All frameworks were effectively tried utilizing the
dSPACE 1104 based test framework to confirm the control framework. The
recreation and test comes about are connected and way better illustrate the
viability of the PQ control framework.

proposes A modern dual-function blame

current restricting energetic voltage recuperation (FCL-DVR) topology is
proposed. The proposed demonstrate can too be utilized to move forward
the voltage quality of the interfacing line in expansion to the ordinary FCL
operation. A extraordinary include of this FCL-DVR is the lessening of
semiconductor and entryway drive and control gadgets. Maybe numerous
FCL-DVR models are arranged, but the foremost vital highlight of the plan is
lower control. The operation and administration of the FCL are instructed
and inspected. Also, the proposed demonstrate was compared with other
models to illustrate the viability of the proposed demonstrate. Recreation
comes about and test comes about of the research facility scale-out
demonstrate are given, illustrating the adequacy and capability of the plan.

introduces The ideal zero-sequence voltage injection

plot (OZVIS) for three-phase dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) can diminish
the yield voltage plentiful ness of the DVR when there's an topsy-turvy
voltage drop happening within the three-phase three-wire control supply

28
plant; . The paying capacity of the property. Conventional charging methods
utilize stage turn to extend the control of the DVR or decrease the voltage
adequacy, but it is troublesome to perform these two errands at the same
time. In this article, the working strategies of OZVIS are to begin with
presented. Afterward, the adequacy and productivity of this concept was
demonstrated hypothetically with a planar geometric show. Moreover,
OZVIS as a least control charging concept has been utilized to degree the
decrease of different electrical lists. Furthermore, the advanced "plug-in"
calculation of the proposed plot is clarified in detail. At last, the pertinence
and viability of OZVIS in deviated circumstances will be confirmed with test
comes about.

proposes An electricity-based economy must

oversee and make strides vitality effectiveness to guarantee productive
utilize of assets. Be that as it may, a few imperative issues influence the
quality of vitality, causing vitality companies and buyers to lose cash.
Numerous specialized electronic items are accessible to address negative
vitality issues; but this device changes the plausibility of transmission and
dissemination. For this reason, in this consider, Energetic Voltage Restorer
(DVR) is utilized, which diminishes the effect of voltage by making the
specified voltage and craved voltage level for each require. The DVR
employments a 3 Φ four- phase voltage source inverter ( VSI) , a cost- effective
arrangement that diminishes the number of switches. Cuckoo search
algorithm (CSA) was utilized in this ponder since it tackles numerous
optimization issues and is simple to utilize. Since it is vigorous against
changes, it can oblige voltage changes and decrease total harmonic
distortion (THD), making the DVR more valuable. All capacities were
analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink, and the viability of the proposed strategy in
adjusting mutilation voltages was illustrated.

29
 proposed To guarantee assurance of electrical
hardware from electrical unsettling influences, Dynamic Voltage Restorers
(DVRs) are directed to guarantee appropriate working of the three-phase
control conveyance machine. DVR execution is explored to recognize
different electrical interferer. To begin with, the least mean squares (LMS)
strategy with variable step measure was created and afterward adjusted for
speedier meeting of weight versus control yield on sporadic networks. In
expansion, the arrange is frequently entered into the LMS administration
calculation to attain autonomous administration. The coming about
fractional-order adjusted versatile variable step s lightest cruel square
(FMAVLMS) calculation employments two fractional-order proportional
integral (FOPI) controllers associated to drive DC transport voltage control
utilizing responsive control and load voltage control. Besides, the most
theme of this article is the application of the current Black Widow
Optimization Algorithm (BWOA) to determine the ideal esteem of the FOPI
controller within the proposed FMAVLMS calculation. The control
calculation was created within the Simulink environment and has great
execution beneath different mains voltage unsettling influences.

proposes The unused non-inverting step-down

AC-AC converter minimizes return misfortune by impairing the physical
diode of the switch and employments an outside quick fly back diode to
discharge current. In specific, the proposed AC-AC converter employments
metal oxide semiconductor field impact transistors and outside quick switch
diodes for productivity. Besides, it is solid in any case of circuit issues and
dead time. It can too be utilized effortlessly without utilizing revolution
control. This makes control less troublesome. Concurring to its redress
usage, a modern dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) based on the non-inverting
step-down-boost converter concept is depicted. It tackles voltage drops and

30
rises by taking advantage of the positive and negative impacts of the
converter. At that point the equipment show of the proposed AC-AC
converter and DVR is utilized to confirm its adequacy.

proposes A fault recovery (FRT) concept

based on event-driven sliding mode control (ETSMC) for doubly nourished
nonconcurrent generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines. The ETSMC approach
is planned for energetic voltage restorers (DVRs) with high-frequency
separated DC-DC converters. The point is to control the stator terminal
voltage by infusion fundamental to set it close the reference point. Since the
control flag in ETSMC is upgraded as it were when certain conditions are
damaged, the plot can decrease the computational stack and channel
transmission capacity. Moreover, it minimizes commotion and minimizes
compromise ordinarily related with sliding mode control (SMC). ETSMC has
been improved with an extra stretch supervisor to extend its strength to
clashes. The DVR topology highlighted in this article employments a
recurrence segregation generator, which diminishes isolation-related costs.
The FRT concept was illustrated with a DFIG-based wind turbine associated
to a microgrid explore. The comes about affirm the viability of the
proposition in decreasing clashes caused by organize disappointments
whereas decreasing the utilize of communication channels.

31
 A NEW TECHNIQUE IMPLEMENTED IN SYNCHRONOUS
REFERENCE FRA ME FOR DVR CONTROL

Paper mills, healthcare equipment, factory automation, and semiconductor

device manufacturers are some of the sensitive loads that are susceptible
to interruptions in the power supply. In today's power grids, the growing
demand for high power quality as well as voltage stability poses a serious
threat and is a frequently occurring power-quality issue. Voltage sag and
swell are now understood to have serious, expensive effects like production
loss and sensitive loads tripping. Significant power quality problems, such
as voltage sag and swell, commonly arise during emergency, switching, and
unforeseen load changes. A large portion of the electrical network
experiences voltage sags as a result of line to ground faults caused by
severe storms as well as lightning striking power lines. Additional causes of
these disruptions include short circuits at the beginning of the power
transmission line, a concurrent power distribution line connected to the
point of common coupling (PCC), higher inrush currents associated with
large machine startup, sudden changes in load, power transformer
energization, and switching activities within the power system network.

The temporary decrease in the R.M.S. ( root mean square) electrical

voltage at a specific point in the power system below a predefined threshold
is known as voltage sag. It is a brief fluctuation in the voltage's RMS value

32
between 1 0 and 9 0 % of its nominal value that occurs over a period of time
greater than 0 . 5 power frequency cycles ( 1 0 ms) but not exceeding or equal
to sixty seconds. Many times, people misunderstand the terminology used
to describe the degree of voltage sag. A sag to 70% is allowed, per IEEE
1159-2019, meaning that the line's voltage is reduced to seventy percent of
the typical value rather than 7 0 % . A voltage drop of 7 0% indicates a voltage
drop of 70% from the standard voltage of 100%. There will be a 30% drop or
30% residual voltage. Often, the implications of a sag are more noticeable
than those of a swell. It is common to notice a sag with over three cycles as
a decrease in voltage output.

