15

132 CDS Pathfinder

HCF AND LCM OF

POLYNOMIALS
Regularly (1-2) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions are based on your
prior knowledge of GCD and LCM of numbers and expressions.

DIVISOR
A polynomial d ( x) is said to be a divisor of polynomial p( x) if d ( x) is a factor of p( x) i.e., p( x) can be
written as p( x) = d ( x) ⋅ q( x), where q( x) is a quotient polynomial e.g. ( x − 3) is a divisor of ( x − 3) 2 ( x + 1) .

HCF (GCD) of Polynomials

A polynomial h ( x) is called the HCF or GCD of two or more given polynomials, if h( x) is a
polynomial of highest degree dividing each one of the given polynomial without leaving any remainder.

Note The coefficient of highest degree term is always taken as positive.

EXAMPLE 1. The HCF of polynomials (x + 2) 2 (x − 3) 2 and (x + 1) (x + 2) 2 (x − 3) is

a. ( x + 2) ( x − 3) b. ( x + 2)2 ( x − 3) c. ( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x − 3) d. ( x + 2)2 ( x − 3)2
Sol. b. Let p( x) = ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 3) 2 and q( x) = ( x + 1) ( x + 2) 2( x − 3)
The common factor between two polynomials is ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 3) , ∴ HCF = ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 3)

HCF by Factorisation Method

Following are the steps for calculating HCF through factorisation method
Step I Resolve the given polynomials in the complete factored form.
Step II Find the HCF of the numerical factors (if any) of given polynomial.
Step III Find the factors of highest degree which is common to all given polynomials.
Step IV The product of all such common factors and HCF of the numerical factors is the HCF of given
polynomials.
MATHEMATICS HCF and LCM of Polynomials 133

EXAMPLE 2. The HCF of p(x) = 24(6 x 4 − x 3 − 2x 2 ) and −39 is taken out as common factor from remainder.
q(x) = 20(2x 6 + 3x 5 + x 4 ) is x3 − 11x − 6) x4 − 39x − 22 (x

a. 4( 2x + 1) b. x2 ( 2x + 1) c. 4 x2 d. None of these x4 − 11x2 − 6x

– + +
Sol. d. Here, P( x) = 24 (6x4 − x3 − 2x2) = 23 ⋅ 3⋅ x2 ⋅ (6x2 − x − 2) 11x2 − 33x − 22
= 2 ⋅ 3⋅ x ⋅ (6x − 4x + 3x − 2) = 2 ⋅ 3⋅ x ( 2x + 1) ⋅ ( 3x − 2)
3 2 2 3 2
Again 11 is taken out as common factor from remainder
and q( x) = 20 ( 2x6 + 3x5 + x4) = 22 ⋅ 5⋅ x4( 2x2 + 3x + 1)
x2 − 3x − 2) x3 − 11x − 6 (x + 3
= 22 ⋅ 5⋅ x4 ⋅ ( 2x2 + 2x + x + 1) = 22. 5. x4( 2x + 1)( x + 1)
x3 − 3x2 − 2x
HCF of numerical factor = 22 = 4 , Highest degree common – + +
factor = x2 ( 2x + 1) 3x2 − 9x − 6
∴ Required HCF = 4x2 ( 2x + 1) 3x2 − 9x − 6
− + +
HCF by Division Method ×
To find the HCF of polynomials which cannot be ∴ HCF of 11x4 − 39x3 − 8
factorised easily, we use successive division method.
and x4 − 39x − 22 is x2 − 3x − 2 .
Step I Arrange the given polynomials in descending order Also, HCF of 2x2 and 2x is 2x.
of powers of its variables.
∴ Required HCF = 2x ( x2 − 3x − 2)
Step II If any common factor is present in the terms of
each polynomial, it should be taken out. LCM of Polynomials
Step III Divide the polynomial of highest degree by the A polynomial h( x) is called the LCM of two or more
polynomial of lowest degree. polynomials, if it is a polynomial of smallest degree
or If both the polynomials are of the same degree then which is divided by each one of the given polynomials
any one of them can be taken as divisor or dividend. without leaving any remainder.
Step IV After the first division take the remainder as the
new divisor and first divisor as new dividend. EXAMPLE 4. The LCM of 12x 2 y 3 z 2 and
Step V Continue this process of dividing the last divisor 18x 4 y 2 z 3 is
by the last remainder until the remainder becomes a. x4 y 3 z3
zero.
b. 9 x2 y 2 z3
Step VI The product of common factors obtained from step
c. 36 x3 y 3 z 4
II and last divisor is the HCF of given polynomials.
d. 36 x4 y 3 z3
Note If the first term of a remainder is negative at any stage, the
Sol. d. Here, 12x2y 3z 2 = 22 × 31 × x2 × y 3 × z 2
l

sign of all of its term must be changed.

