c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

wbDwK¬q c`v_©weÁvb BDwbU

Nuclear Physics 9
f~wgKv (Introduction)
Avw`Kvj †_‡K gvby‡li cÖkœ wQj †h, c`v_© wKfv‡e MwVZ nq, c`v_©‡K †f‡½ AwZ¶z`ª Ki‡j c`v‡_©i Aw¯—Z¡ _vK‡e
wKbv BZ¨vw`| GB me cÖ‡kœi Dˇi Avw`Kv‡j `vk©wbKMY Zv‡`i Kíbv cÖm~Z e¨vL¨v †`b| GB me e¨vL¨v¸‡jv
†Kv‡bv weÁvbm¤§Z wQj bv| Zv‡`i aviYv g‡Z c`v‡_©i ¶z`ªZg As‡ki bvg cigvYy| cigvYy‡K Avi fv½v hvq bv|
GwU AwefvR¨| weÁvbx †R, †R, _gmb B‡jKUªb Avwe¯‹v‡ii ciB cigvYy †h AwefvR¨ †m aviYvi Aemvb N‡U|
cigvYy PvR© wbi‡c¶ n‡jI PvR©nxb bq|
cigvYy g~jZ B‡jKUªb, †cªvUb I wbDUªb KwYKv w`‡q MwVZ| †cªvUb I wbDUªb w`‡q MwVZ wbDwK¬qvm cigvYyi †K‡›`ª
Lye ¯^í ¯’vb wb‡q Ae¯’vb K‡i| B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qv‡m Pvwiw`‡K Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_ AveZ©b K‡i| B‡jKUªb I
†cªvUb PvwR©Z KYv| G‡`i Pv‡R©i gvb mgvb Z‡e B‡jKUªb FYvZ¥K Ges ‡cÖvUb abvZ¥K ag©x Avi wbDUªb PvR©nxb|
f~wg ¯—‡ii mKj cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUªb I †cªvU‡bi msL¨v mgvb| †cªvUb msL¨v cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ †gŠj cwiewZ©Z
nq| AwaK ‡cÖvUb wewkó wbDwK¬qv‡m ¯^Z:ù©yZ fv½b N‡U Ges Zv †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡Yi †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ wbM©Z nq|
ZvQvov wbDwK¬qv‡m K„wÎg wefvR‡bi d‡j cÖPzi cvigvYweK kw³ cvIqv hvq|
Avgiv GB Aa¨v‡q cigvYy MV‡bi wewfbœ g‡Wj, cix¶v jä djvd‡ji mv‡_ GB me g‡W‡ji m`„k¨Zv,
wbDwK¬qv‡mi MVb, †ZRw¯ŒqZv A_©vr ¯^Z:ù©yZ wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvRb, wbDwK¬qv‡m K„wÎg wefvRb Ges Gi †_‡K cÖvß
AvYweK kw³i e¨envi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

cvV 9.1: cigvYy MV‡bi µg weKvk

Gradual Development of Atomic Structure
D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb-
 cigvYy MV‡bi µg weKvk eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 _gm‡bi cigvYy g‡Wj eY©bv I Gi e¨_©Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

9.1.1 cigvYy MV‡bi µg weKvk t eû cÖvPxb Kv‡j fviZxq `vk©wbK KYv` e‡jwQ‡jb, c`v_© KZK¸wj
¶z`ª ¶z`ª KYv w`‡q MwVZ| MÖxK `vk©wbK †W‡gvwµUvm (Democritus) Ges Av‡iv A‡bK Zr-mgmvgwqK
weÁvbxMY e‡jb c`v_© gvÎB wew”Qbœ KYv w`‡q ˆZwi Ges GB KYv¸‡jv AwefvR¨| MÖxK fvlvq ÔA¨vUgÕ (Atom)
k‡ãi A_© AwefvR¨| †mRb¨ c`v‡_©i GB ¶z`ªZg KYv¸wj A¨vUg (Atom) ev cigvYy bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Z‡e
GB me aviYv¸‡jv wQj Kíbv cÖm~Z| Ebwesk kZvãxi cÖ_g fv‡M weÁvbx Rb WvjUb (John Dalton) ivmvqwbK
ms‡hvMm~θ‡jv e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ GKwU ZË¡ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| †mwU WvjU‡bi cvigvYweK ZË¡ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
WvjU‡bi ZË¡vbymv‡i,
1| mKj †gŠwjK c`v_© AwZ m~², AwefvR¨ wb‡iU KYvi mgš^‡q MwVZ| KYv¸‡jv‡K ejv nq cigvYy|
2| GKB †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i cigvYy¸‡jv GKB cÖKv‡ii, wKš‘ wewfbœ †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i cigvYy¸‡jv wewfbœ|
3| GKvwaK cigvYyi ivmvqwbK wgj‡b †hŠwMK cigvYy m„wó K‡i|

