28
363
STATISTICS
Usually (10-13) questions have been asked from this chapter. This chapter is very important from
examination point of view and generally questions are asked from the graphical representation of data,
measures of central tendency.
Statistics is the branch of Mathematics which deals with the
collection, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. In
this chapter, we shall study measures of central tendency i.e.
mean, median and mode of ungrouped data and grouped
data. Concept of cumulative frequency, the cumulative
frequency distribution how to draw cumulative frequency
curves (ogive) and graphical representation of data will also
be discussed.
Collection of Data
Collection of data is the first step in statistics towards
achieving the goal or conclusion.
On the basis of collection, data are of two types
1. Primary data The data collected actually in the process
of investigation by the investigator is called primary data.
It is original and first hand information.
2. Secondary data The data collected by someone and used
by any other person known as secondary data.
Presentation of Data
Raw or Ungrouped data When the data presented is
random and is not prepared according to some order, it is
known as raw or ungrouped data. It does not give us a clear
picture of the class.
Grouped data When the data is arranged in any manner
like ascending or descending order etc., it is called grouped
data. It can also be presented in the form of a table called
frequency distribution table.
Class Intervals Class intervals are the groups in
which all the observations are divided. Each class is
bounded by two figures (numbers) which are called
class limits. The figure on the left side of a class, is
called its lower limit and that on the right side of a
class, is called its upper limit.
Class mark It is the mid-point of the class interval.
Lower class limit + Upper class limit
i.e. Class mark =
2
Range or a class size Difference between the upper
limit and the lower limit of a class is called its class
size.
Range = Upper limit − Lower limit
e.g. Range of the observations 4, 7, 8, 10, 12
= 12 − 4 = 8
Frequency of an observation The number of times
an observation occurs is called its frequency.
Frequency distribution
The tabular arrangement of data, showing the
frequency of each observation is called a frequency
distribution. It is a method of presenting the data in
a summarized form. Frequency distribution is also
known as frequency table.
There are two types of frequency distribution which
are as follows:
364 CDS Pathfinder

1. Discrete frequency distribution Wages (in `) Number of workers

999.5-1099.5 125
A frequency distribution is called a discrete frequency
1099.5-1199.5 150
distribution, if data are presented in a way such that
exact measurements of the units are clearly shown. 1199.5-1299.5 200
1299.5-1399.5 250
Marks Number of students (frequency)
1399.5-1499.5 175
40 7
1499.5-1599.5 100
60 3
80 3
100 2
Cumulative frequency
If the frequency of first class interval is added to the
Total 15
frequency of second class and this sum is added to third
class and so on, then frequencies so obtained are known
2. Continuous frequency distribution as cumulative frequency.
Exclusive form A frequency distribution in which upper
limit of each class is excluded and lower limit is EXAMPLE 1. Consider the table given below :
included, is called an exclusive form. Number of students Cumulative
Marks
e.g. In the class 0-10 of marks obtained by students, a (frequency) frequency
student who has obtained 10 marks is not included in 0-10 13 13
this class. It will be counted in the next class i.e 10-20. 10-20 7 20

Inclusive method In this method,the classes are so 20-30 5 25

formed that the upper limit of a class is included in that 30-40 4 29
class. The following example illustrates the method. In 40-50 1 30
class 1000-1099, we include workers having wages 50-60 7 37
between ` 1000 and ` 1099. If the income of a worker 60-70 3 40
is exactly ` 1100, then it will be included in the next 70-80 4 44
class 1100-1199. 80-90 5 49
90-100 1 50
Exclusive method Inclusive method
Total 50
Wages (in `) Number of workers Wages (in `) Number of works
1000-1100 125 1000-1099 125
Then, find the value of the following
1100-1200 150 1100-1199 150
(i) frequency of class 10-20. (ii) class size.
1200-1300 200 1200-1299 200
1300-1400 250 1300-1399 250 (iii) mid value of 60-70. (iv) total frequencies.
1400-1500 175 1400-1499 175 a. 10, 65, 50, 60 b. 7, 10, 65, 60
1500-1600 100 1500-1599 100 c. 50, 65, 10, 10 d. 7, 10, 65, 50
Total 1000 Total 1000 Sol. d. (i) Here, frequency of class 10-20 is 7.
(ii) Class size = Upper limit − Lower limit = 30 − 20 = 10
It is clear from the above example that both the
inclusive and exclusive methods give us the same class Upper limit + Lower limit 60 + 70
(iii) Mid value = = = 65
frequency although the class intervals are aparently 2 2
different in the two cases. (iv) Total frequencies = 50
In the above example on inclusive method, the EXAMPLE 2. The class mark of the interval 12.5-17.5
difference between the lower limit of a class and upper is
limit of the preceding class is 1. a. 5 b. 12.5 c. 15 d. 17.5
1 1 Lower limit + Upper limit
Therefore, we subtract from the lower limit and add Sol. c. Class mark =
2 2 2
to upper limit of each class to make it continuous. 12. 5 + 17. 5 30
= = = 15
The adjusted classes would be as follows: 2 2
MATHEMATICS Statistics 365

EXAMPLE 3. The class marks of a distribution are 1. Arithmetic mean of ungrouped or individual
54, 64, 74, 84, 94 and 104. Then, the class size is observations If x1 , x 2 , x 3 , . . . , x n are n observations,
a. 5 b. 10 c. 54 d. 104 then
Sol. b. Since, class size is the difference between the x1 + x2 + . . . + xn 1 n
(i) Mean ( x ) = = ∑ xi
class marks of two adjacent classes. n ni=1
∴ Class size = 64 − 54 = 10
It is also called direct method.
1 n
MEASURES OF CENTRAL (ii) Mean ( x ) = A + ∑ d i
ni =1
TENDENCY where, A = Assumed mean and d i = xi − A .
An average or central value of a statistical series is the
It is also called shortcut method.
value of the variable which describes the charateristic
of the entire distribution. The following are the five EXAMPLE 4. If the heights of 5 persons are 144 cm,
measure of central tendency 152 cm, 150 cm, 158 cm and 155 cm, respectively. Find
(i) Arithmetic mean or mean (ii) Geometric mean the mean height.
(iii) Harmonic mean (iv) Median a. 152.5 cm b. 150 cmc. 149.8 cm d. 151.8 cm
(v) Mode Sum of the heights
Sol. d. Mean height =
Out of these measures of central tendency. Arithmetic Number of persons
mean, median and mode are sometimes knows as 144 + 152 + 150 + 158 + 155 759
= = = 151. 8 cm
measures of location. 5 5

EXAMPLE 5. If the average of 6, 8, 5, 7, x and 4 is 7.

Arithmetic Mean Then, the value of x is
The mean (or average) of number of observations is a. 10 b. 11 c. 12 d. 15
the sum of the values of all the observations divided
by the total number of observations. Sol. c. Q Sum of observation = 6 + 8 + 5 + 7 + x + 4 = 30 + x
and number of observation = 6
Mean = Sum of observations/Number of observation 30 + x 30 + x
∴ Average = ⇒ 7=
Properties of Arithmetic Mean 6 6
⇒ 42 = 30 + x ⇒ x = 42 − 30 = 12
1. If every observation is increased by a constant,
Hence, the value of x is 12.
then the mean of the observations, so obtained
also increases by the same constant. EXAMPLE 6. The average of 27 observations is 35. If 5 is
2. If every observation is decreased by a constant, added to each observation, what will be the new mean?
then the mean of the observation, so obtained also a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40
decreases by the same constant.
Sol. d. Given, x = 35 and n = 27
3. If each observation is multiplied by a constant,
then the mean of the resulting observations can be Sum of observation = nx = 27 × 35 = 945
obtained by multiplying the mean by the same and new total of observation = 945 + 27 × 5 = 1080
1080
constant. ∴ New mean = = 40
27
4. If each observation is divided by a constant, then
the mean of the resulting observation can be Shortcut Method
obtained by dividing the mean by the same New mean = Previous mean + Number added to each term
= 35 + 5 = 40
constant.
5. The average of natural numbers from 1 to n is EXAMPLE 7. The mean of 53 observations is 18. If each
( n + 1) observation is multiplied by 3. What will be the new mean?
.
2 a. 18 b. 36 c. 53 d. 54
6. The average of odd numbers from 1 to n is
Sol. d. Given, x = 18 and n = 53
Last odd number + 1
  and the average of even So, sum of observation = nx = 53 × 18 = 954
2 New total of observation = 954 × 3 = 2842
Last even number + 2
 ⋅
numbers from 1 to n is  2862
∴ New mean = = 54
 2 53
366 CDS Pathfinder