l If at any stage, the remainder contains common factor it 18x4 y 2z 3 = 21 × 32 × x4 × y 2 × z 3
should be taken out.
∴ Required LCM = 22 × 32 × x4 × y 3 × z 3
EXAMPLE 3. The HCF of 22x 6 − 78x 5 − 16 x 2 and = 36x4 y 3z 3
2x 5 − 78x 2 − 44x is
a. ( x 2 − 3x − 2) b. 2x( x 2 − 3x − 2) LCM by Factorisation Method
c. 22x ( x − 3x − 2)
2
d. None of these Following are the steps for calculating LCM through
factorisation method
Sol. b. Let p ( x) = 22x6 − 78x5 − 16x2 = 2x2(11x4 − 39x3 − 8)
Step I Resolve the given polynomials in the
q ( x) = 2x5 − 78x2 − 44x = 2x ( x4 − 39x − 22) complete factored form
Let us divide (11x4 − 39x3 − 8) by ( x4 − 39x − 22) Step II Find the LCM of the numerical factors
x4 − 39x − 22) 11x4 − 39x3 − 8 (11 (if any) of given polynomials
11x4 − 242 − 429x Step III The required LCM is the product of LCM
– + + of numerical factors and each factor raised to
− 39x3 + 429x + 234 the highest power.
134 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 5. The LCM of x 3 − 2x 2 − x + 2 and EXAMPLE 6. The HCF of two polynomials is x + 3

x 3 − x 2 − 4x + 4 is and their LCM is x 3 − 7 x + 6. If one of the polynomials
is x 2 + 2x − 3. Then, the other is
a. ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 − 4) b. ( x 2 + 2)( x 2 − 4)
c. ( x + 1)( x + 2)
2 2
d. None of these a. x2 − x − 6 b. x2 − x + 6
c. x2 + x + 6 d. None of these
Sol. a. Here, x3 − 2x2 − x + 2 = x2( x − 2) − 1( x − 2)
Sol. d. Here, HCF = x + 3 and LCM = x3 − 7x + 6
⇒ ( x − 2)( x2 − 1) = ( x − 2)( x − 1)( x + 1)
= ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x − 2) Also, one polynomial = x2 + 2x − 3
and x3 − x2 − 4x + 4 = x2( x − 1) − 4( x − 1) As, LCM × HCF = Product of two polynomials
⇒ ( x − 1)( x − 4) = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x + 2)
2 LCM × HCF
Other polynomial =
∴ Required LCM = ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x − 2)( x + 2) One polynomial
= ( x2 − 1)( x2 − 22 ) ( x + 3) × ( x3 − 7x + 6)
=
[Q ( a − b )( a + b) = a2 − b2] x2 + 2x − 3
= ( x − 1)( x 2 − 4 )
2
( x + 3)( x3 − 7x + 6)
=
( x + 3)( x − 1)
For any two polynomials p( x) and q( x)
p ( x) × q ( x) = (Their HCF) × (Their LCM) ( x + 3)( x − 1)( x2 + x − 6)
i.e. Product of two polynomials
= = x2 + x − 6
( x + 3)( x − 1)
= Product of their HCF and LCM
So, other polynomial is x2 + x − 6.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The LCM of ( x − 1)( x − 2) and x 2( x − 2)( x + 3) is 6. What is the HCF of ( x4 − x2 − 6) and ( x4 − 4x2 + 3)?
(a) (x − 1) (b) (x − 1)(x − 2 )(x + 3) (a) x2 − 3 (b) x + 2 (c) x + 3 (d) x2 + 3
(c) x2 (x − 1)(x − 2 )(x + 3) (d) None of these
7. The HCF of the polynomial A and B where
2. The LCM of 2 ( a 2 − b2 ), 3 ( a3 − b3 ), 4 ( a 4 − b4 ) is A = ( x + 3)2( x − 2)( x + 1)2
(a) 6(a − b )(a + b )(a + b ) (b) 12(a − b )(a + ab + b )
2 2 4 4 2 2
and B = ( x + 1)2( x + 3)( x + 4) is given by
(c) a3 − b 3 (d) 12(a4 − b 4 ) (a) (x + 1) 2 (x + 3) (b) (x + 1)(x + 3)2
3. The HCF of two expressions a and b is 1. Their (c) (x + 1)(x + 3) (d) (x + 3)2 (x + 1)2
LCM is
1 8. The HCF of 22x( x + 1)2 and 36x 2( 2x 2 + 3x + 1) is
(a) (a + b ) (b) a − b (c) ab (d)
ab (a) 2 x(x + 1) (b) x(x + 1) (c) 2(x + 1) (d) 2 (x + 1)2
4. The LCM of the polynomials
( x + 3)2( x − 2)( x + 1)2; ( x + 1)3 ( x + 3)( x + 4) is 9. The LCM of a 2 − b2 − c2 − 2bc,
b2 − c2 − a 2 − 2ac and c2 − a 2 − b2 − 2ab is
(a) (x − 2 )(x + 1)3 (x + 3)2 (x + 4)
(a) (a + b + c )
(b) (x − 2 )(x + 1)3 (x + 3)(x + 4) (b) (a − b − c ) (a + b + c )
(c) (x − 2 )(x + 3)(x + 4) (c) (a + b + c ) (c − a − b )
(d) (x − 2 )2 (x + 1)(x + 3)2 (x + 4) (d) (a + b + c ) (a − b − c ) (b − c − a) (c − a − b )