Due to similar effects on the equipment, sags from short outages are
oftentimes indistinguishable. Unanticipated power outages or distorted
voltage waveforms can happen to computers as well as other sensitive
equipment. When a voltage dropout occurs, even the motor's starter relays
as well as contactors may become overly sensitive to it, leading to a process
shutdown. The difference is quite large, ranging from twenty percent to sixty
-five percent sags, over more than 1000 cycles. Swells are caused by a
variety of factors, including abrupt shifts in load resistivity and the shutdown
of large loads. A two-dimensional electromagnetic disturbance is called a
voltage swell.

The RMS electrical voltage will momentarily rise at a point over a

designated level during a voltage swell. The voltage swell is influenced by
both voltage level along with duration; its start threshold is 1 1 % , and its
duration spans 0.5 cycles (10 ms) to 60 seconds. Often, the effects of a
swelling are more detrimental than those of a sag. Power supply equipment
malfunctions as a result of the overvoltage problem, though the effects may
be gradual as well as cumulative. If the duration exceeds three cycles, there
may be a discernible increase in voltage output.

33
 To increase voltage stability and mitigate the negative effects of
voltage sag/swell, a number of power electronic gadgets have been
developed. DVR is a widely used, efficient component for voltage
disturbance compensation in real-world applications. DVR is a device used
for switching that produces synchronous voltage and functions similarly to a
series active power filter among power electronics devices. DVR is used in
order to have a cost-effective and efficient power supply. This power
electronic FACTS equipment is utilised in electric energy distribution to
compensate for voltage sags and swells.

A NEW VERSION OF DQ CONTROL TECHNIQUE

Existing system configuration.

The quality of electricity under the overuse of electronic appliances is

a difficult problem these days. Power quality devices primarily compensate
non-sinusoidal, reactive, and harmonic components; this function is heavily

34
reliant on the control system's resilience. Theory of Synchronous Stationary
Frame (DQ) is applied in the implementation of some common control
systems. To control a dynamic voltage restorer in extreme transient voltage
conditions, a new version of the DQ control technique is proposed in this
paper. The novel DQ control approach is applied to the power system
networks and studied and analysed in different situations to compensate for
serious balanced as well as imbalanced voltage sags as well as swells. To
implement the control algorithm, this new scheme is based on the
extraction of components from positive sequences. With the aid of Simulink
and MATLAB, a mathematical representation of the dynamic voltage
restorer (DVR), converter controller model, hysteresis voltage control, and
new DQ scheme were created and validated.

Injecting compensation voltage with the appropriate frequency and

magnitude is required to bring the load side voltage back to the needed
amplitude and waveform. For a brief period (all the way up to 0.1 seconds),
the system may apply up to 50% of the nominal voltage. But the majority of
voltage sags are substantially smaller than 50%. It is referred to as dynamic
voltage regulation or restoration. The DVR is said to be the regulating
apparatus. DVRs could be a useful tool for end users who experience
unintentional power quality disruptions. A simple DVR power system
circuitry with a control module to deliver compensated voltage and maintain
the voltage at the desired value is shown in Figure 3 . 2 . DVRs are typically
mounted on a vital feeder, providing the necessary reactive power internally
while DC energy storage supplies the active power.

35
 Basic circuit of power system with DVR

A a 3- phase system load, an injector transformer, a supply ( grid)

electrical voltage with electrical grid impedance, along with the DVR system
are all part of the suggested configuration depicted in Figure 3.1. The DVR
system consists of a harmonic passive filters and a voltage source inverting
device (VSI) that is powered by a direct current (DC) source with a the direct
current link capacitor. In this system, a three-phase balanced as well as
unbalanced load is taken into account.

A DVR system's energy storage system or ESS along with the the
direct current linked capacitor are two crucial parts that provide the active

36
power needed to fend off protracted disruptions. In order to provide dynamic
response, the DC link capacitor, an energy storage device, produces high-
power, short-duration pulses. ESS on a DVR typically consists of a battery.
The energy needs of a DVR can be satisfied by combining a battery along
with a capacitor. An energy storage device's size is determined by its
application. This section presents the median energy storage needs for
specialised appliances, power grid levelling, and power quality. The power
quality as well as custom gadget specifications for a few seconds along

with cycles, respectively, must be satisfied by the energy storage capacity of

a DVR system.

An LC filter is connected to the results side of the DVR's inverter

to reduce harmonics generated from the PWM (pulse width modulation)
electrical voltage waveform. The lowest order harmonics in the resultant
voltage waveform are eliminated by the cutoff frequency of an LC filter. The
inductance and capacitance of the filter determine the cutoff or resonant
frequency. Selecting a capacitor value should ensure that the resonance
frequency is under one-third of the inverter's switching frequency.

As illustrated in Figure 3 . 3 , the DVR injects the three phase voltages

produced by the voltage source inverter using three single-phase injection
transformers. Every transformer has a wye arrangement connected to the
secondary (low voltage) side in order to optimise the output voltages
generated by the inverter.

37
 Injecting transformer.

An effective injecting transformer requires careful selection of the air

gap and magnetising current. A DC voltage V0 applied across the injecting
transformer's primary will cause DC current I0 to flow via the primary
winding Np, which will cause DC flux to circulate in the core and produce a
DC flux density Bdc.

Symmetrical components, or both negative and positive sequence

components, show up in the system voltages that affect the load voltages
under abnormal operating conditions. By using the suggested detection
technique, the proposed control system aims to distinguish the positive
sequence elements from the system voltage by considering the presence of
negative sequence components. To create the load voltage reference, these
positive sequence elements are converted into dq coordinates. Hysteresis
voltage control is used to produce firing signals of the voltage source

38
inverting device (VSI) switches by comparing the reference voltages to the
real load voltages. With the help of this suggested detection method,
positive sequence components can be found instantly and continuously, and
load voltage fluctuations can be compensated for. It also helps to adjust the
voltage amplitude to the desired level with the right amount of
compensation time. A voltage controller and a method for generating
reference signals make up the control system. The DQ method has been
updated with the reference signal production technique. In conditions where
there is an imbalance, the conventional DQ method is inadequate. PLL
(Phase locked loop), as well as Park transformation, are features of the
modified DQ method that are shared with the conventional DQ method. The
modified DQ method includes a peak finder technique and a detection
method of positive sequence components.

必 Usage of conventional inverters for Harmonic elimination creates

affects the system and harmonics is not properly mitigated.

必 An inefficient control scheme can cause reliability problems and

increase the complexity of the control algorithm and system design.

必 Improper circuit design can affect the stability of the system in

nonlinear current compensation.

39
 CASCADED FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER FOR VOLTAGE
SAG AND SWELL MITIGATION

Power quality (PQ) problems are a big challenge for modern electric
power systems. The primary problems with PQ include frequency deviation,
aberrations in both voltage and current, flicker, zero sequence current,
voltage sag, voltage swell, transient, and transient frequency. When the
distribution of the bus's near-sinusoidal voltage and current waveform is
kept at the allowed magnitude and frequency, it's referred to as "electric PQ".
The percentage of nonlinear loads —such as electrical devices, transformers
and furnaces — is increasing significantly due to the power system's
expansion. PCC-connected nonlinear loads contaminate the power supply
environment by causing PQ distortion in the system. System losses are
increasing, and voltage distortion will damage more expensive electrical
equipment. To solve PQ problems, a converter circuit —the UPQC's core — is
used. The UPQC may be configured to prevent distortion from entering from
the load side and to protect delicate loads inside the plant. Power quality is
a crucial problem in today's electrical system that may affect both utilities
and consumers. The combination of smart grid technologies, power
electronics technological advances, and renewable energy sources resulted
in a number of problems with the present electric power system. Delicate
technology can be harmed by voltage sag, swell, and aberrations in voltage
and current. These components are vulnerable to changes in input voltage
brought on by interference from other system components. Power quality is

40
crucial to the dependability and safe operation of the power system as more
and more costly and fragile electronic gadgets are being utilized in daily life.