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-321
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cigvYy m¤^‡Ü aviYv R‡b¥i eû c~‡e©B gvbyl w¯’i Zwo‡Zi e¨envi †R‡b‡Q| †mLv‡b abvZ¥K PvR© Ges FYvZ¥K
Pv‡R©i mÜvb †c‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Gi KviY Rvbv wQj bv|
evqy Zwor Kzcwievnx| k~b¨ gva¨‡g Zwor cÖevwnZ nq wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ cix¶v Pvjv‡bv n‡jv| ZworØv‡i `yB
cÖv‡š— D”P wefe †i‡L Zwor †gv¶g b‡ji g‡a¨ Pvc 10 2 mmHg gZ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq K¨v‡_vW †_‡K GK RvZxq
A`„k¨ iwk¥ wbM©Z n‡q b‡ji Kv‡P AvcwZZ n‡q bxjvf cÖwZcÖfv m„wó K‡i| G‡K K¨v‡_vW iwk¥ ejv nq| Ebwesk
kZvãxi †kl `k‡K DBwjqvg µzKm& (William Crooke), †R, †R, _gmb (J.J. Thomson), wdwjc †jbvW© (Phlip
Lenard), wgwjK¨vb (Millikan) I Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbxiv wewfbœ cix¶vi gva¨‡g cÖgvY K‡ib †h, GB A`„k¨ iwk¥ cÖK…Z
c‡¶ K¨v‡_vW †_‡K Ges Gi c„ô †_‡K j¤^ fv‡e wbM©Z n‡q D”P †e‡M MwZkxj GK cÖKvi FYvZ¥K PvR© hy³
KwYKvi †mªvZ| Dchy³ cix¶vi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi c`v_© ‡_‡KB B‡jKUªb wbtmiY NUv‡bv m¤¢e| Gi †_‡K GwU
cÖgvwYZ nq †h, †gŠ‡ji cigvYy‡K AwefvR¨ KYv ejv P‡j bv Ges me cigvYyiB Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‡jv B‡jKUªb|
†R, †R, _gmb‡KB B‡jKUª‡bi Avwel‹vi KZ©v wnmv‡e aiv nq| Gici †_‡K cigvYyi AwefvR¨Zvi åvš— aviYvi
Aemvb N‡U|
B‡jKUªb GKwU †gŠwjK KYv| GwU FYvZ¥K PvR©MÖ¯’| Gi PvR©‡K  e w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
_gmb Zvi cix¶vi mvnv‡h¨ GB KwYKvi PvR© I f‡ii AbycvZ wbY©q K‡ib| GB KwYKvi PvR© I f‡ii AbycvZ
 1.76  1011 C kg 1 cix¶vq Av‡iv cÖgvwYZ nq †h, GB KwYKv¸‡jvi f‡ii gvb Ges Pv‡R©i gvb me©`v GKB
_v‡K| Gi fi 9.11 10 31 kg hv †gvUvgywU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi f‡ii 1 1836 ¸Y Ges PvR© 1.6  10 19 C
†R. †R. _gm‡bi cix¶vq cÖgvwYZ n‡jv †h, cigvYyi †P‡q nvjKv KwYKv we`¨gvb Ges Gi PvR© i‡q‡Q| myZivs
cigvYy AwefvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges cigvYy PvR© wbi‡c¶ n‡jI PvR©nxb bq|
1897 mv‡j _gmb KZ…©K B‡jKUªb Avwe¯‹v‡ii ci weÁvbxiv cigvYy m¤c‡K© `ywU gZev` e¨³ K‡ib :