5. HCF of 4 y 4x − 9 y 2x3 and 4 y 2x 2 + 6 yx3 is 10. LCM of [( x + 3) ( x − 2)]2 and [( x − 2) ( x − 6)] is

(a) y x (2 y + 3x)
2
(b) yx (3x + 2 y) (a) (x + 3) (x − 2 )3 (x − 6) (b) (x + 3) (x − 2 )2 (x − 6)
(c) yx2 (x + 3) (d) None of these (c) (x + 3) (x − 2 ) (x − 6) (d) (x + 3) (x − 6)
MATHEMATICS HCF and LCM of Polynomials 135

11. If ( z − 1) is the HCF of ( z 2 − 1) and pz 2 − q( z + 1), 21. If f( x ) and g( x ) are two polynomials with integral
then coefficients which vanish at x = 1 / 2, then what is
(a) 2 p = q (b) p = 2q (c) 3 p = 2q (d) 3 p = 2 p the factor of HCF of f( x) and g( x) ?
12. The HCF of two expressions is 3x 2 + 4x − 4 and (a) x − 1 (b) x − 2 (c) 2 x − 1 (d) 2 x + 1

their LCM is 3x + 4x − 7x − 4x + 4.
4 3 2
The 22. The HCF of two polynomials p( x ) and q( x ) is
expressions are 2x ( x + 2) and LCM is 24x ( x + 2)2 ( x − 2). If
(a) (x − 1)(3x2 + 4x − 4) and (3x2 + 4x − 4) p( x) = 8x3 + 32x2 + 32x, then what is q ( x ) equal to?
(b) (x + 1)(3x2 + 4x − 4) and (x + 2 )(3x2 + 4x − 4) (a) 4x3 − 16x (b) 6x3 − 24x (c) 12 x3 + 24x (d) 12 x3 − 24x
(c) (x + 2 )(3x2 + 4x + 4) and (x − 1)
23. If ( x − 2) is the HCF of ( ax 2 + bx + c) and
(d) (x + 1)(3x2 + 4x − 4) and (x − 1)(3x2 + 4x − 4)
( bx 2 + ax + c), then value of c is
13. The LCM and HCF of two polynomials p ( x ) and (a) 2 (a + b ) (b) (a + b ) (c) −3 (a + b ) (d) − (a + b )
q( x ) are 36x 2( x + a )( x3 − a3 ) and x 2( x − a ), 24. We have three polynomials A = 8 p + p2 + 12,
respectively. If p ( x ) = ( 4x 2 )( x 2 − a 2 ), then q( x ) B = p2 + 2 p − 24 and C = p2 + 15 p + 54
(a) 4x3 (x3 − a3 ) (b) 12 x3 (x2 − a2 )
I. Their LCM is ( p + 6) ( p − 4) (p + 2) ( p + 9)
(c) 9x3 (x3 − a3 ) (d) 36x3 (x3 − a3 ) II. Their HCF is ( p + 6)( p − 2)
14. The LCM of two polynomials p ( x ) and q ( x ) is Then, which of the following codes is/are correct
x − 7x + 6.
3
If p ( x ) = x + 2x − 32
and (a) Only I (b) Only II
q( x ) = x 2 + x − 6, then the HCF is (c) Neither I nor II (d) Both I and II

(a) (x + 3) (b) (x − 3) 25. Which of the following statements are true?