Shortcut Method Wages (in `) Number

d = xi − A fd
i i
New mean = Previous mean × Constant multiplied to (xi ) workers ( fi )
each term = 18 × 3 = 54 800 7 −100 −700
2. Mean of grouped or continuous observations If 820 14 − 80 −1120
x1 , x 2 , x 3 , . . . , x n are n observations whose 860 19 − 40 −760
corresponding frequencies are f1 , f 2 , f 3 , . . . , f n , then 900 25 0 0
920 20 20 400
(i) Direct Method 980 10 80 800
x f + x2 f2 + . . . + xn fn 1000 5 100 500
(a) Mean, x = 1 1 Σ f i = 100 Σ f i d i = − 880
f1 + f2 + . . . + fn Total
n Here, A = 900
∑ fi xi Σf i d i −880
i=1 Σf i x i ∴ Mean = A + = 900 + = 900 − 8.80 = 891. 2
= = Σf i 100
n Σf i
∑ fi ∴ Mean wage = `891. 2
i=1
n EXAMPLE 10. Find the mean of the following data.
∑ fi d i
i=1 ∑ fi d i x 15 25 35 45 55 65
(b) Mean, x = A + =A+ 4 28 15 20 17 16
n
∑ fi f
∑ fi
i=1 a. 44.2 b. 42.4 c. 40.6 d. 41.6
where, A =Assumed mean and d i = xi − A . Sol. d. Here, the values of class marks xi are given, so let
A = 35 and class width, h = difference between two
 ∑ fi u i 
(ii) Step Deviation Method ( x ) = A +   ×h consecutive class marks = 10, then
 ∑ fi  xi − a
xi fi ui = fu
where, h = Difference between two consecutive class
i i
h
marks. 15 − 35 −20
15 4 = = −2 4 × ( −2 ) = −8
10 10
EXAMPLE 8. The arithmetic mean of the marks from 25 − 35 −10
= = −1
25 28 28 × ( −1) = −28
the following table is 10 10
35 − 35 0
Marks 0-10 10-s20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 35 = ( A ) 15 = = −0 15 × 0 = 0
10 10
Number of students 12 18 27 20 17 6
45 − 35 10
45 20 = =1 20 × 1 = 20
a. 20 b. 28 c. 2800 d. 100 10 10
55 − 35 20
Sol. b. We have, 55 17 = =2 17 × 2 = 34
10 10
Marks Class mark, (x) f fx 65 − 35 30
65 16 = =3 16 × 3 = 48
0-10 5 12 60 10 10
10-20 15 18 270 Total Σ fi = 100 Σ fi u i = 66
20-30 25 27 675
Thus, we have Σf iui = 66, Σf i = 100, h = 10
30-40 35 20 700
 Σf u  66
40-50 45 17 765 ∴ x = A + h i i  = 35 + 10 ×
 Σf i  100
50-60 55 6 330
660
Total Σf = 100 Σfx = 2800 = 35 + = 35 + 6.6 ⇒ x = 416
.
100
Σfx 2800
∴ x= = = 28
Σf 100 Weighted Arithmetic Mean
If corresponding weight of x1 , x 2 , . . . , x n are
EXAMPLE 9. Find the mean wage from the data
w1 , w 2 , . . . , w n respectively, then
given below :
Wages (in `) 800 820 860 900 920 980 1000 Weighted arithmetic mean
n
Number of workers 7 14 19 25 20 10 5
∑ w i xi
a. 890 b. 890.5 c. 891.2 d. 100 w1 x1 + w 2 x 2 + . . . + w n x n i=1
= =
Sol. c. Let the assumed mean be A = 900. w1 + w 2 + . . . + w n n
∑ wi
The given data can be written as under : i=1
MATHEMATICS Statistics 367

EXAMPLE 11. The weighted arithmetic mean of the EXAMPLE 13. What is the geometrical mean of the
first n natural numbers, the weights being the variate which takes values 210, 201, 202, 20, 12, 10, 2,
corresponding numbers, is 1 and 0?
n+1 n+ 2 2n + 1 a. 10 b. 9 c. 8 d. 0
a. b. c. d. None of these
2 2 3
Sol. d. The given variates are 210, 201, 202, 20, 12, 10, 2,
Sol. c. First n natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, . . . , n ; whose 1 and 0.
corresponding weights are 1, 2, 3, . . . , n , respectively. ∴ Geometric mean of given variates
1× 1+ 2 × 2 + ... + n × n = 9 210 × 201× 202 × 20 × 10 × 2 × 1× 0 = 9 0 = 0
∴ Weight arithmetic mean =
1+ 2 + ... + n
12 + 22 + . . . + n2 n(n + 1)( 2n + 1) 2n + 1 Harmonic Mean
= = =
1+ 2 + ... + n 6n(n + 1) 3 The harmonic mean of n positive numbers a1 , a 2 , . . . , a n is
2 1 11 1 1 1
n(n + 1)( 2n + 1)  =  + + +... + 
 H n  a1 a 2 a 3 an 
Q Σn 2 =
 6 
 n(n + 1)  where, H denotes the harmonic mean.
 Σn = 
 2 
Median
Combined Arithmetic Mean After arranging the given data in ascending or
If two sets of observations are given, then the combined descending order of magnitude, the value of the middle
mean of both the sets can be calculated by the following most observation is called the median of the data.
formula. 1. Median of an individual series If number of
n x + n2 x 2 observations is n. Then, arrange the observations in
x= 1 1
n1 + n2 ascending or descending order.
where, x = Mean of sets of observations (i) If n is an odd number, then
x1 = Mean of first set of observations  n + 1
Median = Value of the   th observation
n1 = Number of observations in first set  2 
x 2 = Mean of second set of observations
(ii) If n is an even number, then
n2 = Number of observations in second set
 n
Value of the   th observation
EXAMPLE 12. The average salary of male employees  2
in a firm was ` 5200 and that of females was ` 4200. n 
The mean salary of all the employees was ` 5000. The + Value of  + 1 th observation
2 
percentage of male and female employees are, Median =
respectively. 2
a. 80 and 20 b. 20 and 80 c. 60 and 40 d. 52 and 48 2. Median of a discrete frequency series First arrange
the data in ascending or descending order and find
Sol. a. Let x1 = 5200, x2 = 4200 and x = 5000
N
n1x1 + n2 x2 cumulative frequency. Now, find , where N = Σf i .
We know that, x= 2
n1 + n2 N
n1 4 See the cumulative frequency just greater than .
⇒ 5000 (n1 + n2) = 5200n1 + 4200n2 ⇒ = 2
n2 1
The corresponding value of x is median.
∴ The percentage of male employees in the firm
4 3. Median of a continuous series In this case, the
= × 100 = 80 class corresponding to the cumulative frequency just
4+1
greater than N / 2 is called the median class and the
and the percentage of female employees in the firm value of median is obtained by the following
1
= × 100 = 20 formula.
4+1
N 
 − c
Median = l +  2  ×h
Geometric Mean  f 
If a, G and b are in GP, then the geometric mean  
between a and b is, G = ab. where, l = Lower limit of median class
368 CDS Pathfinder

f = Frequency of median class Sol. a. Arranging the data in the form of a frequency table, we
h = Size of median class have
c = Cumulative frequency of class before Value Frequency
median class 2.2 4
2.3 2
EXAMPLE 14. From the data given, the median 2.4 1
of the average deposit balance of saving for the 2.5 2
branch during March 1982 is 2.6 1
Average deposit balance Number of deposit 2.7 2
(in `)
We see that, the value 2.2 has the maximum frequency 4. So,
0 – 100 26
the mode for the given series is 2.2.
100-200 68
2. Mode of a discrete frequency series In this case, mode is
200-300 145 the value of the variate corresponding to the maximum
300-400 242 frequency.
400-500 188
EXAMPLE 16. Compute the modal value for the following
500-600 65 frequency distribution.
600-700 16
x 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175
a. 356 b. 300 c. 56.2 d. 356.2 f 4 2 18 22 21 19 10 3 2
Sol. d. a. 115 b. 125 c. 22 d. 120
Average deposit Cumulative
f
balance (in `) frequency (c f ) Sol. b. From the given table, it is clear that 125 has the highest
Less than 100 26 26 frequency i.e. 22. Hence, modal value of the given frequency
100-200 68 94 distribution is 125.
200-300 145 239 3. Mode of a continuous series The class which has
300-400 242 481 maximum frequency is called modal class or group. The
mode is given by the formula,
400-500 188 669
f1 − f 0
500-600 65 734 Mode = l + ×h
2 f1 − f 0 − f 2
600-700 16 750
where, l = Lower limit of modal class
N 750
= = 375 h = Size of class interval
2 2
The frequency just greater than 375 is 481. f1 = Frequency of modal class
∴ Median class is 300-400. f 0 = Frequency of the class preceding the
modal class
 N − c
  375 − 239 f 2 = Frequency of the class succeeding the
Median = l + 2 × h = 300 + × 100 modal class
f 242
= 300 + 56. 2 = 356. 2 EXAMPLE 17. The mode of the following distribution is

Mode Class interval Frequency

0-10 5
The data value which occurs maximum number of
times in a data distribution is called mode. 10-20 8
20-30 7
1. Mode of individual series The value which is
repeated maximum number of times is called 30-40 12
mode of the series. 40-50 28
50-60 20
EXAMPLE 15. Find the mode for the following
60-70 10
series 2.5, 2.3, 2.2, 2.2 2.4, 2.7, 2.7, 2.5, 2.3, 2.2,
2.6 and 2.2. 70-80 10

a. 2.2 b. 2.3 a. 46 b. 6.66

c. 2.7 d. 2.6 c. 46.67 d. None of these
MATHEMATICS Statistics 369

Sol. c. Here, maximum frequency is 28. Thus, the class

40-50 is the modal class. Here, f1 = 28, f 0 = 12, f 2 = 20,
Graphical Representation of Data
l = 40 and h = 10 There are many ways of picturing a frequency
 f1 − f 0  10 ( 28 − 12) distribution of continuous type which are discussed
∴ Mode = l +   × h = 40 + below
 2f1 − f 0 − f 2  ( 2 × 28 − 12 − 20)
10 × 16
= 40 +
24
= 40 + 6.666 = 46.67 (approx) 1. Bar Graph
In a bar graph, bars of uniform width are drawn with
Relation between Mean, Median and Mode various heights. The heights of a bar represents the
The empirical relationship between the three measures frequency of observation.
of central tendency is given by
Mode = 3 (Median) − 2 (Mean)
50
In case, mean = median = mode, then distribution is said
40

Frequency
to be symmetric distribution.
30
EXAMPLE 18. If in a frequency distribution, the mean
and median are 20 and 21 respectively, then its mode 20
is approximate by 10
a. 24 b. 23 c. 25 d. None of these
Sol. b. Here, mean = 20 and median = 21 10 20 30 40 50
Number
Mode = 3 × Median − 2 × Mean = 63 − 40 = 23

Some Useful Formulae 2. Histogram

If x1 , x 2 , …, x n are n observations with their mean M, A histogram is the graphical representation of a
then deviation d i is given by d i = | x i − M | . frequency distribution in the form of the rectangles with
Σ |d i | class intervals as bases, and the corresponding
• Mean deviation for individual series is given by .
n frequencies as height. There being no gap between any
Σf i | d i | two consecutive rectangles.
• Mean deviation for discrete series is given by .
Σ fi
• Standard deviation (σ ) for ungrouped data is given by 40
Frequency