1| cÖwZwU cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUªb we`¨gvb, Ges

2| †h‡nZz cÖwZwU cigvYy ˆe`y¨wZKfv‡e wbi‡c¶, myZivs G‡Z wKQy abvZ¥K PvR© Av‡Q Ges Gi PvR© B‡jKUªb¸‡jvi
FYvZ¥K Pv‡R©i mgvb nIqv AZ¨vek¨K|
GLb ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB cÖkœ Avm‡Z cv‡i †h, GKwU cigvYy‡Z KZ¸‡jv B‡jKUªb _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges cigvYyi g‡a¨ G
abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K PvR©¸‡jv wKfv‡e Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| B‡jKUªb

9.1.2 _gm‡bi cigvYy g‡Wj t B‡jKUªb Avwe¯‹v‡ii ciciB _gmb cigvYyi

MVb m¤c‡K© GKwU g‡Wj Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| Zuvi G g‡Wj c­vg cywWs g‡Wj
bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zuvi g‡Z cigvYy GKwU wb‡iU abvZ¥K †MvjK Ges GB
†Mvj‡Ki g‡a¨ wew¶ßfv‡e B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Qov‡bv Av‡Q (wPÎ 9.1) wVK †hgb
cywWs Gi g‡a¨ wKmwgm Qov‡bv _v‡K| ZvB G‡K c­vg cywWs g‡Wj ejv nq|
†Mvj‡Ki abvZ¥K PvR© B‡jKUªb¸‡jvi †gvU FYvZ¥K Pv‡R©i mgvb, ZvB abvZ¥K †MvjK
wPÎ- 9.1
cigvYy Zwor wbi‡c¶| wZwb Av‡iv D‡j­L K‡ib †h, wewfbœ †gŠwjK c`v‡_©
B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v wewfbœ|
c­vg cywWs g‡Wj Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU B‡jKUªb mylgfv‡e abvZ¥K Pv‡R© PvwR©Z †Mvj‡Ki †K‡›`ªi w`‡K AvKwl©Z
nq| Aci w`‡K B‡jKUªb¸‡jvi mgag©x PvR© ci¯úi‡K weKl©Y K‡i| d‡j B‡jKUªb¸‡jv abvZ¥K Pv‡R© PvwR©Z
†Mvj‡Ki Af¨š—‡i wb‡R‡`i‡K Ggb fv‡e mw¾Z K‡i †hb AvKl©Y ej Ges weKl©Y e‡j mgZv Av‡m| hLb
cigvYy‡K D‡ËwRZ Kiv nq ZLb B‡jKUªb¸‡jv cigvYyi g‡a¨ AMÖcðvr Kw¤úZ n‡Z _v‡K Ges †mKvi‡Y
Ae‡jvwnZ, `„k¨ Ges AwZ‡e¸bx iwk¥ wbM©Z nq|

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9.1.3 _gm‡bi cigvYy g‡W‡ji e¨_©Zv t _gm‡bi cigvYy g‡WjwU cigvYy MV‡bi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y e¨_© n‡q‡Q|
1| B‡jKUª‡bi PvR© 1.6  10 19 C Ges wbw`©ó, d‡j cigvYy‡Z hw` n msL¨K B‡jKUªb _v‡K Z‡e cigvYy‡Z
n 1.6 10 19 C FYvZ¥K PvR© Av‡Q| Aci w`‡K abvZ¥K †MvjKwU mylg fv‡e PvwR©Z| Zvn‡j B‡jKUªb
msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ abvZ¥K †MvjKwU PvR© †Kb wew”Qbœ fv‡e evo‡e Zv Rvbv hvq bv|
2| _gm‡bi cigvYy g‡W‡j nvB‡Wª‡Rb cigvYy †_‡K GKwU gvÎ eY©vjx †iLv cvIqv hv‡e wKš‘ cix¶vi gva¨‡g †`Lv
†M‡Q nvB‡Wª‡Rb cigvYy †_‡K GKvwaK †kªwY eY©vjx cvIqv hvq Ges cÖ‡Z¨K †kªwY‡Z GKvwaK eY©vjx †iLv
_v‡K|
3| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i Avjdv KYv cix¶vi cÖvß djvdj _gm‡bi cigvYy g‡W‡ji aviYvi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wgj †bB|
myZivs, _gm‡bi cigvYy g‡W‡ji DbœwZ mvab cÖ‡qvRb|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
WvjU‡bi ZË¡t
1| mKj †gŠwjK c`v_© AwZ ¶z`ª, AwefvR¨ wb‡iU KYvi mgš^‡q MwVZ| KYv¸‡j‡K ejv nq cigvYy|
2| GKB †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i cigvYy¸‡jv GKB cÖKv‡ii, wKš‘ wewfbœ †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i cigvYy¸‡jv wewfbœ|
3| GKvwaK cigvYyi ivmvqwbK wgj‡b †hŠwMK cigvYy m„wó K‡i|
1897 mv‡j weÁvbxiv _gmb cigvYy m¤c‡K© `ywU gZev` e¨³ K‡ib :
1| cÖwZwU cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUªb we`¨gvb, Ges
2| †h‡nZz cÖwZwU cigvYy ˆe`y¨wZKfv‡e wbi‡c¶, myZivs G‡Z wKQy abvZ¥K PvR© Av‡Q Ges Gi PvR©
B‡jKUªb¸‡jvi FYvZ¥K Pv‡R©i mgvb nIqv AZ¨vek¨K|
_gm‡bi cigvYy g‡Wj t GKwU wb‡iU abvZ¥K †MvjK Ges GB †Mvj‡Ki g‡a¨ wew¶ßfv‡e B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Qov‡bv
Av‡Q wVK †hgb cywWs Gi g‡a¨ wKmwgm Qov‡bv _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.1