(c) (x + 3)(x − 2 ) (d) (x − 1) I. HCF of x2 − 6x + 9 and x3 − 27 is (x − 3).
15. If ( x + k) is the HCF of ( x 2 + ax + b) and II. LCM of 10x2yz, 15xyz , 20xy2z 2 is 120x2y2z 2.
( x 2 + px + q ), then the value of k is III. HCF of (6x2 − 7x − 3) and (2x2 + 11x − 21) is
(2x − 3).
b + q b −q  a + b  a − b
(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)   Select the correct answer using the codes given below
 a + p  a − p  p+ q  p−q (a) I and III (b) I, II and III
(c) II and III (d) None of these
16. What is the value of k for which the HCF of
2x 2 + kx − 12 and x 2 + x − 2k − 2 is ( x + 4)? 26. Consider the following statements :
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 10 (d) −4 I. The HCF of x+ y and x10 − y10 is x + y.
17. If the HCF of ( x + x − 12) and ( 2x − kx − 9) is
2 2 II. The HCF of x+ y and x10 + y10 is x + y.
III. The HCF of x− y and x10 + y10 is x − y.
( x − k), then what is the value of k?
(a) − 3 (b) 3 (c) − 4 (d) 4 IV. The HCF of x− y and x10 − y10 is x − y.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
18. If GCD of the polynomials ( x − 2x + px + 6) and
3 2
correct?
( x 2 − 5x + q ) is ( x − 3). Then, the value of 5q + 6 p is (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and IV (d) II and IV
(a) −1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) None of these Directions (Q. Nos. 27-29) A student wrote five
polynomials such as A = pq − np, B = pq − mq,
19. The sum and the difference of two expressions is
C = q 2 − 3nq + 2n2, D = pq − 2 pn − mq + 2mn,
5x − x − 4 and x + 9x − 10 respectively, then
2 2

their LCM would be equal to E = pq − np − mq + mn. Now, he divide the

(a) (x − 1) (b) (2 x + 3)(3x + 7 )
polynomials into groups and calculate the HCF and
LCM.
(c) (2 x − 3)(3x + 7 ) (d) (x − 1)(2 x − 3)(3x + 7 )
27. Calculate the HCF of A, C and E
20. Find the values of a and b so that the polynomials (a) (q − 2 n) (b) ( p − n) (c) (q − n) (d) (q − n)(q − 2 n)
p ( x ) and q( x ) have ( x + 1)( x + 3) as their HCF
28. Calculate the LCM of D and E
p ( x ) = ( x 2 + 3x + 2)( x 2 + 2x + a ) (a) ( p − m)(q − 2 n) (b) ( p − m)(q − n)(q − 2 n)
and q( x ) = ( x 2 + 7x + 12)( x 2 + 7x + b) (c) (q − n)(q − 2 n)(m − p) (d) (q − n)( p − m)
(a) −3, 6 (b) 3, − 6 29. The HCF of all five polynomials together is
(c) 6, − 3 (d) None of these (a) (q − n) (b) (q − 2 n) (c) 1 (d) ( p − m)
136 CDS Pathfinder

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS 37. What is the HCF of 8 ( x5 − x3 + x ) and 28 ( x 6 + 1) ?

30. What is the LCM of a3 b − ab3 , a3 b2 + a 2b3 and (a) 4(x4 − x2 + 1) (b) 2(x4 − x2 + 1) e 2014 I
ab ( a + b) ? e 2012 I (c) (x4 − x2 + 1) (d) None of these
(a) a2 b 2 (a2 − b 2 ) (b) ab (a2 − b 2 )
38. What is the highest common factor of
(c) a2 b 2 + ab 3 (d) a3 b 3 (a2 − b 2 ) 2x3 + x 2 − x − 2 and 3x3 − 2x 2 + x − 2 ? e 2014 II
31. What is the HCF of 36 ( 3x4 + 5x3 − 2x2 ), (a) x − 1 (b) x + 1 (c) 2 x + 1 (d) 2 x − 1
9 ( 6x + 4x − 2x) and 54 ( 27x − x) ?
3 2 4
e 2012 I 39. The HCF and LCM of two polynomials are ( x + y )
(a) 9x (x + 1) (b) 9x (3x − 1) (c) 18x (3x − 1) (d) 18x (x + 1) and ( 3x5 + 5x 4 y + 2x3 y 2 − 3x 2 y3 − 5xy 4 − 2 y5 ),
32. What is the HCF of the polynomials respectively. If one of the polynomials is ( x 2 − y 2 ),
x3 + 8, x2 + 5x + 6 and x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 8 ? e 2013 II then the other polynomial is e 2015 I
(a) x + 2 (b) x + 3 (c) (x + 2 )2 (d) None of these (a) 3x4 − 8x3 y + 10x2 y2 + 7 x y3 − 2 y4
33. The LCM of ( x3 − x2 − 2x) and ( x3 + x2 ) is e 2013 II (b) 3x4 − 8x3 y − 10x2 y2 + 7 x y3 + 2 y4
(a) x 3 − x 2 − 2 x (b) x 2 + x (c) x 4 − x 3 − 2 x 2 (d) x − 2 (c) 3x4 + 8x3 y + 10x2 y2 + 7 x y3 + 2 y4
(d) 3x4 + 8x3 y − 10x2 y2 + 7 x y3 + 2 y4
34. The HCF of ( x4 − y 4 ) and ( x6 − y 6 ) is e 2013 II
(a) x 2 − y 2 (b) x − y (c) x 3 − y 3 (d) x4 − y4 40. If ( x + 1) is the HCF of Ax 2 + Bx + C and
35. What is the LCM of x 2 + 2x − 8, x3 − 4x 2 + 4x and Bx 2 + Ax + C where A ≠ B, then the value of C is
x + 4x ?
2
e 2013 II e 2015 II
(a) x(x + 4)(x − 2 )2 (b) x(x + 4)(x − 2 ) (a) A (b) B (c) A − B (d) 0
(c) x(x + 4)(x + 2 )2 (d) x(x + 4)2 (x − 2 ) 41. The sum and difference of two expressions are
36. What is the HCF of a 2b4 + 2a 2b2 and ( ab)7 − 4a 2b9 ? 5x 2 − x − 4 and x 2 + 9x − 10 respectively. The HCF
of the two expressions will be e 2016 I
e 2013 II
(a) ab (b) a2 b 3 (c) a2 b 2 (d) a3 b 2 (a) x + 1 (b) (x − 1) (c) (3x + 7 ) (d) (2 x − 3)