Possible Distribution a Flexible AC Transmission System device called

a Dynamic Voltage Restorer is frequently used to address issues with
unconventional voltage, current, or frequency in the power distribution grid.
It ensures a steady load voltage by injecting voltages into the transmission
line to preserve the voltage profile. The effectiveness of the DVR-based
suggested approach for smoothed harmonically-distorted voltage was
shown using MATLAB/Simulink simulations. Third and fifth harmonics are
added using a configurable power source power system model. Both
situations with and without DVR are included when evaluating the systems'
responsiveness to load voltage. For the best possible resource exploitation,
one of the basic and important requirements in every enterprise powered by
electricity is controlled and enhanced power quality. However, harmonic
distortion, interruption, sag, swell, and transient have been identified as
some critical issues with power quality. Problems with power quality cause
DVR products to be used more widely in all industries. The need for greater
supply chain dependability, the growing number of R&D initiatives, and the
growing use of industrial electronics and power electronic equipment are
some other factors propelling the DVR market further.

Furthermore, DVR's cheap maintenance costs make it even more

appealing for power management. Utilities and process industries, which are
constantly introducing computer-controlled and automated industrial
processes to increase efficiency and maintain competitiveness, are the
primary sources of demand for DVR. Furthermore, the need for dynamic
voltage restorers in the area is being driven by a quickly expanding
semiconductor sector, which mostly sources its products from China and
Taiwan. These semiconductor businesses are now devoting a sizeable
portion of their budgets to research & development in order to eventually

41
provide end consumers with technologically sophisticated goods at
competitive costs.
CASCADED FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLER

In this proposed system we are implementing Cascaded fuzzy based

controller to ensure the PQ issues and also provides a regulated load
voltage. The ability of the distributed power system to transfer power in its
pristine form without distortions is referred to as Power Quality (PQ).
However, recently the adverse effects of low PQ has aroused a huge
amount of attention, due to its impact on sensitive loads, which results in
economic losses for both the industrial and commercial customers. Some
of the common PQ issues encountered in distributed power system are
flickers, voltage harmonics, interruptions, voltage sag and voltage swell.
Despite the existence of the aforementioned PQ issues, the working of
sensitive load is mostly disrupted by voltage fluctuation in the form of
voltage swell/sag. Here, in this work, Cascaded fuzzy based a DVR based
on controller is used to compensate voltage related PQ issues. The voltage

V _a c t is compared to the reference voltage 〖 V 】 _r e f and is fed as

input to the Cascaded fuzzy controller. The output from controller is the
change in duty ratio command for the three phase VSI. The proposed GWO
based DVR technique is enhancing the voltage profile of the distributed

power system by successfully eliminating the negative impacts of PQ

issues.

42
 Figure:4.1. Cascaded Fuzzy Logic Controller For Voltage
Sag/Swell Mitigation

In order to adjust for voltage, dynamic voltage restorers are employed

as active power filters (APFs). In addition to injecting current into the
transmission line, it serves as a supplemental DSTATCOM by injecting
series voltage. The initial voltage reference value is established for DVR, and
it is subsequently compared to the real one. The system is then injected with
the correct voltage quantity discrepancy by the DVR. As is generally known,
series active power filters are linked in series with the source voltage to
lessen the load side sag and swell issue. DVR is primarily used to safeguard
the load from disruptions from the source side, which is configured to
accommodate non-linear loads. The project intends to improve power
quality by reducing voltage and current variability through a comprehensive
control design of a dynamically voltages restoration. The most common
method for connecting this type of filter to increase PQ is through the
network's means of distributors.

43
 . Block Diagram of DVR

Large load variations and power line switching typically result in a

brief but significant increase in voltage. Similar to this, voltage sag refers to
the brief drop in system voltage that occurs after a short circuit fault. The
voltage sags and swells have been handled by DVR in an incredibly
economical manner. The primary parts of it are an injection transformers, a
DC storage system, an inductance and capacitance filter component, and a
voltage source inverter (VSI). Figure 4.2 displays the basic block diagram for
the DVR.

A modest power system's single line diagram is displayed. The DC

storage system is used to store DC electricity. Dc to ac is converted by a
voltage source inverter before being sent to a filter. The transformer was
supplied with a controllable magnitude, desired phase angled voltage after
the filter's elements eliminated all undesired voltage waveforms. Therefore,
it is important to properly design the inductance and capacitance values in
the filter circuit.

44
 It provides the gadget with voltage boosting and electrical isolation. A
3 ∅ isolating transformer or 3 1 ∅ isolating transformers are used in a 3 -
phase configuration to inject voltage. Technically and financially, the
anticipated potential final voltage is taken into consideration when selecting
an injection transformer. The lowest voltage at DC-link prior to DVR balances
the distribution system's level and VSI balances the largest sag determining
the turn proportion of the series infusion transformer. Increased order
harmonic influences in the transformer are influenced by the position of the
filter arrangement, i.e., filter side system at the inverter as well as filtering at
the line side. Three single-phase, unity-ratio isolating transformers are used
in the suggested system. Filtered and controlled VSI voltage is supplied to
the infusion transformer on the inverter's side via LC style filters.

Two stage converters are used in rectifier fed inverter systems. This
study describes inverter side control. Duty cycle is determined using the
rectifier side control. Voltage control is necessary for the majority of inverter
applications. Variations in the inverter's source voltage and internal
regulation may necessitate this control.

It falls into three categories: managing the voltage that is supplied to

the inverter; managing the voltage that is contained within the inverter; and
managing the voltage that the inverter delivers.

Many well-known techniques exist for regulating the d-c voltage input
to an inverter or the AC voltage that an inverter produces. This involves the
util isation of magnetic amplifiers, induction regulators, phase-controlled
rectifiers, shunt regulators, and storable reactors. Considerable work has
gone into creating novel techniques for voltage control since the advent of

45
high speed, highly reliable, and efficient solid state switching equipment
such as silicon-controlled rectifiers and transistors. These improved
controls, for the most part, use switching techniques where switching time-
ratio control is used to achieve voltage control. Using switching time-ratio
controls in the inverter circuit is one of the best ways to regulate the output
voltage of the inverter. The main focus of this chapter is on this fundamental
type of inverter voltage control. By using this method, inverter output voltage
control frequently be added without appreciably increasing the overall
number of circuit components. Here, the key concepts of this control
mechanism are demonstrated through a discussion of a single phase pulse
width control technique. The basic component of the inverter output voltage
can have its amplitude changed by appropriately gating the inverter-
controlled rectification device. Lower frequency harmonics be significantly
reduced or eliminated using this control technique. Consequently, over a
broad range of inverter voltage control, a good output waveform obtained
with minimal filtering. Figure 4.3 depicts the usual power-circuit
configurations of a voltage source inverter operating in three phases. These
topologies only require one DC source, and n-channel IGBTs are the
recommended devices for medium-output electrical power applications. A
sizable DC link capacitor (Cdc) is placed across the supply terminals, with
"Edc" serving as the input dc supply. Short leads are used to connect
switches and capacitors to the DC bus in order to reduce stray inductance
within the capacitor as well as the inverter switches.