Σ | d i |2 30
σ= . 20
n
10
• Standard variation for grouped data is given by
Σf i | d i | 2
σ=
n
POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
• Variance = σ 2
A histogram consists of a set of adjacent rectangles,
Standard deviation l

• Coefficient of variation = × 100 whose bases are equal to class sizes and height are equal
Mean to class frequencies.
Mean deviation The total area of the histogram = Sum of areas of all
• Coefficient of mean deviation = × 100 l

Mean rectangles. If the class intervals are of same size (width),

then the area of histogram = NK,
EXAMPLE 19. The mean deviation of the data, 3, 5, 6, where K = Size of a class and N = Sum of frequences of
7, 8, 10, 11, 14 is all classes.
a. 4 b. 3.25 c. 2.75 d. 2.4 l If the frequency distribution is discontinuous (inclusive),
change it to continuous (exclusive) and then construct a
3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 10 + 11+ 14 64
Sol. c.Mean = = =8 histogram.
8 8
∴ Σ δ = 3−8 + 5−8 + 6 −8 + 7 −8 + 8 −8
3. Frequency polygon
+| 10 − 8 | + 11− 8 + 14 − 8 = 22 A frequency polygon can be drawn by joining the
Σδ 22 mid-points of the respective tops of the rectangles of a
∴ Mean deviation = = = 2. 75
n 8 histogram in case of equal class intervals.
370 CDS Pathfinder

A frequency polygon for a grouped data can also be EXAMPLE 20. In statistics, a suitable graph
drawn independently by plotting the mid-points of the for representing the partitioning of total into subpart
all classes along X-axis and frequencies along Y-axis and is
joining the plotted points by straight line. a. an ogive
b. a pictograph
85 c. a histogram
d. a pie chart
80
Temperature

Sol. d. In statistics, a suitable graph for representing the

75 partitioning of total into sub parts is a pie chart.

70 EXAMPLE 21. The following diagram show the

expenditure of a family on various items A, B, C, D and E.
65
A
0 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 B 30%
Time 25%
E 10%
C D
4. Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Curve) 20% 15%
When we plot the upper or lower class limits along
X-axis and cumulative frequencies along Y-axis, And on Study the diagram carefully and answer the following
joining them we get a curve called an ogive. questions.
(i) The angle of pie diagram showing the expenditure
We have two types of ogive curves
incurred on item A is
(a) less than ogive (i.e. the rising curve) a. 30° b. 35°
It is the graph between upper limits and cumulative c. 108° d. None of these
frequencies of a distribution.
(ii) Which two expenditures together will form an angle
(b) more than ogive (i.e. a falling curve) of 90° at the centre of pie diagram?
It is the graph between lower limits and cumulative a. B and O b. C and A
frequencies of a distribution. c. D and E d. None of these

Note n
If we have both ogive (i.e. less than type and more (iii) If the income of the family is ` 3000 per month, then
than type), then these two ogives intersect each other at a expenditure of item C will be
point.
n
From this point, draw a perpendicular on X-axis, the point a. ` 400 b. ` 500 c. ` 600 d. ` 800
at which it cuts the X-axis gives the median.
i.e. the x-coordinate of intersection point gives the median.
Sol. (i) c. Angle for 100% = 360°
∴ Angle for expenditure of A = 30% of 360°
Pie-Diagram (or Pie chart) =
30
× 360 = 108°
A type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors 100
such that each sector represents a proportion of the (ii) c. Q 100% = 360°
whole. ∴ An angle of 90° at the centre of pie diagram in
E
Thus, in a pie chart 90 × 100
30° percentage is = = 25%
• Data is represented by sectors of a D A 360
circle. 120° 90°
Expenditure of items D and E makes upto
• Each part of data makes a certain B (15 + 10) = 25%.
C 80°
central angle. So, expenditure of D and E together will form
40°
• Sum of all the angles of sector is
an angle of 90° at the centre of pie diagram.
360°.
° (iii) c. Expenditure on item C
 Frequency × 360 
• Central angle =   20
 Total frequency  = 20% of ` 3000 = × 3000 = ` 600
100
MATHEMATICS Statistics 371

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Frequency polygon can be drawn after drawing 11. The following pie chart shows the marks
(a) ogive (b) bar chart obtained by a student in an examination who
(c) histogram (d) None of these scored 540 marks in all. The subject in which the
student scored 108 marks is
2. An ogive is used to determine
(a) mean (b) median (c) GM (d) HM
Mathematics
3. The mid-value of a class interval is 42. If the 90°
class size is 10, then the upper and lower limits English
63°
of the class are
Hindi
(a) 37.5 and 47.5 (b) 47 and 37 Social
60°
(c) 37 and 47 (d) 47.5 and 37.5 Science
Science 72°
4. The actual lower class limits of the following 75°
classes 10-19, 20-29, 30-39 and 40-49 are
(a) 9.5, 19, 29 and 39.5 (b) 10, 20, 30 and 40
(c) 9.5, 19.5, 29.5 and 39.5 (d) 18.5, 28.5, 38.5 and 48.5 (a) Science (b) Hindi
(c) English (d) Social Science
5. If the mean of five observations x , x + 2,
x + 4, x + 6 and x + 8 is 11, then the mean of first 12. A distribution consists of three components with
three observations is frequencies 45, 40 and 15 having their means 2,
(a) 9 (b) 11
2.5 and 2 respectively. The mean of the combined
(c) 13 (d) None of these
distribution is
(a) 2.1 (b) 2.2 (c) 2.3 (d) 2.4
6. The combined mean of three groups is 12 and 1 1 1 1 1
the combined mean of first two groups is 3. If 13. If the values 1, , , , , . . . , occur at
the first, second and third groups have 2, 3 2 3 4 5 n
and 5 items respectively, then mean of third frequencies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,…, n respectively, in a
group is frequency distribution, then the mean is
(a) 10 (b) 21 1 2
(a) 1 (b) n (c) (d)
(c) 12 (d) 18 n n+1
7. 10 is the mean of a set of 7 observations and 5 is 14. If the geometric mean of three observations 40,
the mean of a set of 3 observations. The mean of 50 and x is 10, then the value of x is
the combined set is given by 1
(a) (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 2
(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 8.5 (d) 7.5 2
8. In a class of 50 students, 10 have failed and 15. Suppose, X is some statistical variable with
their average marks are 28. The total marks mean µ. Let x1 , x2 , . . . , xn be its deviations from
obtained by the entire class are 2800. The mean with the respective frequencies f1 , f2 , . . . , fn .
average marks of those who have passed are What is the value of the sum
(a) 43 (b) 53 (c) 63 (d) 70 x1 f1 + x2 f2 + . . . + xn fn ?
9. Which of the following statements about the (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) µ (d) µ + 1
median is true?
16. Which one of the following statements is not
(a) It is not affected by extreme values
correct with reference to a histogram?
(b) It can be found even, if some items are not known
(a) Frequency curve is obtained by joining the
(c) It is useful when the data cannot be measured mid-points of the top of the adjacent rectangles with
quantitatively
smooth curves
(d) All of the above
(b) Histogram is drawn for continuous data
10. The middle item of the series arranged in (c) The height of the bar is proportional to the
ascending or descending order is called frequency of that class
(a) mean (b) median (d) Mode of the distribution can be obtained from the
(c) mode (d) standard deviation histogram
372 CDS Pathfinder

17. X 0 1 2 3 4 23. If the mean and median of a set of numbers are

Frequency 4 f 9 g 4 8.9 and 9 respectively, then the mode will be
(a) 7.2 (b) 8.2 (c) 9.2 (d) 10.2
The table above gives the frequency distribution
of a discrete variable X with two missing 24. If every number of a finite set is increased by
frequencies. If the total frequency is 25 and the any number k, then the measure of central
arithmetic mean of X is 2, then what is the value tendency should also increase by k. Which one of
of the missing frequency f? the following measures of central tendency does
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 not have this property?
(a) Arithmetic mean
18. The yield of paddy per plot of one acre were
obtained from a number of plots from two (b) Median
different districts in a state and are summarized (c) Mid-range i.e. the arithmetic mean of the largest
and the smallest numbers
in the following table.
(d) Geometric mean
Yield of paddy per Number of plots in Number of plots in
plot in quintals district A district B 25. If the median of the distribution (arranged in
ascending order) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, x, 15, 17, 19, 21 is
38.0-41.0 25 14
10, what is the value of x?
41.0-44.0 36 29
(a) 11 (b) 13 (c) 9 < x < 15 (d) 9 ≤ x ≤ 15
44.0-47.0 59 35
47.0-50.0 30 54
26. If the width of each of the ten classes in a
frequency distribution is 2.5 and the lower class
50.0-53.0 25 41
boundary of the lowest class is 5.1, then the
Which one of the following statements is correct? upper class boundary of the highest class is
(a) The mode for district A is higher than the mode for (a) 30.1 (b) 30 (c) 31.1 (d) 27.56
district B 27. The average value of the median of 2, 8, 3, 7, 4,
(b) The mode for district B is higher than the mode for 6, 7 and the mode of 2, 9, 3, 4, 9, 6, 9 is
district A
(a) 9 (b) 8 (c) 7.5 (d) 6
(c) Both the distributions are symmetric
(d) Both the distributions have the same mean 28. When 10 is subtracted from each of the given
observations, the mean is reduced to 60%. If 5 is
19. Average score of 50 students in a class is 44. added to all the given observations, the mean
Later on it was found that the score 23 was will be
incorrectly recorded as 73. The correct average
(a) 25 (b) 30 (c) 60 (d) 65
score is
(a) 42 (b) 43 (c) 45 (d) 46 29. A data has highest value 120 and the lowest
value 71. A frequency distribution in descending
20. In the “less than” type of ogive the cumulative order with seven classes is to be constructed.
frequency is plotted against
The limits of the second class interval shall be
(a) the lower limit of the concerned class interval
(a) 77 and 78 (b) 78 and 85
(b) the upper limit of the concerned class interval
(c) 85 and 113 (d) 113 and 120
(c) the mid value of the concerned class interval
(d) any value of the concerned class interval 1
30. If mean of y and is M, then what is the mean
y
21. A, B and C are three sets of values of x 1
A : 2, 3, 7, 1, 3, 2, 3 of y3 and ?
y3
B : 7, 5, 9, 12, 5, 3, 8
M(M 2 − 3)
C : 4, 4, 11, 7, 2, 3, 4 (a) (b) M 3
3
Select the correct statement from among the
(c) M 3 − 3 (d) M (4 M 2 − 3)
following
(a) Mean of A is equal to mode of C 31. For the following frequency distribution
(b) Mean of C is equal to median of B
Class interval 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
(c) Median of B is equal to mode of A
(d) Median, mean and mode of A are same Frequency 10 15 30 80 40 20