ANSWERS
1 c 2 b 3 c 4 a 5 b 6 a 7 a 8 a 9 d 10 b
11 b 12 d 13 c 14 a 15 b 16 a 17 b 18 c 19 d 20 a
21 c 22 b 23 c 24 a 25 a 26 c 27 c 28 b 29 c 30 a
31 c 32 a 33 c 34 a 35 a 36 c 37 a 38 a 39 c 40 d
41 b

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (c) LCM = product of the largest power Product of expressions 6. (a) Let p( x ) = x 4 − x 2 − 6
3. (c) LCM =
of each factor HCF
= x 4 − 3x 2 + 2x 2 − 6
= x2 ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x + 3) a×b
= = ab = x 2 ( x 2 − 3) + 2( x 2 − 3)
2.(b) Here, 2 ( a 2 − b 2 ) = 2 ( a + b ) ( a − b ) 1
= ( x 2 + 2)( x 2 − 3)
3 ( a 3 − b 3 ) = 3 ( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) 4. (a) Given, ( x + 3)2 ( x − 2)( x + 1)2
q( x ) = x 4 − 4x 2 + 3
and 4 ( a 4 − b 4 ) = 4 ( a + b ) ( a − b ) and ( x + 1) 3 ( x + 3)( x + 4)
= x 4 − 3x 2 − x 2 + 3
( a2 + b2 ) LCM
= ( x − 2)( x + 1) 3 ( x + 3)2 ( x + 4) = x 2 ( x 2 − 3) − 1( x 2 − 3)
LCM of numerical coefficients = 12
and LCM of algebraic expressions = ( x 2 − 3)( x 2 − 1)
5. (b) 4 y 4 x − 9 y 2 x3 = y 2 x( 4 y 2 − 9x2 )
= ( a − b )( a + b )( a 2 + b 2 ) HCF of p( x ), q( x ) = x 2 − 3
= y 2 x( 2 y − 3x)( 2 y + 3x)
( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) 7. (a) A = ( x + 3)2 ( x − 2)( x + 1)2 and
4 y x + 6 yx3 = 2 yx2 ( 2 y + 3x)
2 2
= ( a 4 − b 4 )( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) B = ( x + 1)2 ( x + 3)( x + 4)
∴ Required HCF = xy( 2 y + 3x)
∴ LCM of polynomials ∴ HCF of polynomials
= 12( a 4 − b 4 )( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) = ( x + 3)( x + 1)2
MATHEMATICS HCF and LCM of Polynomials 137