46
 Topology of a 3-phase VSI
It goes without saying that in order to reduce stray inductances, the
physical arrangement of both negative and positive bus lines is also crucial.
Switches Q1, Q2, Q3, and so on are quick and controllable. Fast recovery
diodes D1, D2, D3, and so forth are wired in anti-parallel to the switches. The
inverter's output terminals "A," "B," and "C" are connected to the ac load.
Whereas a 1ϕ inverter has just one pair of load terminals, an inverter that
operates on three phases has three load-phase terminals.

DC link current is the current that the inverter switches receive from
the dc bus. The dc link current frequently undergoes step changes when the
electrical inverter switches are operated on and off, along with occasional
changes in direction. Even when the ac load at the output of the inverter is
using a constant amount of power, there is still a step change in the
instantaneous dc link current. However, if net power-flow is from the dc bus
to the ac load, the mean magnitude of the dc link current stays positive. If
the ac load attached to the inverting device is regenerating, the direction of
net power flow reverses. The mean dc link current magnitude is negative
during regeneration. It is possible to conceptually separate the dc as well as
ac components of the dc link current. Regarding the dc and ac parts of the

47
dc link current, it is possible to observe the distinct functions of the "dc
voltage source" and the "dc link capacitor." The capacitor functions as an
open circuit for the DC element of the current. As would be expected, in a
steady state, there is no direct current supplied by the capacitor. The dc
source is the only source of the dc portion of bus current.

Practical DC voltage sources may have an internal emf in series with

resistance and/or inductance. The source electrical potential appears in
series with the bus current's internal resistance when the bus current is in
DC (the source inductance's effect is not felt). In contrast, the inside DC emf
of the source appears short for the ac part of the current, and its series
impedance — a resistance in series with an inductance — appear parallel to the
DC-link capacitor. Thus, these 2 parallel paths split up the ac portion of the
current. However, because the capacitive impedance is lesser at higher
frequencies, the capacitor is primarily the conduit for the high frequency part
of the ac current. A sizable portion of the high frequency current
components are linked to the step change in the dc link current and basically
find their way through the capacitor. Lowering the supply line inductance
less than a particular threshold might not be feasible. A typical DC generator,
for instance, will have a sizable armature inductance in series to the
armature emf. Most DC supplies will naturally have a fairly large series
inductance. Similarly, the AC supply line inductance will stop the rectifier
output current from changing quickly if the dc supply is obtained after the ac
voltage has been rectified. Unless the direct current side of the capacitor
effectively bypasses the ac line inductance, the effect of the inductance
seen on the dc side. If the circuit layout is poorly designed and the lead
lengths are long, even the connecting leads that connect the DC source to
the DC bus of the inverter may greatly increase the supply line inductance. It
should be noted that an inductance in series with the direct current (DC)
source could be beneficial occasionally. The rationale is that carrying high-

48
frequency ripple current is harmful for some kinds of DC sources, such as
batteries. In these situations, having some series inductance in the dc
source is beneficial. The high-frequency ripple will choose to travel through
the dc link capacitor because of the source's series inductance, relieving the
dc source.
In order to give the high frequency portion of the switch currents a low
impedance path, the dc link capacitor needs to be placed extremely close to
the switches. Good quality capacitors with extremely low equivalent series
resistors (ESR) along with equivalent series inductor (ESL) are required. To
prevent the circuit from having a large number of stray inductances inserted,
the length of the leads connecting switches as well as diodes to the DC bus
needs to be kept to a minimum. The inverter circuit's performance is greatly
impacted by the power circuit's general design.

Different criteria enabled to categorise voltage source inverters. They

are categorised based on how many phases they produce. As a result,
inverters are classified as single-phase or three-phase based on the voltages
they output. Inverters with two, five, or any additional quantity of output
phases are also an option. Another way to categorise inverters is based on
how well they can regulate the output parameters' magnitude, such as
frequency, voltage, harmonic content, etc. While some inverters can only
output voltages with a fixed magnitude (but variable frequency), others can
produce voltages with both variable voltage and variable frequency (VVVF).
A considerable number of low order harmonics, such as the third, fifth,
seventh, eleventh, and thirteenth order of the sought (fundamental)
frequency voltage, taint the output of certain voltage source inverters. While
some inverters might not have any low order harmonics, a few high order
harmonics could still be causing problems. Even if it means more high order
harmonics, inverters used in ac motor drive applications should have fewer
low order harmonics in the output electrical voltage waveform. In most ac

49
motor loads, the inductive nature of the load itself filters out higher order
harmonic potential difference distortions. Another way to categorise
inverters is based on their topologies. While certain inverter topologies are
better suited for higher voltage applications, others are better suited for low
as well as medium voltage ratings.

The advantages of a three-phase voltage source inverting device are as

follows:
• The circuit for CSI is straightforward and only uses a converter-
grade thyristor, which should be able endure high voltage spikes during
commutation and be capable of reverse blocking.

• The "controlled current source" used here, which is a current-limited

voltage source connected in series with a large inductance, controls an
output short circuit or concurrently conduction in an inverter arm.

• The converter-inverter paired configuration has the inherent ability to

operate in four quadrants without the need for an additional power

source.

Fuzzy logic control systems include those that use cascaded fuzzy
logic. Real numbers between 0 and 1 are used to represent truth values in
fuzzy logic, a kind of many-valued logic. When the truth value may be
anywhere from totally true to totally false, it is used to manage partial truth.
An intermediate variable fuzzy controller intended for cascade control is
called a cascaded fuzzy logic controller. The foundation of fuzzy logic
controller are fuzzy sets, which are classes that contain items in which there
is a smooth transition from membership to nonmember ship. For
complicated, nonlinear, or undefined systems, fuzzy logic controllers
perform better than traditional controllers in many cases.

Lotfi Zadeh of the University of California, Berkley created fuzzy logic

50
in 1965 as a means of conducting computer operations based on natural
values as opposed to binary values. Initially, it was used for data processing,
but it eventually started to be applied as a control strategy.

Fuzzy logic is a simple control system that operates at the mode level,
with the output depending on the input's state as well as rate of change. Put
differently, the way a fuzzy logic system works is that it assigns a specific
output based on the likelihood that the input will lead to a given state.

The foundation of fuzzy logic is the notion that assumptions are made
to determine the result. It makes use of sets, in which each set stands for a
collection of linguistic factors that specify the various output states that
could occur. The set includes all feasible input levels and their
corresponding degrees of change, from which predictions about the
outcome are made. The If-else-the concept, asserts that in the event of A
AND B, subsequently Z, is how it functions. As an illustration, suppose we
are intrigued in controlling a system where the output can, for any x in the
group X, have any value, and where x is a member of X. Suppose we wish to
manage a framework in which x is related to X and the result can occur
anywhere in the set X, all with a shared value of x.

Think of a specific group A, which happens to be a subsection of X

such that all of its members fall between the periods 0 and 1. The level of
membership in every part of the membership function determines the output,
which is a graphic representation of this fuzzy set A. The fuzzy sets are
defined as follows: the degree of membership of x in the set is indicated by
the value of fA(x) at x. The output is determined by the level of a
membership of x in the set. The extent of membership in every aspect of the
membership function determines the output, which is a graphic
representation of these fuzzy sets. The membership of these sets is
determined by the IF-Else logic. The logical structure of the AND operator of

51
the inputs' states as well as rates of change determines the output's
membership, and in general, the variables of the group are the inputs' states
along with their degrees of change. In a multi-input structure, the variables
may also be the various inputs, and the output may be the potential outcome
of the AND operation within the variables. Fuzzy Control System (FLC)
comprises four main components: fuzzif ication, fuzzy inference engine/
controller, rule base, and defuzzif ication.