22. A student obtains 75%, 80% and 85% marks in If m is the value of mode, then which one of the
three subjects. If the marks of any other subject following is correct?
are added, then their average cannot be less than (a) 5 < m < 10 (b) 10 < m < 15
(a) 60% (b) 65% (c) 70% (d) 80% (c) 15 < m < 20 (d) 20 < m < 25
MATHEMATICS Statistics 373

32. Square diagrams are drawn to represent the 39. Consider the following statements in respect of
following data histogram
Country Pakistan India Myanmar China I. Histogram is an equivalent graphical
representation of the frequency distribution.
Labour Production
36 81 25 100 II. Histogram is suitable for continuous random
(in `)
variables, where the total frequency of an
Using the scale 1 cm 2 = ` 25 what is the length interval is evenly distributed over the interval.
of the representative square for India? Which of the statements given above is/are
(a) 1.8 cm (b) 1.2 cm (c) 1 cm (d) 2 cm correct?
(a) Only I (b) Only II
33. The standard deviation of 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 is (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) 2.4 (b) 2.5 (c) 2.7 (d) 2.82
40. Examples of data are given below
34. The total number of cellphones sold for Motorola, I. Information on households collected by an
Samsung and Sony was 45664. The number of investigator by door-to-door visits.
cellphones sold for these companies were in the
II. Data on the percentage of literates, sex-wise, for
ratio 3:5:8 respectively. If these data were the different districts of a state collected from
shown on a pie chart, calculate the angle records of the census of India.
represented by the number of cellphones sold by
III. General information about families, collected by
Motorola.
telephonic interviews.
(a) 75° (b) 67.5° (c) 70° (d) 74.5°
Which one of the following in respect of the above
35. If the population figures are given for each State is correct?
of India, then the data can be classified as (a) I and II are primary data (b) I and III are primary data
(a) qualitative (b) quantitative (c) II and III are primary data (d) I, II and III are primary data
(c) chronological (d) geographical
41. Consider the following types of data
36. Which one of the following represents statistical I. Marks of students who appeared for a test of 100
data? marks.
(a) The names of all owners of shops located in a II. Collar sizes of 200 shirts sold in a week.
shopping complex
III. Monthly incomes of 250 employees of a factory.
(b) A list giving the names of all States of India
(c) A list of all European countries and their respective For which of the above data, mode is a suitable
capital cities measure of central tendency?
(d) The volume of a rainfall in certain geographical area, (a) I and II (b) Only II (c) I and III (d) All of these
recorded every month for 24 consecutive months
42. The cumulative frequency curve of a frequency
37. Prime numbers are the numbers which comes in distribution with 6 classes and total frequency
the table of 1 and itself only. 60 is a straight line. Consider the following
I. The mean of first seven prime numbers is statements
greater than their median. I. The first and the last classes have a frequency of
II. Mean is always greater than median. 10 each.
Select the correct option from the options given II. Both the middle classes have a total frequency of
30.
below
III. The frequency distribution does not have a mode.
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II and III (d) All of these
38. Consider the following statements in respect of a
histogram 43. State which of the following variables are
I. The histogram consists of vertical rectangular discrete?
bars with a common base such that there is no I. Number of children in a family.
gap between consecutive bars. II. Wages of workers.
II. The height of the rectangle is determined by the III. The ages of students.
frequency of the class it represents. IV. Weights of a set of a students.
Which of the statements given above is/are Select the correct answer using the codes given
correct? below
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) I and II (b) I, II and III
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (c) All of these (d) None of these
374 CDS Pathfinder

Directions (Q. Nos. 44-45) The number of goals

50. What is the sum of the squares of all the six
scored by a soccer team in a season were as follows:
numbers?
Number of goals Number of matches (a) 40 (b) 42 (c) 45 (d) 48
0 3
1 6
51. What is the value of c ?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
2 2
3 x 52. What is the mode?
4 5 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) None of these
44. If the mode is 1, the largest possible value of x is
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 6 Directions (Q. Nos. 53-55) Study the following pie
45. If the median is 2, the smallest possible value of diagram and answer the questions.
x is
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 6 Wheat

Directions (Q. Nos. 46-47) The itemwise expenditure Rice

70° Sugar
40°
of a non-government organisation for the year 110°
2008-2009 is given below. 140°

Item Expenditure (in ` lakh) Others

Salary of employees 6
Social welfare activities 7
Office contingency 3 53. The percentage of wheat production is
Vehicle maint evance 4 (a) 35% (b) 70% (c) 19.44% (d) 20%
Rent and hire charges 2.5 54. If the sugar production is 9000 kg, then the
Miscellaneous expenses 1.5 wheat production is
(a) 20000 kg (b) 24000 kg
The above data are represented by a pie diagram. (c) 15750 kg (d) None of these

46. What is the sectorial angle of the largest sector? 55. If the total production is 180000 kg, the
(a) 120° (b) 105° (c) 90° (d) 85° difference in sugar and wheat production is
(a) 10000 (b) 15000 (c) 20000 (d) None of these
47. What is the difference in the sectorial angles of
the largest and the smallest sectors? Directions (Q. Nos. 56-58) Consider the following
(a) 90° (b) 85° (c) 82.5° (d) 77.5° frequency distribution
Directions (Q. Nos. 48-49) The following table Class interval 1-4 4-7 7-10 10-13 13-16 16-19
gives the frequency distribution of life length in Frequency 6 30 40 16 4 4
hours of 100 electric bulbs having median life 20 h.
Life of bulbs (in h) Number of bulbs
56. What is the median of the data?
8-13 7 (a) 9.4 (b) 7.68 (c) 8.05 (d) 8.32
13-18 x 57. What is modal size of the given data?
18-23 40 (a) 8.14 (b) 7.88 (c) 7.62 (d) 8.48
23-28 y
58. The value of (Mean + Mode −2 Median) is equal to
28-33 10
(a) 0 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.1
33-38 2

48. What is the missing frequency of x? PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

(a) 31 (b) 27 (c) 24 (d) 14
49. What is the missing frequency of y? 59. Let the observations at hand be arranged in
(a) 27 (b) 24 (c) 14 (d) 11 increasing order. Which one of the following
measures will not be affected when the smallest
Directions (Q. Nos. 50-52) The arithmetic mean, and the largest observations are removed?
geometric mean and median of 6 positive numbers e 2012 I
7 (a) Mean (b) Median
a, a, b, b, c , c where a < b < c are , 2, 2 respectively. (c) Mode (d) Standard deviation
3
MATHEMATICS Statistics 375

60. Consider the following statements : 68. Consider the following statements :
I. The data collected by the investigator to be used I. A frequency distribution condenses the data and
by himself are called primary data. reveals its important features.
II. The data obtained from government agencies are II. A frequency distribution is an equivalent
called secondary data. representation of original data.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct? e 2012 I correct? e 2013 I
(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
61. Which one among the following statements is
correct? e 2012 I Directions (Q. Nos. 69-71) Read the following
(a) Simple bar diagrams are those diagrams which information carefully to answer the questions that
show two characteristics of the data follow. e 2013 I
(b) In pie diagrams, all the items are converted into In a frequency distribution having class intervals 0-10,
angles 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 the respective frequencies are x,
(c) A bar diagram is one in which data are shown in x + 8, x − 2 and x − 4 and the arithmetic mean of the
terms of bars distribution is 17.8.
(d) Bar diagrams present data through length and breadth
69. The value of x is
62. Consider the following distribution :
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 12
Value of the variable 1 2 3 4 5
70. The median lies in which one of the following
Frequency 3 f 6 5 3
class intervals?
For what value of f, is the arithmetic mean of (a) 0-10 (b) 10-20 (c) 20-30 (d) 30-40
the above distribution 3.1? e 2012 I
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
71. The modal class is
(a) 0-10 (b) 10-20 (c) 20-30 (d) 30-40
63. Which of the following pair(s) is/are correctly
matched?
72. The mean of 7 observations is 7. If each observation
is increased by 2, then the new mean is e 2013 I
I. Weight of a person : Continuous variable (a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 8
II. Educational qualification of the person : Attribute
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2012 II
73. There are 45 male and 15 female employees in
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II an office. If the mean salary of the 60 employees
is ` 4800 and the mean salary of the male
64. The mean of 100 values is 45. If 15 is added to employees is ` 5000, then the mean salary of the
each of the first forty values and 5 is subtracted female employees is e 2013 I
from each of the remaining sixty values, then the (a) ` 4200 (b) ` 4500 (c) ` 5600 (d) ` 6000
new mean becomes e 2012 II
(a) 45 (b) 48 (c) 51 (d) 55 Directions (Q. Nos. 74-75) Read the following
65. Which one of the following relations for the information carefully and answer the questions
numbers 10, 7, 8, 5, 6, 8, 5, 8 and 6 is correct? given below. e 2013 II
(a) Mean = Median (b) Mean = Mode e 2012 II The median of the following distribution is 14.4 and the
(c) Mean > Median (d) Mean > Mode total frequency is 20.
66. In histogram the width of the bars is Class interval 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30
proportional to e 2012 II Frequency 4 x 5 y 1
(a) Frequency (b) Number of classes
(c) Class interval (d) None of these 74. What is x equal to?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
67. Which one of the following statements is correct?
e 2013 I 75. What is the relation between x and y?
(a) A frequency polygon is obtained by connecting the (a) 2 x = 3 y (b) 3x = 2 y (c) x = y (d) 2 x = y
corner points of the rectangles in a histogram
(b) A frequency polygon is obtained by connecting the
76. If m is the mean of p, q, r, s, t, u and v, then what
mid-points of the tops of the rectangles in a is ( p − m ) + ( q − m ) + (r − m ) + ( s − m ) + ( t − m )
histogram + ( u − m ) + ( v − m ) equal to? e 2013 II
(c) A frequency polygon is obtained by connecting the (a) 0 (b) s
corner points of the class intervals in a histogram ( p + v)
(c) (d) None of these
(d) None of the above 2
376 CDS Pathfinder