8. (a) Here, HCF of 22 and 36 is 2. 14. (a) Given, Subtracting Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
Now, x ( x + 1)2 = x ( x + 1) ( x + 1) p( x) = x2 + 2x − 3 = ( x + 3)( x − 1) 2q( x) = 4x2 − 10x + 6
x ( 2x + 3x + 1) = x ( 2x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2 2 q( x) = x2 + x − 6 = ( x + 3)( x − 2) ⇒ q( x) = 2x2 − 5x + 3
Common factors of x ( x + 1) 2 and LCM = 2x 2 − 3x − 2x + 3
and x ( 2x + 3x + 1) are x ( x + 1).
2 2 = x − 7x + 6 = ( x − 1)( x + x − 6)
3 2
= x( 2x − 3) − 1( 2x − 3)
Hence, required HCF = 2x ( x + 1) = ( x − 1)( x + 3)( x − 2) = ( x − 1)( 2x − 3)
p ( x) × q ( x)
∴ HCF = ∴ LCM of p( x) and q( x)
9. (d) a 2 − b 2 − c 2 − 2bc = a 2 − ( b 2 + c 2 + 2bc )
LCM = ( x − 1)( 2x − 3)(3x + 7)
= a − ( b + c) = ( a + b + c) ( a − b − c)
2 2
( x + 3)( x − 1) × ( x + 3)( x − 2)
b − c − a − 2ac = b − ( c + a + 2ac )
2 2 2 2 2 2 = 20. (a) p ( x) = ( x + 2)( x + 1)( x2 + 2x + a )
( x − 1)( x + 3)( x − 2)
= b 2 − ( c + a )2 q ( x) = ( x + 3)( x + 4)( x2 + 7x + b )
= ( x + 3) As HCF is ( x + 1)( x + 3), then both
= ( b − c − a) ( b + c + a)
15. (b) Since, ( x + k ) is the HCF, it will ( x + 1) and ( x + 3) must be factors of
= ( a + b + c) ( b − c − a ) divide both the polynomials without p( x) and q( x).
and c 2 − a 2 − b 2 − 2ab leaving any remainder, thus x = − k will For p(x), ( x + 1) is already a factor, so
= c 2 − ( a 2 + b 2 + 2ab ) = c 2 − ( a + b )2 make both of them zero.
( x + 3) must be a factor of x2 + 2x + a.
= ( c − a − b) ( c + a + b) ∴ k 2 − pk + q = k 2 − ak + b
So, ( −3)2 + 2( −3) + a = 0
= ( a + b + c) ( c − a − b ) or − ak + b = − pk + q
⇒ 9−6+ a=0
∴ Required LCM ⇒ ak − pk = b − q
= ( a + b + c) ( a − b − c) b−q ∴ a = −3
∴ k=
( b − c − a) ( c − a − b) a− p For q (x), ( x + 3) is already factor.
10. (b) Given, [( x + 3) ( x − 2)2 ] ∴( x + 1) must be a factor of
16. (a) Since, ( x + 4) is HCF, so it will
and [( x − 2) ( x − 6)] divide both the expressions i.e. x = − 4 x2 + 7x + b.
∴ LCM = ( x + 3) ( x − 2)2 ( x − 6)
will make each one zero. ∴( −1) + 7( −1) + b = 0
2