FLC system
A fuzzifier that converts numerical input or measured variables into
linguistic variables. A controller assigns the outputs using fuzzy logic, taking
into account the linguistic data. Through estimated reasoning that relies on
human interpretation, control logic is reached. The knowledge base and the
inference engine comprise the controller. Understanding how the system
functions in relation to its environment informs the membership functions
and fuzzy rules that comprise the knowledge base. The output required for
system control is transformed from this fuzzy output by the defuzzifier.

52
The switch in the proposed converter generates and applies the pulse width
modulated signal. The mean power reduction is actually divided into
discrete parts by the PWM generator. By leaving the switch on longer than it
is off, the mean current and voltage values are transferred to the load side.
This further ON time will result in the delivery of more power. To achieve the
highest peak power values, the controller control section feeds the PWM
generator. A pulse-width modulation generator's main goal is to produce the
gate-pulse signal with a variable width and supply it to the converter's switch.

To lessen the current harmonics in the inverter, a straightforward L-

filter is frequently utilised. It is recommended that the L filter be designed
for line frequency, requiring a high inductance value and increasing costs by
several kilowatts. Furthermore, the dynamic response could deteriorate.
Therefore, low pass filters can be replaced with LC or LCL filters, which have
relatively small values of inductor as well as capacitor. Because it has two
inductors, the LCL filter requires more room and money. Depending on the
filter type, there are differences in efficiency, cost, losses, weight, and size.
An LC filter has been developed in this work.

53
 LC filter
The maximum AC current ripple must be determined before the LC
filter can be designed. The inverter side inductive power in this design is
chosen at rated power using 5% of the phase current. This rule assumes
that the basic part of the grid current is zero. The filter inductor voltage's
fundamental component must therefore also be zero. So, the definition of
the electrical potential across the inductor is:

V = V V
L inl g

The switching frequency fs, which is greater than the grid frequency
F _ N , determines the phase voltage. As a result, during the switching time Ts,
the time mean value of the voltage generated by the inverter V_av which can
be defined as constant. The filter inductor current's peak to peak value in
this instance. When utilising the PWM switching technique

V dc
-V
2 av d1
ΔI = 2I = .
pp rpm
Lf fs

Ipp & Irpm which stand for peak - to - peak value and max number of the
ripples in the current passing through the filter inductor, respectively. The
duty cycle d1 and L is the value of the filter inductance. Throughout the time
period 0< ωt< π,

Vav(ωt) = d 1 (ωt)

d 1 (ωt) = ma sin ( ωt)

Where it modulation index is ma consequently, maximum inductor current

ripple, Irpm, can be stated as follows:

54
 V dc
Irpm= [1 d 1 (ωt)] d1 ( ωt)
4L f fs

V dc
= [1 ma sin ( ωt)] ma sin (ωt)
4L f fs

Assuming ma = 1, the maximum value of I rpm is ¼ at π/ 6, 5π /6.

V dc
L=
f
16. fs . ΔI ph(max)

Thus, the amount of the inverter side inductance was chosen based
on switching frequency. When selecting the filter capacitance, it is advised
that the maximum power factor variations on the grid be set at 5%. The
whole systems impedance base value, ZB is determined from the
capacitance fluctuation as follows:

2
vG
Z =
B
PAv./3

1 1
CB = =
ωN. Z 2πfN. Z
B B

C = 0.05. C
max B

Here PAV is the maximum active power, ωN is the grid frequency and vG
is line-to-line RMS voltage. Overall active power device will be lower than
predicted if values more than this 5% are used. Stated differently, an
excessively large capacitor will cause the ripple in the inductor current to
increase. Nevertheless, the transformer-less inverting devices do have
common mode potential difference loops thanks to PWM switching, which
creates a resonance circuit. This circuit's resonant frequency will be
determined by the limits between the switching frequency along with the

55
control width.

fS
f ≤ f ≤
N res
2

When the resonance frequency, fres is designated as

1
fres =
2 π LC
f f

It is obvious that the switching frequency should be chosen to be much

higher than the LC filter's resonance frequencies.

MATLAB/SIMULINK software is used to analyse the simulated results.

MATLAB is a high-performance technological computing system that
combines calculation, visualisation, and coding in an easy-to-use
environment where issues are presented with standard mathematical
notation for solutions. The finest solution for signal analysis is MATLAB.
Simulation source explorer should be opened. MATLAB must be installed in
order to access the Simulation site. Open MATLAB, type Simulation results

56
in the command prompt, and the Simulation toolbox will appear. Choose
file>new>model from Simulation libraries explorer panel. This chapter
presented simulation and experimental findings related to the suggested
setup. The simulated inquiry was conducted using MAT Lab/Simulink for
control applications, and PV strings, grid voltage, power converter, and
modulator stages were represented by PLECS. This study was completed
using the test design's conditions in order to reinforce idea verification. It is
crucial to emphasise that the simulation's parameters were chosen in
accordance with the experimental prototype's lower power.

MATLAB is an interactive environment and high-level language used

by thousands of engineers and researchers. It can be used to visualise
concepts from a variety of academic fields, such as communications,
control systems, signal as well as image processing, and computational
finance. Using SIMULINK, a real system's mathematical formalism can be
explained and then examined. In SIMULINK, concepts are dynamically
described through the use of sequence diagrams. Within the provided library,
users can choose from a wide range of bricks to represent different objects
and ideas in different ways. One of the key advantages of using SIMULINK
for system modelling and analysis is the ability to rapidly evaluate the
behaviour of complicated structures that may be extremely challenging to
analyse analytically. While SIMULINK cannot or will not solve mathematical
representations "by hand," it can numerically roughly the solutions. For
example, physical principles can be used to develop mathematical
expressions that represent specific systems and serve as the foundation for
a SIMULINK model.

SIMULINK was developed by The Math Works, a Natick-based

company, as a software place for mat lab, a mathematics tool. MATLAB has
a wide range of numerical analytic capabilities. A simulation is a method for

57
visualizing and analyzing the results of dynamic systems. Any logical device
or control technique for a complicated system can be developed with the
universal building bricks offered by the SIMULINK Libraries. The tool's
processing capabilities are improved by SIMULINK's access to numerous
toolboxes for diverse methodologies, including fuzzy logic, neural networks,
DSP, statistics, and even more. The primary benefit is that simple
mathematical computations no longer require writing code thanks to the
accessibility of template building blocks.

Information and data are transferred from one block to the next in
SIMULINK via wires connecting the relevant blocks. It is possible to generate
and supply both static and dynamic impulses in blocks. Data can be
supplied with features. Lastly, data may be poured into sinks, which can also
hold files that can be kept or scopes and displays. Data can be linked
between blocks, duplicated, forked, multiplexed, etc. In simulation, data
processing and transfer only happen at discrete times, despite the fact all
processors are discontinuous systems.

Simulink arranges its fundamental components inside a block library based

on the behaviours of each block:
1) There are blocks in the Source package that can produce signals.
2) The Scopes library contains the block that displays outputs.
3) There is a block in the voltage library that measures circuit voltage.
The block which define linear classifier can be found in the continuous
library.

58
 Show signals when simulating.
The results of the block that controls the simulations
throughout the times are displayed in this scope block. You may use a
scope block to bring up this SA scope window. This window's header
displays the block's identity. Display the signals that are pertinent to the
model. The input of the Scope block is shown in relation to the simulation
period. It appears that each axis that the Scope block enables has a
common time range in addition to a distinct y-axis. The scope allows you to
change the scope for input data shown as well as period started duration.
Users move, resize, and alter the parameter values for the Scope window
while the simulations are running.