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
1| _gm‡bi cigvYy g‡Wj Abymv‡i,
i. B‡jKUªb¸‡jv cigvYy‡Z w¯’i _v‡K|
ii. mgMÖ cigvYy Ry‡oB abvZ¥K _v‡K|
iii. cigvYy PvR© wbi‡c¶
bx‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
2| WvjU‡bi cvigvYweK ZË¡ Abymv‡i,
i. mKj †gŠwjK c`v_© AwZ m~², AwefvR¨ wb‡iU KYvi mgš^‡q MwVZ| KYv¸‡j‡K cigvYy ejv nq |
ii. GKB †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i cigvYy¸‡jv GKB cÖKv‡ii|
iii. GKvwaK cigvYyi ivmvqwbK wgj‡b †hŠwMK cigvYy m„wó K‡i|

bx‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

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cvV 9.2 : iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj

Rutherford’s Atom Model

D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb-
 iv`vi‡dv‡W©i Avjdv KYv cix¶v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 iv`vi†dv‡W©i g‡Wj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 iv`vi‡dv‡W©i g‡W‡ji mxgve×Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

9.2.1 iv`vi‡dv‡W©i Avjdv KYv cix¶v t 1911 mv‡j iv`vi‡dv‡W©i Ges Zuvi mn‡hvMx weÁvbxMY
Avjdv KYvi we‡¶cY cix¶vwU m¤úbœ K‡ib- †ZRw¯Œq Drm †_‡K wbM©Z -KYv¸‡jv mgkw³ m¤úbœ
nq| GB -KYvi †mªvZ‡K mgvš—ivj K‡i GKwU
fvix †mvbvi cvZjv cv‡Zi Dci †djv nq|
†mvbvi cvigvYweK msL¨v 79| ZvQvov †mvbvi
cvZ‡K wcwU‡q Lye cvZjv, cÖvq 10 7 m cyi“‡Z¡i
cv‡Z cwiYZ Kiv hvq| Gi †ea GZ Kg nIqvq
a‡i †bqv nq †h, cÖwZwU -KYv cv‡Zi ga¨¯’
GKwU gvÎ cigvYyi mv‡_ msNvZ ev Aš—twµqv
N‡U| -KYv cv‡Zi ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg Kivi ci
wewfbœ  †Kv‡Y wew¶ß nq|  †Kv‡Y wew¶ß -
KYv¸‡jv‡K kbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ (9.2) bs wPÎ
wPÎ 9.2
Abymv‡i †mvbvi cvZ‡K wN‡i GKwU cÖwZcÖf c`©v
ivLv nq| GB cÖwZcÖf c`©vq -KYv G‡m co‡j c`©vq GKwU Av‡jvi SjK †`Lv hvq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv -KYv
†mvbvi cvZ‡K AwZµg bv K‡i we‡¶‡ci ci Avevi Av‡Mi A‡j wd‡i Av‡m| †m‡¶‡Î  - Gi gvb 90 A‡c¶v
†ekx nq|