∴ 2( −4)2 + k( −4) − 12 = 0 ∴ b=6

11. (b) Since, (z − 1) is the HCF, so it will
divide each one of the given polynomials. ⇒ 32 − 12 = 4k So, a = − 3 and b = 6 is solution.
So, z = 1 will make each one zero. ∴ 20 = 4k ⇒ k =5 1
21. (c) Given, f ( x) and g( x) vanish at x =
∴ p ( 1) − q ( 1 + 1) = 0 ⇒ p = 2q
2
17. (b) Since, HCF of x + x − 12 and
2 2
12. (d) Let p( x ) and q( x ) be two polynomials 2x2 − kx − 9 is ( x − k ), then ( x − k ) will So, ( 2x − 1) is a factor of f ( x) and g( x)
and p( x ) ÷ HCF = a be the factor of 2x2 − kx − 9. both.
and q( x ) ÷ HCF = b ∴ 2k 2 − k 2 − 9 = 0 Hence, HCF of f ( x) and
⇒ k2 − 9 = 0 g( x) = 2x − 1 .
∴ p( x ) × q( x ) = LCM × HCF
⇒ k = ±3
⇒ a × HCF × b × HCF = LCM × HCF 22. (b) Refer to question 13.
and factor of x2 + x − 12 are
⇒ a × b × HCF = LCM 23. (c) As ( x − 2) is the HCF of
( x + 4)( x − 3).
LCM ( ax 2 + bx + c ) and ( bx 2 + ax + c )
ab = Hence, value of k is 3.
HCF So, it will divide both the expressions,
3x 4 + 4x 3 − 7x 2 − 4x + 4 18. (c) Here, ( x − 3) is GCD, so is a factor of
∴ a ( 2)2 + b( 2) + c = 0
= both of them.
3x 2 + 4x − 4 ∴ Putting x = 3, in both makes each ⇒ 4a + 2b + c = 0 …(i)
= ( x + 1)( x − 1) polynomial zero. and b ( 2)2 + a ( 2) + c = 0
Let a = ( x + 1) and b = ( x − 1), 3 3 − 2(3)2 + p(3) + 6 = 0 ⇒ p = −5 ⇒ 4b + 2a + c = 0 …(ii)
then the required expression are 32 − 5(3) + q = 0 ⇒ q = 6 adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
( x + 1) (3x2 + 4x − 4) ∴ 5 q + 6 p = 5 ( 6) + ( −5)( 6) ⇒ 6a + 6b + 2c = 0
and ( x − 1) (3x2 + 4x − 4). = 30 − 30 = 0
⇒ 2 c = −6 a − 6 b
13. (c) Here, LCM = 36x3 ( x + a )( x3 − a 3 ) 19. (d) Let the expressions be p( x) and q( x), ⇒ c = −3 ( a + b )
and HCF = x2 ( x − a ) then
p( x) = 4x ( x − a )
2 2 2 p ( x) + q ( x) = 5x2 − x − 4 …(i) 24. (a) A = p 2 + 8 p + 12 = ( p + 2)( p + 6)
But p( x) × q ( x) = HCF × LCM p ( x) − q( x) = x2 + 9x − 10 …(ii) B = p 2 + 2 p − 24 = ( p − 4)( p + 6)
HCF × LCM On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have C = p 2 + 15 p + 54 = ( p + 9)( p + 6)
q ( x) =
p ( x) 2 p( x) = 6x2 + 8x − 14 I. LCM of A, B
x ( x − a ) 36x ( x + a )( x − a )
2 3 3 3
⇒ p( x) = 3x2 + 4x − 7 and C = ( p + 2)( p + 6)( p − 4)( p + 9)
=
4x 2 ( x 2 − a 2 ) = 3x 2 + 7x − 3x − 7 Thus, I is correct
= 9x 3 ( x 3 − a 3 ) = x(3x + 7) − 1(3x + 7) II. HCF of A, B and C = ( p + 6)
∴ p( x) = (3x + 7)( x − 1) Hence, II is incorrect.
138
25. (a) I. x2 − 6x + 9 = ( x − 3)( x − 3)
and x3 − 27 = x3 − (3)3
= ( x − 3)( x2 + 3x + 9)
∴ HCF = x − 3.
Hence, it is true.
II. LCM of 10x2 yz , 15xyz
2 2
and 20xy z is 60x y z . 2 2 2
Hence, it is false.
III. 6x2 − 7x − 3 = ( 2x − 3)(3x + 1)
and 2x2 + 11x − 21
= ( x + 7)( 2x − 3)
Hence, HCF = ( 2x − 3), it is also
true.
Hence, the statement I and III are
correct.
26. (c) We know that,( x + y ) and ( x − y ) are
the factors of ( x 10 − y 10 ).
Hence, statements I and IV are true.
27. (c) We have, A = pq − np = p ( q − n) …(i)
C = q 2 − 3nq + 2n2
= q − 2nq − nq + 2n
2 2
= q ( q − 2n) − n( q − 2n)
= ( q − n)( q − 2n) …(ii)
E = pq − np − mq + mn
= p( q − n) − m( q − n)
= ( p − m )( q − n) …(iii)
∴ HCF of A, C and E = ( q − n)
28. (b) We have, E = ( p − m )( q − n) ... (i)
D = pq − 2np − mq + 2mn
= p( q − 2n) − m ( q − 2n)
