basic Opérational Concepts

CuAld oCA, R : LoCA+ [R,T

is oveSTr
7 aclivikyN in O Comptit

ineructio9s t Derform C qjve

Consising D
appoprziate. pd
Stem ed
fnsdru chol

In diudua naru are

he M mD too he phracetsoh
COhth eeccekes he peihcd instr

the
tnsd adde-he cpe
memoty locabioy A Ho a opere
ploced ot Ro places he
he r
K Teqis+esr
epa thvelved Fort he
Sleps executior of
memory he Prro Ceeco

)Nex,
11he operand a ocA ocrd
-Pechrd
dddedJe CarlenJy o
inall chonet e fregel1

Cao
be realin ed
ame
eqUence l -
he 2 énstrercttor)

Load OcA, R, R Doeh

Add RoRo+R
Jo a AioD o AL O Jhe co
Cincuiry he pnoCecdo Ce s 0o
severr a dderrnd
o e CeLed ferr
Punposes

aIalha s he rle o sneriectte

rreister 9

Jhe a cectHo) e holds he insireu

.e Courtrendly berng ccated 1's

olP s avcilable h Colre un s

Cohich al hat
enen edes mfng
Coc he VCtOtc Pro cétsing elements
nvelv e in e.ccdirighe ingmt
chon
 emo

MAR MDR
Coro
Onit

PC ALU

Cpnneton betueen epruessor

2theememor
Puller nepslert User
Purpose,
he Prtooom Counler
pecalize
ei'ster cohich holdshe add ress
fhe net nstru beele ed
etcued
1
Poaly esler ocililae Commun
prto cessor coil6 he mem or

MAR T+ kelds he addrd

a he memoy o caie) o
be accets ed.
 Memor Dala Keqister
.MDRR
T hold& e olo 4o be coridter
Coto nead oced ofJhe address
'nstmuCHo)
eXe cuio
leps o prto cam
Hhe memony
roq a s reside in

hrouoh
oetd he
there
esuall et
in put Ceni Sjarts
eohe
ram

i) PxecuHon dhe prco

htoe he res
PC s se o
poin}
insucHo) o he prre

The com Goote o s o he PC are

MAR zead
ttanstorure d to he
memon

Conreo) s sen! fo he
a

regturred
fo acdesss
( Aler e Hme

he memerty e lap seg, the Qddtess cwand

he memory lbded
Oud
Eac

(Oto he MBR
Content o MBR are anstercned

do he IR

Dmplex nsrueio)s egcuitre meree ha

One mc Cycle
A his Dor'n he nsr ucio s

tready o be deCo ded execute d.

 L1 0g 12

forred pro qrea Computer (Von Veum an le

Storedp
Sqshem Bus Cocep
cised he slored
moder Comptterct
All esas inioally
Drtoqr am Cncept, eohich

h des tgo
eam of
ptoposed

1n&4ihcde
VoD e cuman.
made
Co mpter

Hepce om on
Von Vetomao ConceP+

he ConcepT
ored
JN
Compceinq
are as ooL
tol owt
hos dil pek od
1k
1, he
e Couer
Mem
ortiy Dni't
Cnis-

9.AL
CU
4 P uni

l p Uni
2. he pRoga cHered
om OO memON

Once a pr i o h e memor

7e
Computte Can xeccide outemeho

toi toervendion
the cu elches execcotet hee
('nsructions s e a e n Ce One

hoo ever his sequencral M e Ceoh

ho ever

Cao be maa:i ed by CerdaiO

5An fnsdruedie) Con mpolihy Jhe

Cendents oonq locatioi he
memON

System Bru
ombioe d egeher, ish noca) as
em es cohich onsiss of

Addnese B.us, Colel ud

dala ha
CPO MU /o Cen coorth ogethe

cohile Communiccutinq codh arh ohen

h eAhe have pdns o Conoet tin

he mo det es ogehe r
paths tohich
Cono0
Collechion o
Calledhe
he vetious medtles
Coten connecti o s Rutt He

COimes Calle
bus 's
qoP
MoVd necess Ay S'y a
CLsed
cmrtoicato
be medule
 S s te m bees r's ol
Basically the
ype&
.Dode Bus
Addr ets Aus

SConrol a.

ATA bu
Consiets o
l 6 / 3 2 or

he olaha bu
1nes-(sqse tnes)
even morre p onalel
rre bidirrect/ona
he dala bus nes
to oatceme
ess o r (Dhe
bes s of
ptoc

S'tze be
data o hese
he CPU Cao read
CC
to es o rro orct
memon

o these Jioes to
scoell assend dasa
lo a porct
,memom lo c t i o o

lala bus is Con e cted io

he
all he peripherale
parall el o

port T0 porhs
DDRESS Bus .

s
is aC unidireelhioryi bus Conshng of
eve mone 0 o4 pandlle
Par le
6 P0 24 O

Sro no nen.
7 Cnhes e lines he CPO cends oul
Ae me tY o cohto o
t o e a d tr
.

to be oriteD

CONTROL Bos-
Coolnol ines regulate he arliv)-
he
conde S/qo ol
on he bok h . CPU

bul to enobe
he C6ntrro)

The olps o od dressed mer

device om porcd alen'c es

bus
Ihe liso pi cal Conwol
Sinals Qne as doll oe0L
Memomq Rea MEMR)
Memo Eadop ernaio lone cd he

oill 90 er
Acive
Memo tu CoMe (MEMN enabled

/0 Rend TOR)

Tlo rie. ( 10N

sBces Request)DMA Dirreed Mem

Pus Grto Access

ntercrcpl Kequey INTR

Neknoo ledgement inTh

cloc q alLk)
 D Reset
1 eo dy
1 HoLTD
(HLD")
2 Hol d Acknowle dqement
. 09 12.