Check the voltage of a circuit.

The voltage assessment block makes it possible to measure
the voltage between two electrical nodes instantly. Other modelling blocks
may use the outputs, which are a particular kind of simulation signal.

Construct a network node with labels.

: Using the Bus Bar block, components are linked together. It

59
enables the connection of many electric block input and outputs.
Whenever the saturated feature is turned on, it behaves exactly like
the stored Transformers block's saturated feature and automatically
generate the block's icon. The estimated conditions are automatically
changed to start the simulation in a steady state if the flux are not given.

For systematic modelling and simulation, MATLAB has a graphics add

-on called Simulink. Simulink displays system block diagrams on the monitor.
The interoperability of MATLAB and simulation facilitates data movement
between them. MATLAB is a highly efficient programming language. It
integrates coding, visualisation, and computation in an approachable
environment where problems are explained using mathematically
understood solutions.

Simulink is started by entering the following code now at MATLAB

command prompt: Simulink
An alternative is a button marked "Simulation Library Browse" on the
top bar of the MATLAB command window. It should now show the Simulator
Libraries Explore windows on the screen. Most of the components that are
needed to construct fundamental systems are found in the "Simulink"
folder's subdirectories, which are accessible by simply pressing the "+"
button next to the word. Following the "Simulink" folder's opening.

Blocks and lines are also the two Simulink components that are most
appropriate and helpful. Signals can be produced, altered, integrated,

delivered, anddisplayed using blocks. Signals are sent between blocks via
lines.

The subfolders under the "Simulink" file display the general kinds of blocks

60
that we can access:
• Consistent: components of a linear, continuous temporal system
• Discrete: Components of a discrete time system that are linear. User
generated functions and tables are available for plotting function
values.
• Math: Operators in mathematics
• Nonlinearity: Nonlinear operators
• Signals & Systems: Components for managing/monitoring signals
and building subsystems.

• Sinks: Instruments for displaying or emitting signals

• Sources: Employed to produce a variety of signals. The input and
output terminals of a block can be any number from 0 to many. A
little open triangle signifies an unoccupied input terminal. A little
triangle point denotes output terminals that are not in use.

Line are used to send signals in the arrow's path. In order for the input
and output terminals of a block to communicate with one another, signals
must be sent over lines. This rule may not always be followed, as line may
tap off of another line. After this, the original data is sent to each of the two
(or more) target blocks. Although a signal cannot be infused into some other
line, lines should be combined to use a technology like a summation
terminal. Signals can be scalar or vector signals, for instance. System have
one input and output often use scalar signals. Systems with many inputs
and many outputs frequently employ vector signals, which are divided into
two or even more scalar signals. Both vector and scalar signals are
transmitted on the same lines. The blocks on either side of a line dictate the
kind of signal that line could carry.

The process of creating the system model then entails the

61
 following steps:
The necessary blocks, gathered from the library browser, are filled
in the model window.
Next, we adjust the block parameters to match the structures we
are modelling.
Using lines to connect the blocks completes the model.
We'll use our sample system to walk by means of each of these
steps in detail. After a system is built, simulations are run to study
its behaviour.

Now that we have constructed our model, we can simulate the

systems. Either choose "Start/pause exercises" from the modelling window
toolbar or "Start/pause exercises" from the test menu. The simulator
finishes quickly due to the demonstration has a straightforward concept. On
the other hand, in the case of more intricate systems, you can track the
progress of the simulation by examining the duration displayed in the
bottom box of a modelling window. The almost double scope block will
display the gain block's simulation results as a time function.

The following outcomes are attained following completion of the anticipated

tasks in the MATLAB simulation.

62
 . Overall Simulation

. Input Source Voltage waveform (R-Phase)

Fig.5.2. Indicates the Input Source Voltage waveform (R-Phase) is constant
at 1 0 0 V and it is maintains constant.

63
 . Input Source Current Waveform (R-Phase)
The input source current waveform (R-Phase) is shown in Figure 5.3 to be
constant at 1A.

. Input Voltage and Current waveform

The input voltage and current waveform stay constant at 100 volts and 100
amps, as shown in Figure 5.4.

. Three phase Load Voltage waveform

The three-phase voltage at the load waveform in Figure 5.5 is 200V for a
duration of 0.01 seconds. Upon reaching 300V after 0.01 seconds, the
waveform continues to remain steady.

64
 . Load current waveform (R-Phase)
The load current waveform (R-Phase) in Figure 5.6 is steady at 2 amps and
stays that way.

. reactive power waveform

Figure 5.7 shows that the reactive power waveform is 0VAR and then stays
constant.

. Real power waveform

According to Fig. 5.8, the true power waveform is 0 W for the first 0.02
seconds. The form of the waveform rises to 75W after 0.02 seconds and
stays steady after that.

65
 A DVR is a piece of device that is connected in series and supplies the
entire system voltage to change the load voltage. The DVR of a system of
distribution is usually positioned between the supply and feeders with
delicate loads. During a disturbance, the major duty is to promptly preserve
the load voltage (by employing a rapid detection algorithm) in order to avoid
any interruptions. In order to adjust for voltage sag and swell, voltage
distribution and transfer networks commonly use the cascaded fuzzy logic
control methods described in this project. This project discusses the use of
DVR to restore voltage sag and swell in the transmission network using the
variation in the per-unit value approach (average detection) and provides a
dynamic voltage restorer based on the average detecting approach for
single-phase power systems.

IoT Connectivity: Integration with the Internet of Things (IoT) could enable
DVRs to gather and exchange real-time data with other devices on the grid.
This connectivity may enhance the overall situational awareness and
responsiveness of the power distribution system.

Energy Storage Innovations: Advances in energy storage technologies could

lead to improvements in the energy storage components of DVRs. This
might include the use of next-generation batteries or supercapacitors with
higher energy density and faster response times.

66
1. J. Ye and H. B. Gooi, "Phase Angle Control Based Three-phase DVR with
Power Factor Correction at Point of Common Coupling," in Journal of
Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 179-186,
January 2020, doi: 10.35833/MPCE.2018.000428.

2. Moghassemi, S. Padmanaban, V. K. Ramachandaramurthy, M. Mitolo

and M. Benbouzid, "A Novel Solar Photovoltaic Fed TransZSI-DVR for
Power Quality Improvement of Grid-Connected PV Systems," in IEEE
Access, vol. 9, pp. 7263-7279, 2021, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3048022.

3. D. G. A. Krishna, K. Anbalagan, K. K. Prabhakaran and S. Kumar, "An

Efficient Pseudo-Derivative-Feedback-Based Voltage Controller for DVR
Under Distorted Grid Conditions," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and
Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 71-81, Jan.
2021, doi: 10.1109/JESTIE.2020.3036188.

4. T. Appala Naidu, S. R. Arya, R. Maurya and S. Padmanaban,

"Performance of DVR Using Optimized PI Controller Based Gradient
Adaptive Variable Step LMS Control Algorithm," in IEEE Journal of
Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.
155-163, April 2021, doi: 10.1109/JESTIE.2021.3051553.

5. Q. Guo, C. Tu, F. Jiang, R. Zhu and J. Gao, "Improved Dual-Functional

DVR With Integrated Auxiliary Capacitor for Capacity Optimization," in
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 9755-
9766, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2020.3028820.