77. The average of u, v, w, x, y and z is 10. What is What is the modal class? e 2014 II
the average of u + 10, v + 20, w + 30, x + 40, y + 50 (a) 250-500 (b) 500-750
and z + 60 ? e 2013 II (c) 750-1000 (d) None of these
(a) 30 (b) 35 (c) 40 (d) 45 83. The geometric mean of ( x1 , x2 , x3 , ... , xn ) is X and
78. The mean of the following distribution is 18. the geometric mean of ( y1 , y2 , y3 , ... , yn ) is Y .
Class interval Frequency Which of the following statement is/are correct?
11-13 3 I. The geometric mean of
13-15 6 (x1y1 , x2y2, x3 y3 , ... , xn yn ) is XY .
15-17 9 x x x x  X
II. The geometric mean of  1 , 2 , 3 , ..., n  is .
17-19 13  y1 y2 y3 yn  Y
19-21 f
Select the correct answer using the codes given
21-23 5
below
23-25 4
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2014 II
What is the value of f ? e 2014 II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
84. Consider the following statements in respect of a
79. Consider the following statements pertaining to discrete set of numbers.
a frequency polygon of a frequency distribution
I. The arithmetic mean uses all the data and is
of a continuous variable having seven class
always uniquely defined.
intervals of equal width.
I. The original frequency distribution can be II. The median uses only one or two numbers from
reconstructed from the frequency polygon. the data and may not be unique.
II. The frequency polygon touches the X-axis in its Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
extreme right and extreme left. correct? e 2014 II
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are (a) Only I (b) Only II
correct? e 2014 II (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) Only I (b) Only II
85. If xi ’s are the mid-points of the class intervals of
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
grouped data, fi ’s are the corresponding
80.Consider the following in respect of variate which frequencies and x is the mean, then what is
takes values 2, 2, 2, 2, 7, 7, 7 and 7. Σfi ( xi − x ) equal to? e 2014 II
I. The median is equal to mean. (a) 0 (b) − 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
II. The mode is both 2 and 7.
86. When we take class intervals on the X-axis and
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are corresponding frequencies on the Y-axis and
correct? e 2014 II
draw rectangles with the areas proportional to
(a) Only I (b) Only II
the frequencies of the respective class intervals,
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
the graph so obtained is called e 2014 II
81. Which of the following items of information is a (a) bar diagram (b) frequency curve
good example of statistical data? e 2014 II (c) ogive (d) None of these
(a) A table of logarithms of numbers
(b) A list of names of 120 students of a class
87. Consider the following data:
(c) A list of annual incomes of the members of a club I. Number of complaints lodged due to road
accidents in a state within a year for 5
(d) Holiday list of the offices of Government of India in
the year 2013 consecutive years.
II. Budgetary allocation of the total available funds
82. The following table gives ‘less than’ type to the various items of expenditure.
frequency distribution of income per day.
Which of the above data is/are suitable for
Income (in `) less than Number of persons representation of a pie diagram? e 2014 II
1500 100
(a) Only I (b) Only II
1250 80 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
1000 70
750 55
88. Consider the following statements related to
cumulative frequency polygon of a frequency
500 32
distribution, the frequencies being cumulated
250 12 from the lower end of the range
MATHEMATICS Statistics 377

I. The cumulative frequency polygon gives an

96. If a variable takes discrete values a + 4, a − 3. 5,
equivalent representation of frequency
distribution table. a − 2.5, a − 3, a − 2, a + 0.5, a + 5 and a − 0. 5,
where a > 0, then the median of the data set is
II. The cumulative frequency polygon is a closed
e 2015 II
polygon with one horizontal and one vertical
(a) a − 2.5 (b) a − 1.25 (c) a − 1. 5 (d) a − 0 . 75
side. The other sides have non-negative slope.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
97. If each of n numbers xi = i ( i = 1, 2, 3, K , n ) is
correct? e 2014 II replaced by ( i + 1)xi , then the new mean is
(a) Only I (b) Only II e 2015 II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II n+ 3 n (n + 1)
(a) (b)
2 2
89. The class which has maximum frequency is (n + 1) (n + 2 ) (n + 1) (n + 2 )
(c) (d)
known as e 2014 II 3n 3
(a) median class (b) mean class
98. The weighted arithmetic mean of first 10 natural
(c) modal class (d) None of these
numbers whose weights are equal to the
90. Ten observations 6, 14, 15, 17, x + 1, 2x − 13, 30, corresponding numbers is equal to e 2015 II

32, 34 and 43 are written in ascending order. (a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 35 (d) 38 . 5
The median of the data is 24. What is the value 99. The election result in which six parties contested
of x? e 2014 II was depicted by a pie chart. Party A had an
(a) 15 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 24 angle 135° on this pie chart. If it secured 21960
votes, then how many valid votes in total were
Directions (Q. Nos. 91-94) Consider the following cast? e 2016 I
frequency distribution. e 2015 I (a) 51240 (b) 58560 (c) 78320 (d) 87840

Class Frequency 100. The mean and median of 5 observations are 9

0-10 4 and 8, respectively. If 1 is subtracted from each
observation, then the new mean and the new
10-20 5
median will respectively be e 2016 I
20-30 7 (a) 8 and 7 (b) 9 and 7
30-40 10 (c) 8 and 9
40-50 12 (d) Cannot be determined due to insufficient data
50-60 8 101. The age distribution of 40 children are as follows
60-70 4
Age (in years) 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11

91. What is the mean of the distribution? Number of children 4 7 9 12 6 2

(a) 37.2 (b) 38.1 (c) 39.2 (d) 40.1 Consider the following statements in respect of
92. What is the median class? the above frequency distribution
(a) 20-30 (b) 30-40 I. The median of the age distribution is 7 yr.
(c) 40-50 (d) 50-60 II. 70% of the children are in the age group 6-9 yr.
93. What is the median of the distribution? III. The modal age of the children is 8 yr.
(a) 37 (b) 38 (c) 39 (d) 40 Which of the above statements are correct?
e 2016 I
94. What is the mode of the distribution? (a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
(a) 38.33 (b) 40.66
(c) 42.66 (d) 43.33 102. Suppose xi = λ i for 0 ≤ i ≤ 10, where λ > 1. Which
one of the following is correct? e 2016 I
95. There are five parties A, B, C , D and E in an (a) AM < Median (b) GM < Median
election. Out of total 100000 votes cast, 36000 (c) GM = Median (d) AM = Median
were cast to party A, 24000 to party B, 18000 1
to party C, 7000 to party D and rest to party E. 103. Suppose xi = for i = 1, 2, 3, ... , 11. Which one of
What angle will be allocated for party E in the i
pie chart? e 2015 I
the following is not correct? e 2016 I
(a) AM > 1 / 6 (b) GM >1 / 6
(a) 15° (b) 54° (c) 60° (d) 72°
(c) HM>1 / 6 (d) Median = HM
378 CDS Pathfinder

ANSWERS
1 c 2 b 3 b 4 c 5 a 6 b 7 c 8 c 9 d 10 b
11 d 12 b 13 d 14 a 15 a 16 c 17 a 18 b 19 b 20 b
21 d 22 a 23 c 24 d 25 a 26 a 27 c 28 b 29 b 30 d
31 c 32 a 33 d 34 b 35 b 36 d 37 c 38 c 39 c 40 b
41 b 42 b 43 b 44 b 45 c 46 b 47 c 48 b 49 c 50 b
51 d 52 d 53 c 54 c 55 b 56 c 57 b 58 d 59 b 60 c
61 b 62 b 63 a 64 b 65 a 66 c 67 b 68 c 69 d 70 b
71 b 72 c 73 a 74 a 75 b 76 a 77 d 78 a 79 a 80 c
81. c 82 b 83 c 84 c 85 a 86 d 87 c 88 a 89 c 90 c
91 a 92 b 93 c 94 d 95 b 96 b 97 d 98 d 99 b 100 a
101 b 102 c 103 d