Saheme
bus nteroonne cttoo

Memorty
/1/o../

rocessor Memert
Coft

scheme
Bus interConnechon

MemoTL
MEM fy
Po CessoT|

3/nqje
ls uctwe
fiq

Snle
alunts
o a soqle bus ctrruettune

OUe Conn ected o he Comm o) us,

Colled sy8lem bus

Singlebus
only 2 C4nts
Hodever cth o
Con Communicate o i d h eoth other

cohere he bus Conral

 ine e sed do iroee Cstol
posiho to anodh or),Mul
rom
one
cese of he bus
forc
04 enqle
7he maiy advaoda
Strr utdwne oo Cos h

leul o4achinq he periph

eyiceA
Anher Contro us rscesed as a

Centra Crthit touton , ohich Conmu

he podh don all he buscek.
Malhiple Pus SHructure

Processon k Cache
memotN
Hemot

JOCal 1 o
Contro ll es
SySTEM BUS

HHh pasio)
spedles Bas intenfacel HolemSerio
EX PANEIUN AUC

rtadiioga Bs Coniwrcuhin
SCsT Small Compeuterr syste
Jnten Con n ectioo.
hy nuliple but SHTuctuners. lesigrna
7 Jhe perfortmonoe. od Compuer sjem au
o evices are
coken lare
Cannec ed +he bu
be Couse o Hoo maok
h's
eas 6 n eices arne Conected

acohon moe

Coe nee d
he Comm o bus

o chun e he
}he bus Omon q h e s e
charig mehos
e vic es e
meehon'em Corot di ates he
Cse od he u s o dilenend
d e ices his CorordioaH o

a
inihe ime Called, as
ogunes
de laq, eðhen. Contra
prepagaio)
bus passes
othor device trreque0*

hese p p o ioo deloys

h oi cible 2 f l eot ho
pestjo rmance ol e Comuter
Syolem.
agrigak dada ranstorr
When the
eman d Ccppredhes the copati
h e b u s ma1 be Come
 abo}ole nech ore cehich }he buu
hic Case h e
he bus isto be C'nCH eaLe d

coe have o Cased coie r useeg

0 12

. shortq o Evoleio o CPO's

Perdoremance o a
eas ceret n he
the

Computert.

upwand CompouHLli
1 a Compute is levee ped odter
hoc an odhe Cornpester is olevelope

e e 9n d Campuker mat have

Hhe feaunes o c Com puter

leve loped.
Reduceduse-re a ned mi n o mle cyo

Cisc-Comple ins Jrructio) se Compu

Pipe ltn noy
Le doide d4 to 2 pan

T
Ts2
 Deca de o Go' s De code ol 7os ecade upto 8o's c to 9o's Summ Qsy
C
Seporate omilie. 7De code o mini Heaw use ooexgence af A lange veri-
coene developed fort mptuters Emptcal dala (o Super scalare e of ikuthog
ma
de' hiqh CPO devqn cvas saper pipe lto ed (mone tns. Rmere
Scienhsc. Campcs Bar |9CDc
Cpu's oaS ceen
Ho bueiness See voei oble Lengt6
oeEmerqence
of
COmpcuterrs mproveme aSHrte.
coiL
Compukrns beome lmple Dap! aatcoard
ntrroduced a r l e d to ex s rrutaf
oHeR pooertful y h e end o he m p
ment e PU chip e r e tnteroditeel
o erte de c o de mtllimedia
Poms Seper Compttdertsdesrqo pDeeSsoxe came ?¢peluninq
mote
Compl Ca led.7prmoc essors oeneEmercyence of c'ot feolune asdepeessim
dolodkecedouart dh e Ri&c.
Cepword Compti- he eod Archie 7 Emerroye nce ot Dnmaduete)t
oats Ctue toas c e e o , parallel compttees Cathe me mory,
ili yeaher Diqil equime nte NqgresVe cLsed s e s (o reqe no.

coa o dep ted Coperadio (TEc) Vircdeual memortq

o prrocessorn
IBM 36'o to H 37 pipe |inenq as hioh pe refer- enable la
odesuqohe loo Cos
Io or dert to cPO oa sen mance Comptein
imple Comptetres tort led o toas inttrodceces betoreed o)
ment mere 'nstmu ce s e s .
aboralo emporalm*a b t allaxuhy
keeptng he arch Eoergence o
Derterce of
pop toroduced Ilelism
Chune same, he all anqes of e eal wide weethe
eo o 20prgmi Qrea netonlus Cmbination o
mini Comptlterr
cTS d.
Cmplemen te
ico prrTm 7'
cot Meme vOcS epeD- tInterrConnef Modo memo
unit coas'proposed Sive d/'eu a s
Kcoas l wat Comaders cans
im plemenncCessai to l e v e l addn
ei Tet Mles reduce Seen aole memorry.
onov aHoO oA J/0 So ver mall fnste Benne o f
pr d essorrL D a s wene ro duued.
Seen to coorck
operratioy
Parlle)y codh Ahe HLLteplaied s4lemallo
CP'S V assenbly lonq usae
m u l p e usents
h e sdea o MA7atempko ad4
operaHioD coas fatmu o dhe Computen
qlso c'mpleme>el insdruuSed o Coteracttvely,
Omp. So ho
Coch HLL nstrus
cos eqwvalert o
One tnsdrru cio)
elee9ttivelenB4

ncneased, i 1s o