6. H. Zhang, G. Xiao, Z. Lu and Y. Chai, "Reduce Response Time of Single-

Phase Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) in a Wide Range of Operating
Conditions for Practical Application," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and

67
 Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 2101-2113, April
2022, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2021.3119947.

7. V. Khergade, R. J. Satputaley, V. B. Borghate and B. Raghava, "Harmonics

Reduction of Adjustable Speed Drive Using Transistor Clamped H-Bridge
Inverter Based DVR With Enhanced Capacitor Voltage Balancing," in IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 6744-6755, Nov.
-Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.3013823.

8. V. Babu, K. S. Ahmed, Y. M. Shuaib and M. Manikandan, "Power Quality

Enhancement Using Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)-Based Predictive
Space Vector Transformation (PSVT) With Proportional Resonant (PR)-
Controller," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 155380-155392, 2021, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3129096.

9. S. M. Rao, R. J. Satputaley, R. K. Keshri and G. Buja, "Performance

Evaluation of MLI based DVR in Grid fed EV Fast Charging Station," in
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, doi:
10.1109/TEC.2023.3324201.

10.S. F. Al-Gahtani, E. Z. M. Salem, S. M. Irshad and H. Z. Azazi, "Improved

Instantaneous Reactive Power (PQ) Theory Based Control of DVR for
Compensating Extreme Sag and Swell," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp.
75186-75204, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3185662.

11.P. Ghavidel, M. Farhad i, M. Dabbaghjamanesh, A. Jolfaei and M. Sabah i,

"Fault Current Limiter Dynamic Voltage Restorer (FCL-DVR) With
Reduced Number of Components," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and
Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 526-534, Oct.
2021, doi: 10.1109/JESTIE.2021.3051586.

12.Z. Li, X. Guo, Z. Wang, R. Yang, J. Zhao and G. Chen, "An Optimal Zero-
Sequence Voltage Injection Strategy for DVR Under Asymmetric Sag," in

68
 IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol.
10, no. 2, pp. 2595-2607, April 2022, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2022.3149769.

13.S. G. Reddy, S. Ganapathy and M. Manik andan, "Three Phase Four Switch
Inverter Based DVR for Power Quality Improvement With Optimized CSA
Approach," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 72263-72278, 2022, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3188629.

14.S. P. Singh, D. Pathak, A. Kumar and P. Sanjeevikumar, "An Optimized

Fractional Order Modified Adaptive Variable Step-Size LMS Control
Approach to Enhance DVR Performance," in IEEE Transactions on
Consumer Electronics, doi: 10.1109/TCE.2023.3339672.

15.U. A. Khan, H. -K. Yang, A. A. Khan and J. -W. Park, "Design and
Implementation of Novel Noninverting Buck – Boost AC –AC Converter for
DVR Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68,
no. 10, pp. 9346-9357, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2020.3028815.

16.M. N. Musarrat, A. Fekih, M. A. Rahman, M. R. Islam and K. M. Muttaqi,

"Event-Triggered SMC-Based FRT Approach for DFIG-Based Wind
Turbines Equipped With DVR With High-Frequency Isolation," in IEEE
Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 11,
no. 3, pp. 2661-2671, June 2023, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2022.3233349.

17.P. Kumar, S. R. Arya, K. D. Mistry and S. Yadav, "A Self-Tuning ANFIS DC

Link and ANN-LM Controller Based DVR for Power Quality
Enhancement," in CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and
Applications, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 424-436, December 2023, doi:
10.24295/CPSSTPEA.2023.00032.

18.S. F. Al-Gahtani et al., "A New Technique Implemented in Synchronous

Reference Frame for DVR Control Under Severe Sag and Swell
Conditions," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 25565-25579, 2022, doi:

69
 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3151919.

19.S. Biricik, H. Komurcugil, H. Ahmed and E. Babaei, "Super Twisting

Sliding-Mode Control of DVR With Frequency-Adaptive Brockett
Oscillator," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, no. 11,
pp. 10730-10739, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2020.3038089.

20.Khergade, R. Satputaley and S. K. Patro, "Investigation of Voltage Sags

Effects on ASD and Mitigation Using ESRF Theory-Based DVR," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 3752-3764, Dec. 2021,
doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2020.3048838.

21.S. R. Arya, K. D. Mistry and P. Kumar, "A Hybrid Fuzzy Predictive DVR
Model for Voltage Estimation Using Intelligent Learning," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 378-385, Feb. 2024,
doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2022.3227216.

22.F. Jiang, S. Cheng, C. Tu, Q. Guo, Q. Li and C. Chen, "Optimum control

scheme of output voltage based on cascaded H-bridge DVR," in CSEE
Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 249-258, June
2020, doi: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2019.02580.

23.P. Kumar, S. R. Arya and K. D. Mistry, "Momentum Adaption and Meta-

Learning Based DVR with Optimized Gains of Fractional Order PID
Controller," in IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,
doi: 10.1109/TAES.2023.3337213.

70
Cascaded Fuzzy Logic Controller For Voltage Sag and Swell Mitigations DVR
Based Power Quality Improvement
ORIGINALITY REPORT

7 %
SIMILARITY INDEX
3%
INTERNET SOURCES
5%
PUBLICATIONS
0%
STUDENT PAPERS

PRIMARY SOURCES

1
www.grafiati.com
Internet Source 1%
2
www.researchgate.net
Internet Source 1%
3
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2015.
Publication 1%
4
Saad F. Al-Gahtani, B. Abdulwase Bakr,
Haitham Z. Azazi, Shaik M. Irshad, Javed K. 1%
Bhutto, H. M. Majahar, Elbarbary Z. M. Salem.
"A New Technique Implemented in
Synchronous Stationary Frame (DQ) for DVR
Control under Severe Sag and Swell
Conditions", IEEE Access, 2022
Publication

<1%
Submitted to RMIT University
5 Student Paper

<1%
zenodo.org
6 Internet Source

<1%
"Power Converters, Drives and Controls for
7
Sustainable Operations", Wiley, 2023
 Publication

<1%
8 B. Han, B. Bae, H. Kim, S. Baek. "Combined
Operation of Unified Power-Quality
Conditioner With Distributed Generation",
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2006
Publication

9 Shravani, R.L. Narasimham, Tulasi Ram Das.

Power Quality (PQ) Analyses of DG Utilizing <1%
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) by
White Shark Optimizer and Recalling-
Enhanced Recurrent Neural Network", Journal
of Circuits, Systems and Computers, 2024
Publication

<1%
10 Istiak Ahmed, Marjan Al Haque, Md. Mehedi
Hassan, Showrov Rahman, Navila Rahman
Nadi, Md. Abdur Razzak. "Empirical
Investigation of a Single-Phase New Topology
Hybrid AC-DC Boost Converter with Low THD
and High-Power Factor", 2023 IEEE
International Conference on Energy
Technologies for Future Grids (ETFG), 2023
Publication

<1%
11 Joost Geeroms, Louis Flynn, Rene Jimenez-
Fabian, Bram Vanderborght, Dirk Lefeber.
"Energetic analysis and optimization of a
MACCEPA actuator in an ankle prosthesis",
Autonomous Robots, 2017
Publication
12
M.M.A. Salama. "Mitigation of AC arc furnace
<1%
voltage fl icker using the unifi ed power quality
conditioner", 2002 IEEE Power Engineering
Society Winter Meeting Conference
Proceedings (Cat No 02CH37309) PESW-02,
2002
Publication

<1%
13 Tomokazu Mishima, Ching-Ming Lai. " Zero-
Phase-Angle Load-Independent and -
Adaptable Dual-Side Inductive Wireless Power
Transfer System ", IEEE Transactions on
Transportation Electrification, 2023
Publication