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (c) Frequency polygon can be drawn by Hence, the mean of first three 10. (b) Median is the middle item of the
joining the mid-points of the respective observation is 9. series arranged in ascending or
tops in histogram. 6. (b) Total sum of items descending order.
2. (b) An ogive is used to determine the = 2 × 12 + 3 × 12 + 5 × 12 11. (d) Central angle for 540 marks = 360°.
median. = 24 + 36 + 60 = 120 ∴ Central angle for 108 marks
Total sum of items of first two group 108
3. (b) Let the lower limit be x. Then, the = × 360° = 72°
upper limit of class interval = x + 10 = ( 2 + 3) × 3 = 15
540
Total sum of 5 items of group third
Q mid-value = 42 Here, the student scored 108 marks in
= 120 − 15 = 105
x + ( x + 10) Social Science.
∴ = 42 ⇒ 2x + 10 = 84 105
2 ∴ Mean of third group = = 21
5 12. (b) Given, n = 45,x = 2, n = 40
⇒ 2x = 74 ⇒ x = 37 1 1 2
∴ Lower limit = 37 Hence, the mean of third group is 21. x = 25
. and n = 15, x = 2.
2 3 3
Upper limit = 37 + 10 = 47 7. (c) Given, n = 7, x = 10 ∴ Required mean
1 1
4. (c) Lower class limits are obtained by and n = 3, x = 5 nx +nx +nx
2 2 = 1 1 2 2 3 3
subtracting 0.5 from the lower limit, so nx + nx n +n +n
1 1 2 2
clearly 9.5, 19.5, 29.5 and 39.5 are the Q Combined mean = 1 2 3

actual lower class limits. n +n 45 × 2 + 40 × 2.5 + 15 × 2

1 2 =
5. (a) Here, sum of 5 observations 7 × 10 + 3 × 5 85 45 + 40 + 15
= = = 8 .5
7+3 10 90 + 100 + 30 220
= x + ( x + 2) + ( x + 4) + ( x + 6) = = = 2. 2
+ ( x + 8) Hence, the mean of combined set is 8.5. 45 + 40 + 15 100
= 5x + 20 8. (c) Given, total number of students = 50 Hence, the mean of the combined
and total number of observation = 5 distribution is 2.2.
Total number of students passed
∴ Mean of total observations = 50 − 10 = 40 13. (d) Here,
n ( n + 1)
Sum of 5 observation Σf = ( 1 + 2 + 3+ ...+ n) =
= Total marks obtained by failed students i 2
Total number of observation  1
= 28 × 10 = 280 Σf × x =  1 × 1 + 2 ×
5x + 20 
= = 11 ⇒ 5x + 20 = 55 ∴ Total marks of 40 students
i i 2
+ 3 × + . . . + n × 
5 1 1
= 2800 − 280 = 2520
⇒ 5x = 55 − 20 = 35 ⇒ x = 7 3 n
∴ Required average of passed students = ( 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + n times) = n
∴ Mean of first three
2520
x + ( x + 2) + ( x + 4) 3x + 6 = = 63 Σf x 2
= = 40 ∴Mean = i i =
n
=
3 3 Σf 1 n + 1
9. (d) Clearly, all the statements are true n ( n + 1)
3 × 7 + 6 27 i
2
= = =9 (Q x = 7) about median.
3 3
MATHEMATICS Statistics 379

14. (a) Geometric mean of 40, 50 and x = ( 40 × 50 × x)1 / 3 2 + 3 + 7 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 3 21

21. (d) Mean of A = = =3
⇒ ( 40 × 50 × x)1 / 3 = 10 (given) 7 7
1000 1 Mode of A = 3, having maximum frequency.
⇒ 40 × 50 × x = 10 3 ⇒ x = =
40 × 50 2 Arrange data in ascending order, we have 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 7.
7 + 1
and median of A = 
1
Hence, the value of x is .  th value = 4th
2  2 
15. (a) We know that the sum of deviation from their mean is zero. value = 3
∴ x f + x f + L + xn f n = 0 Here, mean, median and mode are equal.
1 1 2 2
16. (c) The height of the bar is not proportional to the frequency of 22. (a) Total marks in 3 subjects = ( 75 + 80 + 85) = 240 out of 300.
the class. In any other subject the marks are atleast 0.
17. (a) x f f×x Average of 4 subjects =
240
= 60%
0 4 0 4
1 f f ∴ Average cannot be less than 60%.
2 9 18 23. (c) Given, mean = 8.9 and median = 9
3 g 3g Q Mode = (3 × Median) − (2 × Mean)
4 4 16 = (3 × 9 − 2 × 8.9) = 27 − 178
. = 9. 2
Total Σf = 17 + f + g Σfx = 34 + f + 3g 24. (d) If every number of a finite set is increased by any number k,
then measure of central tendency should also increase by k.
Σfx 34 + f + 3 g 34 + f + 3 g
Q Mean = = ⇒2= (Qmean = 2) But geometric mean does not have this property.
Σf 17 + f + g 17 + f + g
25. (a) Given distribution is 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, x, 15, 17, 19, 21.
⇒ 34 + 2 f + 2 g = 34 + f + 3 g ⇒ f − g = 0 …(i) Number of terms = 10 (even)
th term + Value of  + 1 th term
Given, Σf = 25 10 10
Value of
2  2 
∴ 17 + f + g = 25 ⇒ f + g = 25 − 17 ∴ Median =
2
⇒ f + g =8 …(ii)
Value of 5th term + Value of 6th term
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2 f = 8 ⇒ f = 4 10 =
2
On putting f = 4 Eq. (i), we get 4 − g = 0 ⇒ g = 4 9+ x
⇒ 10 = ⇒ 20 = 9 + x ⇒ x = 11
18. (b) For district A, as the class 44.0-47.0 has maximum frequency, 2
so it is the modal class.
26. (a) Required class boundary = Lower class boundary of lowest
∴ l = 44, f = 59, f = 36, f = 30, and h = 3 class + Width of class × Number of class
1 0 2
f − f 59 − 36 = 5.1 + 25
. × 10 = 30.1
∴ Mode = l + 1 0 × h = 44 + ×3
2f − f − f 2 × 59 − 36 − 30 27. (c) Arranging the observation in ascending order 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 7, 8
1 0 2
23 × 3 ∴ Number of items = 7
= 44 + = 44 + 1.33 = 4533
.
n + 1  7 + 1 = 4th value = 6
52 ∴ Median =   th value =  
 2   2 
For district B, as the class 47.0-50.0 has the maximum frequency,
so it is the modal class. So, median = 6 and mode of 2, 9, 3, 4, 9, 6, 9 is 9.
1
∴ l = 47, f = 54, f = 35, f = 41 and h = 3 ∴ Average of median and mode = ( 6 + 9) = 7.5
1 0 2 2
f − f 54 − 35
∴ Mode = l + 1 0 × h = 47 + ×3 28. (b) Let the mean of observations x , x , x , . . . , xn be x.
1 2 3
2f − f − f 2 × 54 − 35 − 41 On subtracting 10 from each, the mean would be ( x − 10).
1 0 2

19 × 3 ( x − 10) = 60% of x
= 47 + = 47 + 1.78 = 48.78
32 ⇒ ( x − 10) =
60 3
x = x ⇒  1 − 3  x = 10
 
Thus, the mode for district B is higher than the mode for 100 5  5
2 5 × 10
district A. ⇒ x = 10 ⇒ x = = 25
5 2
19. (b) Given, average score of 50 students = 44
Now, 5 is added to all the given observations, then new mean
Total score = 44 × 50 = 2200
becomes = x + 5 = 25 + 5 = 30
Correct score of 50 students = ( 2200 − 73 + 23) = 2150
2150 29. (b) Range of the data = 120 − 71 = 49
∴ Correct average score = = 43 Range 49
50 ∴ Class size = = =7
Number of classes 7
20. (b) In the less than type of ogive, the cumulative frequency is The class are 71-78, 78-85, 85-92, 92-97 etc.
plotted against the upper limit of the concerned class interval.
So, limits of second class interval are 78 and 85.
380 CDS Pathfinder

1
y+ 38. (c) Since, the Since, median is 2 and the
y histogram 50 corresponding CF is 11.
30. (d) Here, mean, M = …(i)
2 consists of 40 N

Frequency
So, must be greater than 9.
New mean vertical 30 2
3 rectangular
1  1  1 16 + x
y3 + 3 y +  −3 y +  bars with a
20 ⇒ > 9 ⇒ x > ( 18 − 16) ⇒ x > 2
y  y  y common base 10 2
= = So, smallest possible value of x = 3.
2 2 such that 0
10 20 30 40 50 46. (b) Here, total expenditure
there is no
1   
2
 1 Number
 y +    y +  − 3 gap between = 6 + 7 + 3 + 4 + 25 . + 1.5
 y  

y  consecutive bars and also the height of = ` 24 lakh
= [from Eq. (i)] the rectangle is determined by the
2 Sectorial angle of largest sector
frequency of the class it represents. 360°
= M [( 2M ) − 3] = M( 4M − 3)
2 2
= × 7 = 105°
Hence, both statements are correct in
31. (c) Since, maximum frequency is 80, 24
respect of a histogram.
hence mode will be between 15 to 20. 39. (c) We know that, histogram is an 47. (c) Difference in the sectorial angles of
1 equivalent graphical representation of the largest and the smallest sectors
32. (a) ` 25 = 1 cm 2 ⇒ ` 1 = cm 2 360°
25 the frequency distribution and is suitable = 105° − × 1.5
81 for continuous random variables where 24
∴ ` 81 = cm 2 = Area of square
25 the total frequency of an interval is = 105° − 225 . ° = 825 . °
evenly distributed over the interval. N
Side of square =
81 9
= = 1.8 cm 48. (b) Here, l = 18, = 50 , c = 7 + x,
25 5 Hence, both the given statements are 2
correct. f = 40 and h = 5
33. (d) Given, n = 5
40. (b) Primary data is original research that  N − c
7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 55  
Mean = = = 11  
5 5
is obtained through first hand ∴ Median = l + 2 ×h
investigation. So, statements I and III f
Σ | d | 2 = |7 − 11|2 + |9 − 11|2 + |11 − 11|2 are primary data. (50 − ( 7 + x))
i
+ |13 − 11|2 + |15 − 11|2 = 40 = 18 + ×5
41. (b) Collar sizes of 200 shirts sold in a 40
Σd 2
40 week, here mode is a suitable measure of 5
∴σ = i = = 2 2 = 2 × 1. 41 central tendency. ∴ 20 = 18 + ( 43 − x)
n 5 40
= 2.82
42. (b) Since, the frequency in a straight line, [Q median = 20]
so we take all classes have equal ⇒ 800 = 720 + 215 − 5x
34. (b) Number of cellphones sold by frequency, i.e. 10.
3 ⇒ 5x = 935 − 800
Motorola = × 45664 I. It is true that first and last class have
16 135
10 frequency. ⇒ 5x = 135 ⇒ x = ⇒ x = 27
Central angle of Motorola 5
II. Both the middle classes have
 3 × 45664  frequency, 10 + 10 = 20 Hence, the value of x is 27.
 