= ( p − m )( q − 2n) …(ii)
∴ LCM of D and E
= ( p − m )( q − n)( q − 2n)
29. (c) The factors of given polynomials are
as follows
A = pq − np = p ( q − n)
B = pq − mq = q ( p − m )
C = ( q − n)( q − 2n)
…(iii)
D = ( p − m )( q − 2n)
E = ( p − m )( q − n)
There is no such factor which is
common to all given five polynomials.
Thus, HCF (A, B, C , D, E) = 1
30. (a) Here, a 3 b − ab 3 = ab ( a 2 − b 2 )
= ab ( a − b ) ( a + b )
a3b2 + a2b3 = a2b2 ( a + b)
∴ LCM [( a 3 b − ab 3 ), ( a 3 b 2 + a 2 b 3 ),
ab ( a + b )]
= a b ( a + b) ( a − b)
2 2
= a b (a − b )
2 2 2 2
31. (c) Let P (x) = 36(3x4 + 5x3 − 2x2 )
= 36x2 (3x2 + 5x − 2)
= 36x ( x + 2) (3x − 1)
2
Q (x) = 9( 6x3 + 4x2 − 2x)
= 18x(3x + 2x − 1) 2
= 18 x(3x − 1)( x + 1)
R (x) = 54( 27x4 − x) = 54x( 27x3 − 1)
= 54x (3x − 1)( 9x 2 + 1 + 3x )
HCF of [36, 18, 54] = 18
∴ HCF of [P (x ), Q (x ), R (x )]
= 18x (3x − 1)
32. (a) Let f ( x) = x + 8 = x + 2
3 3
= ( x + 2) ( x 2 − 2x + 4)
= ( x + 2) ( x − 2) ( x − 2)
g( x) = x2 + 5x + 6
= x 2 + 3x + 2x + 6
= ( x + 3) ( x + 2)
and h( x) = x3 + 2x2 + 4x + 8
= ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 4)
∴ HCF of { f ( x), g ( x), h ( x)} = ( x + 2)
33. (c) Let f (x) = x3 − x2 − 2x
= x ( x 2 − x − 2)
= x ( x + 1) ( x − 2)
and g (x ) = x + x 3 2
= x ( x + 1) = x ⋅ x ( x + 1)
2
∴ LCM of [ f ( x), g( x)]
= x2 ( x + 1) ( x − 2)
= x 2 ( x 2 − x − 2)
= x − x − 2x
4 3
34. (a) Let f ( x) = ( x 4 − y 4 )
= ( x2 − y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
…(i)
= ( x − y ) ( x + y ) ( x2 + y 2 )
…(ii)
and g( x) = ( x6 − y 6 )
= ( x3 + y 3 ) ( x3 − y 3 )
…(iv) = ( x + y ) ( x2 − x y + y 2 ) ( x − y )
…(v) (x + x y + y )
= ( x − y ) ( x + y ) ( x2 − x y + y 2 )
( x2 + x y + y 2 )
∴ HCF of
[ f ( x), g( x)] = ( x − y ) ( x + y )
= x2 − y 2
35. (a) x 2 + 2 x − 8 = ( x − 2) ( x + 4)
x 3 − 4x 2 + 4x = x [ x 2 − 4x + 4]
= x ( x − 2)2
x + 4x = x ( x + 4)
2
CDS Pathfinder
Now, LCM of ( x2 + 2x − 8),
( x3 − 4x2 + 4x) and ( x2 + 4x)
= x ( x − 2)2 ( x + 4)
36. (c) a 2 b 4 + 2a 2 b 2 = a 2 b 2 ( b 2 + 2) ...(i)
and ( ab )7 − 4a 2 b 9 = a 7 b 7 − 4a 2 b 9
= a 2 b 2 ( a 5 b 5 − 4b 7 ) ...(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), HCF = a b 2 2
37. (a) Let p( x) = 8( x5 − x3 + x)
= 4 × 2 × x( x4 − x2 + 1)
and q( x) = 28( x6 + 1)
= 7 × 4[( x2 )3 + ( 1) 3 ]
3
= 4 × 7 × ( x2 + 1)( x4 − x2 + 1)
∴ HCF of p( x) and q( x)
= 4( x4 − x2 + 1)
38. (a) Let f ( x) = 2x3 + x2 − x − 2
= ( x − 1)( 2x2 + 3x + 2)
and g( x) = 3x3 − 2x2 + x − 2
= ( x − 1)(3x2 + x + 2)
Hence, the highest factor of f ( x) and
g( x) is ( x − 1).
39. (c) Given, HCF = ( x + y ) and
LCM = 3x5 + 5x4 y + 2x3 y 2
− 3 x 2 y 3 − 5 xy 4 − 2 y 5
= x (3x + 5xy + 2 y 2 ) − y 3
3 2
(3x 2 + 5xy + 2 y 2 )
= (3x + 5xy + 2 y )( x3 − y 3 )
2 2
We know that,
Product of two polynomials
= HCF × LCM
2
∴ Required polynomial
( x + y )( x3 − y 3 )(3x2 + 5xy + 2 y 2 )
=
( x − y )( x + y )
( x − y ) ( x 2 + y 2 + xy )
(3x 2 + 5xy + 2 y 2 )
=
(x − y)
2 2 = ( x + y + xy )(3x2 + 5xy + 2 y 2 )
2 2
= 3x4 + 8x3 y + 10x2 y 2 + 7xy 3 + 2 y 4
40. (d) ( x + 1) is the HCF of
Ax 2 + Bx + C and Bx 2 + Ax + C
∴ A( −1)2 + B( − 1) + C = 0
⇒ A−B+C =0
⇒ C =B− A
and B( − 1)2 + A ( −1) + C = 0
⇒ B− A+C =0
⇒ C = A−B
∴ C =0
41. (b) Refer to question 19.