<1%
14
www.mdpi.com
Internet Source

<1%
15 Sowmyashree Narayana Setty, Mysore
Subbakrishna Deekshit Shashikala, Kalyan
Thippeswamy Veeramanju. "Hybrid control
mechanism-based DVR for mitigation of
voltage sag and swell in solar PV-based IEEE
33 bus system", International Journal of
Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS),
2023
Publication

<1%
16 Subanth Williams A ․ , Suja Mani Malar R ․ ,
Ahilan T ․ . "Wind connected distribution
system with intelligent controller based
compensators for power quality issues
 mitigation", Electric Power Systems Research,
2023
Publication

<1%
hdl.handle.net
17 Internet Source

Exclude quotes On Exclude matches Off

Exclude bibliography On
ICRISST 2024-Acceptance of paper
1 message

IEEEICRISST2024 <IEEEICRISST2024@presidencyuniversity.in> Fri, Feb 9, 2024 at 9:28 AM

To: dr.ravikishore@giet.ac.in <dr.ravikishore@giet.ac.in>, cvaprasad@giet .ac.in <cvaprasad@giet.ac.in>,
jagadeeshgarikina1234@gmail.com <jagadeeshgarikina1234@gmail.com>, gowthamanapu@gmail.com <gowthamanapu@gmail.com>,
chandravamsi2 5 8 0 @ gmail. com < chandravamsi2 5 8 0 @ gmail. com>

Dear Author(s),

Greetings from ICRISST 2024!!!

2024 IEEE International Conference on Recent Innovation in Smart and Sustainable Technology
(ICRISST 2024).

Organized by Presidency University, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

We are very happy to inform you that your paper entitled "CASCADED FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER FOR
VOLTAGE SAG/SWELL MITIGATION IN DVR BASED POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT" With Paper-
ID: ICRISST20248114 reviewed by the Technical Committee and accepted for presentation in the conference.
The suggestions/comments made by the Technical Committee are listed at the end of this acceptance.

In this regard, you are requested to register your paper for presentation by sending the payment through
online transactions or payment Gateway on or before 15 - 02 -2 02 4 to include your paper in the conference
proceedings.

Pay ment Account Deta ils:

Pay me nt Ga t ewa y l i n k-
https://epay.federalbank.co.in/easypayments /DIRECTPAYMENT .ASPX?CODE=KADUTNJJQFL3JG

Gateway portal – For your kind reference.

During payment, kindly fill the above particulars
(Type of Fee Registration as ICRISST20245145 and Student NPF Application no./Student Roll no. as PAPER ID)

or can pay to the below mentioned acct.

U

During payment of online /NEFT of registration fee, please mention Paper ID and Name of Author in the
remark section.
Save screenshot or receipt of the payment for uploading via online registration form later.
Kindly make all the necessary corrections as per their remarks and prepare the camera ready paper as per
the IEEE template attached And the submission of camera ready paper and copy right form link will be
intimated later. This is mandatory to include your paper in the proceedings. Formatting your paper
and keeping your paper without plagiarism (<20% without reference, <30% with reference and
should not exceed 3% from the same source), will increase the chance of publishing the paper in IEEE
Digital Xplore.

Ki n dl y up l oa d yo ur D ocu me n ts i n th e S ub mi s s i o n l i n k gi v e n b el ow
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeqO5s4FrgfEOwtxuTOELwbZtq-TZlZkWpa7c8uIrOkRWqgGQ/
viewform?usp=sharing

1. Registration form.
2. Screenshot or Scanned copy of Online Transfer/Bank Transfer
3. Screenshot of IEEE member ID/ Student ID
Reviewer Comments:
Reviewer- 1
1. Results not shown clearly.
2.
Comparison of PI, Fuzzy and Cascaded FLC not shown in any waveform.

Reviewer- 2
This paper presents about CASCADED FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER FOR VOLTAGE SAG/SWELL MITIGATION IN DVR
BASED POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT.
1. Title may require more precise name for better understanding.
2. Why there are two sources (AC & DC) which are needed in the proposed model.
3. In Fig.2 it is explained about FWR with source inductance. what is the point of adding the figure here and in the block
diagram 1 second block is written as source inductance. Is fig.2 for source inductance? if so the output will be dc then
how the series transformer is connected? More clarity is need from the figures and explanation part too.
4. all the simulation parameters have to be tabulated.
5. Why the R phase voltage is less than 230 V(in table mentioned as 230V)?
6. How settling time is less and for which output results you have considered this settling time?
7. Results have to be projected according to novelty which are missing.

Status of Paper :
Accept with major revision

Once again, we congratulate you and hope to see you in conference.

Any Queries Contact/ WhatsApp: 9489117930/9791098344

or
Email to:ieeeicrisst2024@presidencyuniversity.in
Presidency University Payment Gateway
1 message

<fedmail@federalbank.co.in> Wed, Feb 14, 2024 at 11:38 AM

To: jagadeeshgarikina1234@gmail.com
Cc: jagadeeshgarikina1234@gmail.com

Dear Sir/ Madam,

Greetings from Presidency University!!

Thankyou for using Federal Bank Payment Gateway for doing online payment. Please find below the Payment Receipt done by you.

Presidency University Payment Gateway :- Powered by Federal Bank

Online Payment Receipt

Date 14-FEB-2024

Transaction Id 24451059232885877

Remitter Name Garikina Jagadeesh

ganesh image
Contact Number 7780235119

E-Mail ID jagadeeshgarikina1234@gmail.com

Total Amount in Rs. 6000.00

Fee type ICRISST20245145

Registration
BVHBJ9929G
number

Make another Payment

Best Regards,
 Federal Bank

Disclaimer : This is an automated email. For any queries and services, please contact – 1800 425 1199 or 1800 420 1199 (24 x 7
toll free numbers from India) or 0484-2630994 / 2630995 (for customers abroad). Alternatively you can also e-mail to
helpdesk@federalbank.co.in / contact@federalbank.co.in

Never reveal your ATM PIN, CVV no. printed on the reverse of the Debit card, Internet banking passwords, OTP etc. to anyone including Bank officials. Federal Bank never asks
for your confidential credentials.

The information contained in this electronic message and any attachments to this message are intended for the exclusive use of the addressee(s) and may contain proprietary,
confidential or privileged information. If you are not the intended recipient, you should not disseminate, distribute or copy this e-mail. Please notify the sender immediately and
destroy all copies of this message and any attachments.
WARNING: Computer viruses can be transmitted via email. The recipient should check this email and any attachments for the presence of viruses. The company accepts no
liability for any damage caused by any virus transmitted by this email.
The Federal Bank Ltd
 D. Ravi kishore

CascadedFuzzy Logic Controller For Voltage SagAndSwell Mitigations In DVR Based PowerQuality
Improvement
 Sivaprasad Kollati

CascadedFuzzy Logic Controller For Voltage SagAndSwell Mitigations In DVR Based PowerQuality
Improvement
 Garikina Jagadeesh

CascadedFuzzy Logic Controller For Voltage SagAndSwell Mitigations In DVR Based PowerQuality
Improvement
 AnapuGowtham Ranga

CascadedFuzzy Logic Controller For Voltage SagAndSwell Mitigations In DVR Based PowerQuality
Improvement
 DomaChandravamsi

CascadedFuzzy Logic Controller For Voltage SagAndSwell Mitigations In DVR Based PowerQuality
Improvement