× 360°  =  × 360° 
16 3 III. Since, all have equal frequency, so we 49. (c) We have,
=
 45664   16  cannot determined the mode. 7 + x + 40 + y + 10 + 2 = 100 (Q
  43. (b) A discrete frequency distribution is x = 27)
= 67.5° such a distribution in which data are ⇒86 + y = 100 ⇒ y = 100 − 86
35. (b) If the population figures are given for presented in a way that exact
measurements of the units are clearly ⇒ y = 14
each State of India, then data can be
classified as quantitative. shown. Clearly weights of a set of a Hence, the value of y is 14.
36. (d) The volume of rainfall in certain students is continuous, while other three Solutions (Q. Nos. 50-52) Since, a < b < c
geographical area, recorded every month are discrete.
Therefore, series is in increasing order
for 24 consecutive months. 44. (b) Since, modal size of given data is 1 i.e. a , a , b , b , c , c
37. (c) I. First seven prime numbers are 2, 3, and its corresponding frequency is 6.
∴ Median
5, 7, 11, 13, 17. So, x cannot be equal to or more than 6.  6  th term +  6 + 1 th term
2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17    
Mean = Hence, the maximum value of x is 5.   2 
7 = 2
58 45. (c) 2
= = 8. 28 Number of goals Frequency CF 3rd term + 4th term
7 =
7 + 1 0 3 3 2
Median = Value of   th term ⇒ 2=
b+b
⇒b = 2
 2  1 6 9
2
= Value of 4th term = 7 2 2 11 Also, arithmetic mean
Since, prime numbers are always 3 x 11 + x a+ a+ b+ b+ c+ c
=
increasing, therefore here mean is always 4 5 16 + x 6
greater than median. 7 a+ b+ c
Total N = 16 + x ⇒ = ⇒ a+ c+ 2= 7
Hence, both statements are correct. 3 3
MATHEMATICS Statistics 381

⇒a + c= 7− 2=5 …(i) 60. (c) Primary data are those data which is collected by investigator
and geometric mean = ( a 2 × b 2 × c 2 )1 / 6 himself, while secondary data are those which is collected by other
8 persons.
⇒ 2 = ( abc )1 / 3 ⇒ abc = 8 ⇒ ac = = 4 [Q b = 2]…(ii) Hence, both statements are correct.
2
∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, a = 1, c = 4 and b = 2 61. (b) In pie diagrams, all the items are converted into angles.
50. (b) Required sum = 2( a )2 + 2( b )2 + 2( c )2 62. (b) Given that, the arithmetic mean of the above distribution =3.1
= 2( 1)2 + 2( 2)2 + 2( 4)2 = 2 + 8 + 32 = 42 5

51. (d) The value of c is 4. ∑ xi f i x f +x f +x f +x f +x f

i =1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
52. (d) Q Mode = 3 (median) − 2 (mean) ⇒ = 3.1 ⇒ 5 5
= 3.1
5
f + f + f + f + f
= 3( 2) − 2   = 6 −
7 14 18 − 14 4
= = ∑ f
i
1 2 3 4 5
3 3 3 3 i =1

70° ( 1)(3) + ( 2)( f ) + (3)( 6) + ( 4)(5) + (5)(3)

53. (c) Percentage of wheat production = × 100% = 19.44% ⇒ = 3.1
360° 3+ f + 6+ 5+ 3
Hence,the percentage of wheat production is 19.44%. 3 + 2 f + 18 + 20 + 15
9000 × 70 ⇒ = 3.1 ⇒ 2 f + 56 = 3.1 f + 52.7
54. (c) If 40° = 9000 kg ⇒ 70° = = 15750 kg 17 + f
40
⇒ 1. 1 f = 3.3 ⇒ f =3
Hence, the wheat production is 15750 kg.
Hence, the value of f is 3.
55. (b) 360° = 180000 kg
63. (a) The weight of a person is continuous variable because the weight
Difference in Sugar and wheat angle = ( 70° − 40° ) = 30°
of the persons can be divide into different but certain range of
180000 × 30
∴ Required production = = 15000 kg intervals. But educational qualification of the person does not show
360 the attributes. Hence, statement I is true and statement II is false.
Hence, the difference in sugar and wheat production is 15000 kg.
64. (b) Let 100 value be x , x , x ,..., x
1 2 3 100
Solutions (Q. Nos. 56-58)
Sum of values x + x + x + L+ x
1 2 3 100
Class interval fi cf xi fi xi QMean = , 45 =
Total number of values 100
1-4 6 6 2.5 15.0
⇒ x + x + x + L + x = 4500 …(i)
4-7 30 36 5.5 165.0 1 2 3 100
Now, according to the question
7-10 40 76 8.5 340.0
∴ Sum of new value
10-13 16 92 11.5 184.0
= ( x + 15 + x + 15 + L + x + 5) + x − 5 + x
13-16 4 96 14.5 58.0 1 2 40 41 42
−5 + L + x −5
16-19 4 100 17.5 70.0 100
Sum of new value
Total N = 100 832.0 ∴ New mean =
Number of values
N 100 ( x + x + x + L + x ) + 40 × 15
56. (c) We have, = = 50, so cf just greater than 50 is 76 which 1 2 3 40
2 2
+ (x +x +L + x ) − 5 × 60
lies in class 7-10. =
41 42 100

∴ Median class = 7 − 10, l = 7, f = 40, c = 36, h = 3 100

 N − c ( x + x + L + x ) + 600 − 300
1 2 100 4500 + 300
  = = [from Eq. (i)]
Median = l +  2  50 − 36  × 3 = 7 + 42 = 8.05
 ×h = 7+   100 100
 f   40  40 4800
  = = 48
100
57. (b) The maximum frequency is 40, which lies in the class = 7 − 10 Hence, the new mean is 48.
∴ Modal class = 7 − 10 ⇒ l = 7, f = 40, f = 30, f = 16, h = 3
1 0 2 65. (a) Given numbers are 10, 7, 8, 5, 6, 8, 5, 8 and 6.
 f − f 
Mode = l +  1 0  ×h First we arrange these numbers in ascending order.
2f − f − f 
 1 0 2 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 10
40 − 30 Total term, n = 9 (odd)
= 7 +   × 3 = 7 + 30 = 7 + 088
 . = 788
. Now,
 2 × 40 − 30 − 16  34 5 + 5 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 10 63
(i) Mean = = =7
Σf x 832 9 9
58. (d) Mean = i i = = 8.32
n + 1  9 + 1 th term = 5th term = 7
Σf 100 (ii) Median =   th term =  
i  2   2 
∴ Mean + Mode − 2 Median = 832
. + 788
. − 2 × 8.05
= 16.2 − 16.1 = 0.1 (iii) Mode =8 (higher frequency term)
∴ Mean = Median
59. (b) In an increasing order arrangements of observations, the
median will not be affected when the smallest and the largest 66. (c) In histogram the width of the bars is proportional to class
observations are removed. interval.
382 CDS Pathfinder

67. (b) A frequency polygon can be drawn joining the mid-points of 6−x 36 − 6x
⇒ 14. 4 − 12 = × 6 ⇒ 2.4 =
the respective tops of the rectangle of a histogram in the case of 5 5
equal class intervals. ⇒ 12 = 36 − 6x ⇒ 6x = 24 ⇒ x = 4
68. (c) A frequency distribution is a comprehensive way to classify raw 75. (b) We have, 4 + x + 5 + y + 1 = 20 ⇒ x + y = 10
data of a quantitative variable. It shows how different values of a
⇒ 4 + y = 10 (Q x = 4) ⇒ y = 6
variable are distributed in different classes along with their
x 4 2
corresponding class frequencies. It is an equivalent representation Now, = = ⇒ 3x = 2 y
of original data. y 6 3
Sum of the observations
69. (d)
CI x f f×x 76. (a) Q Mean =
Number of observations
0-10 5 x 5x p+ q+ r+ s + t+u+ v
⇒ =m
10-20 15 x+ 8 15 ( x + 8) 7
20-30 25 x−2 25 ( x − 2 ) ⇒ p + q + r + s + t + u + v = 7m …(i)
30-40 35 x−4 35 ( x − 4) ∴ ( p − m) + ( q − m) + ( r − m) + ( s − m) + ( t − m)
Total Σf = 4x + 2 Σfx = 80x − 70
+ (u − m ) + ( v − m )
Σfx 80x − 70 = ( p + q + r + s + t + u + v ) − 7m [from Eq. (i)]
Q Mean = . =
⇒ 178
Σf 4x + 2 = 7m − 7m = 0
Sum of the observations
⇒ . ( 4x + 2) = 80x − 70 ⇒ 712
178 . x + 35.6 = 80x − 70 77. (d) Q Average =
105.6 Number of observations
⇒ . x = 105.6
88 ⇒ x= = 12 u + v + w+ x+ y +z
.
88 ⇒ = 10 (Q average = 10)
6
70. (b) Class interval (ci) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 ⇒ u + v + w + x + y + z = 10 × 6 = 60 ...(i)
Frequencies ( f ) 12 20 10 8 Now, sum of new observations
Cumulative frequency (cf ) 12 32 42 50
u + 10 + v + 20 + w + 30 + x + 40 + y + 50 + z + 60
Here, N = 50 ⇒
N
= 25 = (u + v + w + x + y + z ) + 10 + 20 + 30 + 40 + 50 + 60
2 = 60 + 10 + 20 + 30 + 40 + 50 + 60 = 270 [from Eq. (i)]
The frequency just greater than 25 is 32. Now, average of u + 10, v + 20, w + 30, x + 40, y + 50
So, median class is 10-20. 270
and z + 60 = = 45
71. (b) Here, modal class is 10- 20, because it has maximum frequency 6
i.e. 20. 78. (a) Class interval xi fi xi fi
72. (c) Given that, mean of 7 observations = 7 11-13 12 3 36
⇒ New mean = Previous mean + Number added to each term 13-15 14 6 84
= 7+ 2 = 9 15-17 16 9 144
73. (a) Given that, number of male employees (M) = 45 17-19 18 13 234
Number of female employees (F) = 15 19-21 20 f 20 f
21-23 22 5 110
Mean salary of male employees (x ) = ` 5000
M
23-25 24 4 96
Total number of employees = ( M + F ) = 45 + 15 = 60
Total Σfi = 40 + f Σxi fi = 704 + 20 f
Mean salary of total employees ( x ) = ` 4800
Here, Σf = 40 + f and Σxf = 704 + 20 f and mean, x = 18
MF
Let mean salary of female employees be x F . i i
Mx + F x 45 × 5000 + 15 × x Σx f 704 + 20 f
x = M F
⇒ 4800 = F ∴ Mean, x = i i ⇒ 18 =
MF (M + F ) 60 Σf 40 + f
i

⇒ 4800 × 60 − 45 × 5000 = 15 × x ⇒ 704 + 20 f = 720 + 18 f

∴ x
F
= 4800 × 4 − 3 × 5000 = 300 ( 16 × 4 − 50) ⇒ 20 f − 18 f = 720 − 704 ⇒ 2 f = 16 ⇒ f = 8
F
= 300 × 14 = ` 4200 Hence, the value of f is 8.
Hence, the mean salary of female employees is ` 4200. 79. (a) Frequency polygon is formed by joining the mid-points of
histogram. The original frequency distribution can be
 n − cf  reconstructed from frequency polygon. Frequency polygon does
 
74. (a) Median = l +  2  ×h not touch the X-axis in its extreme right and extreme left.
 f 
  Hence, only statement I is true.
 20 − ( 4 + x)  2 × 4 + 7 × 4 8 + 28
80. (c) I. Mean of all observations = = = 4 .5
  10 − 4 − x
⇒ 14.4 = 12 +  2  × 6 = 12 + ×6 8 8
 5  5 For median, first we arrange the given observations in
  ascending order = 2, 2, 2, 2, 7, 7, 7, 7, n=8 (even)
MATHEMATICS Statistics 383

n
th term +  n + 1 th term Here, n = 10 (even)
 
2   n  
∴ Median = 2 n
Value of   th term + Value of  + 1 th term
2  2 2 
∴ Median =
th term +  + 1 th term
8 8 2
2  4th + 5th 2 + 7
Value of   th term + Value of  + 1 th term
= 2 = = = 4 .5 10 10
2 2 2  2  2 
=
II. Mode is both 2 and 7, since frequency of occurrence is same i.e. 2
maximum frequency. Value of 5th term + Value of 6th term
=
81. (c) A list of annual incomes of the members of a club is a good 2
x + 1 + 2x − 13 3x − 12
example of statistical data. = =
2 2
82. (b) Income Class Number of
Frequency 3x − 12
less than interval persons But given, median = 24 ⇒ = 24
2
1500 1250-1500 100 20
⇒ 3x − 12 = 24 × 2 = 48 ⇒ 3x = 48 + 12
1250 1000-1250 80 10
⇒ 3x = 60 ⇒ x = 20
1000 750-1000 70 15
Hence, the value of x is 20.
750 500-750 55 23
500 250-500 32 20 Solutions (Q. Nos. 91-94)
250 0-250 12 12 Class Frequency Class mark f(x ) cf
interval (f) (x)
Here, maximum frequency is 23. 0-10 4 5 20 4
So, the modal class is 500-750. 10-20 5 15 75 9
83. (c) Geometric mean of 20-30 7 25 175 16
( x , x , x , L , xn ) = ( x ⋅ x L xn )1 / n = X 30-40 10 35 350 26
1 2 3 1 2
and geometric mean of ( y , y , y , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ , y n ) 40-50 12 45 540 38
1 2 3
= ( y ⋅ y ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ yn ) 1/n
=Y 50-60 8 55 440 46
1 2
60-70 4 65 260 50
∴ Geometric mean of ( x y , x y , K , xn y n )
1 1 2 2 Total 50 1860
= ( x y ⋅ x y ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ xn y n ) 1/n
1 1 2 2
Σfx 1860
= ( x ⋅ x ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ xn )1 / n × ( y ⋅ y ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ y n )1 / n = XY 91. (a) Mean = = = 37. 2
1 2 1 2
1/n Σf 50
 x1 x x   x 1 x2 x  Hence, the value of mean is 37.2.
Geometric mean of  , 2 , K, n  =  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ n 
y y  y y y n  N 50
 1 2
y n  1 2 92. (b) Here, N = 50, Now, = = 25
( x ⋅ x ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ xn ) 1/n 2 2
1 2 X which lies in the cumulative frequency corresponding class
= =
( y ⋅ y ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ y n )1 / n Y interval for cf 26 is 30-40.
1 2
93. (c) From the table, l = 30, f = 10, C = 16 and h = 10
84. (c) Arithmetic mean uses all the data and is always uniquely
 N −C 
defined. Median uses only one or two numbers from the data and  
n + 1  
may not be uniques.   th term for odd n and half the sum of ∴ Median = l + 2 ×h
 2  f
 n + 1 th and nth terms for even n. ( 25 − 16)
  = 30 + × 10 = 30 + 9 = 39
2  2 10
85. (a) If xi ’s are the mid-points of the class intervals of grouped 94. (d) Modal class of the given data is 40-50, because it has largest
data, f ’s are the corresponding frequencies and x is the mean, frequency among the given classes of the data i.e. 12.
i
then Σ f ( x − x ) = 0 Here, l = 40, f = 12 , f = 10, f = 8 and h = 10
i i 1 0 2
86. (d) When we take class intervals on the X-axis and corresponding  f − f   12 − 10  × 10
frequencies on the Y-axis and draw rectangles with the areas ∴ Mode = l +  1 0
 × h = 40 +  
 1
2 f − f − f   2 × 12 − 10 − 8 
proportional to the frequencies of the respective class intervals, the 0 2
graph so obtained is called histogram. 2 × 10 20
= 40 + = 40 + = 40 + 333
. = 43.33
87. (c) Both statements I and II are suitable for representation of a pie 24 − 18 6
diagram. Hence, the mode of given data is 43.33.
88. (a) Here, statement I is correct but statement II is not correct. 95. (b) Given, total number of votes = 100000
89. (c) The class which has maximum frequency is known as modal Party E get votes = 100000 − (36000 + 24000 + 18000 + 7000)
class. = 100000 − 85000 = 15000
90. (c) Given observations in ascending order are 15000
∴ Angle allocated for party E = × 360° = 54°
6, 14, 15, 17, x + 1, 2x − 13, 30, 32, 34 and 43. 100000
384 CDS Pathfinder

96. (b) We have, discrete values a + 4 , a − 35,

. a − 25,
. I. Here, N = 40 ⇒
N
= 20
a − 3, a − 2, a + 0.5, a + 5 and a − 0.5 2
Now, ascending order is a − 35,
. a − 3, a − 25,
. a − 2, Thus, 7 -8 is the median class.
a − 05,
. a + 05,. a + 4, a + 5. N
∴ l = 7, f = 9 , C = 11, = 20 and h = 1
a − 2 + a − 0.5 2a − 25
. 2
∴ Median = = = a − 1.25
N
2 2 −C
97. (d) We have, x = i Median = l + 2 ×h
i f
2x + 3x + 4x + K+ ( n + 1)x n 20 − 11
Mean = 1 2 3
= 7+ ×1
n 9
2 × 1 + 3 × 2 + 4 × 3+ K+ ( n + 1) × n
= = 7 + 1 = 8 yr
n
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) n ( n + 1) Hence, statement I is incorrect.
+
Σn ( n + 1) Σn2 + Σn 6 2 II. Total number of children (N) = 40
= = =
n n n Number of children in the age group 6-9 = 7 + 9 + 12 = 28
n ( n + 1)  2n + 1 ( n + 1)( n + 2)
= + 1 = ∴ Required percentage =
28
× 100% = 70%
2n  3  3 40
1 × 1 + 2 × 2 + 3 × 3+ K+10 × 10
98. (d) Weighted AM = Hence, statement II is correct.
10
III. Q Modal group = 8 - 9,
10 × 11 × 21
6 21 × 11 77 ∴ Modal age = 8 yr
= = = = 38.5
10 6 2 Since, 9 is not included in this group.
99. (b) Let the total votes be x. Hence, statement III is correct.
360°
Then, central angle of party A = × 21960 102. (c) We have 11 observations as follow
x
360° 360° × 21960 1, λ , λ2 , λ3 , λ4 , λ5 , λ6 , λ7 , λ8 , λ9 , λ10
⇒ 135° = × 21960 ⇒ x = = 58560
x 135° Here, number of observations = 11 (odd)
11 +
Median = 
Sum of 5 observations 1
 th term = 6th term = λ
5
100. (a) Q = 9 …(i)
Number of observations  2 
⇒ Sum of 5 observations = 9 × 5 = 45 1 + λ + λ2 +…+ λ10  λ11 − 1 
∴ AM = = 
If 1 is subtracted from each observation, then 11  11( λ − 1) 
Sum of 5 observations − 5
New mean of 5 observations = 1
5 and GM = ( 1⋅ λ ⋅ λ2 ⋅ λ3 … λ10 ) 11 = ( λ1 + 2 + 3 + … + 10 )1 / 11
45 − 5
= =8
5 = ( λ )55 /11 = λ5 …(ii)
 5 + 1
Median of 5 observations =   th term = 3rd term = 8 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get GM = Median
 2 
103. (d) We have, 11 observations as follows
If 1 is subtracted from each observation, then
1 1 1 1 1
New median = 8 − 1 = 7 1, , , , , …,
2 3 4 5 11 (odd)
Hence, the new mean and median are 8 and 7, respectively.
11 + 1
∴Median = 
1
101. (b)  th term = 6th term = …(i)
Age (in years)
Number of Cumulative  2  6
children frequency
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
5-6 4 4 and =  + + + +…+ 
HM 11  1 1 / 2 1 / 3 1 / 4 1 / 11
6-7 7 11
1 1
7-8 9 20 ⇒ = (1 + 2 + 3 + … +11 )
8-9 12 32
HM 11
1 66 1
9-10 6 38 ⇒ = ⇒ HM =
HM 11 6
10-11 2 40
Total N = 40 ∴ HM = Median [from Eq. (i)]