9.2.2 iv`vi‡dvW© cix¶vi cÖvß djvdjt

1| †ekxifvM  -KYvB ¯^Y©cvZ †f` K‡i mivmwi wecixZ w`‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m wKsev Lye mvgvb¨B we‡¶cY N‡U|
GwU _gmb g‡Wj w`‡q e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|
2| Aí wKQy msL¨K  -KYv 90 †Kv‡Y ev Zvi †P‡q Kg †Kv‡Y wew¶ß nq|
3| AwZ Aí wKQy msL¨K  -KYv 90 †Kv‡Yi †P‡q †ekx †Kv‡Y wew¶ß nq| †`Lv †M‡Q cÖwZ 8000 G GKwU  -
KYv 90 †Kv‡Yi †P‡q †ekx †Kv‡Y wew¶ß nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq †`Lv hvq GKwU  -KYv 180 †Kv‡Y
wew¶ß nq A_©vr KYvwU †h c‡_ hvq †m c‡_B wd‡i Av‡m| g‡b nq †hb ¯^Y©cv‡Zi cigvYyi mv‡_  -KYvi
gyLgyLx msNl© n‡q‡Q| GwU ‡m mg‡q we¯§qKi NUbv wQj| GwU _gmb g‡Wj w`‡q e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|
4| hw`  -KYv Zvi MwZ c‡_i mv‡_  †Kv‡Y wew¶ß nq Ges †mB eivei N msL¨K  -KYv AvcwZZ nq Z‡e
1
†`Lv †M‡Q,  log e N mgxKiYwU †g‡b P‡j|

sin 4
2
N
5| hw` cv‡Zi cyi“Z¡ t nq Ges N msL¨K  -KYv  †Kv‡Y wew¶ß nq Z‡e †`Lv †M‡Q,  aª“e msL¨v|
t

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9.2.3 iv`vi‡dvW© cix¶vi wm×vš—t

1| AwaKvsk  -KYvB ¯^Y©cvZ †f` K‡i mivmwi wecixZ w`‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m| Gi †_‡K wm×vš— ‡bqv hvq †h,
cigvYyi g‡a¨ AwaKvsk ¯’vbB k~b¨|
2| wKQy msL¨K  -KYv AwZ mvgvb¨ wew¶ß nq| G‡¶‡Î   1 A_©vr we‡¶c †KvY 1 Gi KvQvKvwQ| G‡K ¯^í
†Kv‡Y we‡¶c e‡j| GB NUbvwU‡K  -KYv Ges B‡jKUª‡bi g‡a¨ Kzj¤^xq AvKl©Y e‡ji djvdj e‡j a‡i †bqv
hvq|  -KYvi PvR©  2e Ges B‡jKUª‡bi PvR©  e d‡j w¯’i Zwor Kzj¤^xq AvKl©Y wµqv K‡i| †h‡nZz  -
KYvi fi B‡jKUª‡bi f‡ii cÖvq 7000 ¸Y ZvB GB AvKl©Y e‡ji Kvi‡Y  -KYv AwZ mvgvb¨B wew¶ß nq|
Gi †_‡K wm×vš— ‡bqv hvq †h, cigvYyi g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wew”Qbœ fv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|
3| AwZ Aí msL¨K  -KYv 90 †Kv‡Yi †P‡q †ekx †Kv‡Y wew¶ß nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq †`Lv hvq GKwU  -
KYv 180 †Kv‡Yi wew¶ß nq A_©vr KYvwU †h c‡_ hvq †m c‡_B wd‡i Av‡m| Gi A_© n‡jv, †h me  -KYv
abvZ¥K Pv‡R©i Lye KvQ w`‡q †M‡Q †mB me  -KYv¸‡jv 90 †Kv‡Yi †P‡q †ekx †Kv‡Y wew¶ß n‡q‡Q Ges †h
me  -KYv abvZ¥K Pv‡R©i mv‡_ mivmwi msN‡l© wjß n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv 180 †Kv‡Y wew¶ß n‡q‡Q| Gi †_‡K
iv`vi‡dvW© GB wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nb †h, cigvYyi mgMÖ abvZ¥K PvR© Ges cÖvq mgMÖ fi AwZ Aí cwim‡i
†K›`ªxf~Z _v‡K| G‡K iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm bvg †`b|
9.2.4 iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡Wjt
GKwU m¤ú~Y© cigvYyi g‡a¨ AwZ Aí cwim‡i †ekx fi I abvZ¥K PvR© wewkó wbDwK¬qvm Ges evwK wekvj AÂj
Ry‡o k~b¨¯’vb †hLv‡b wew¶ß fv‡e FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³
B‡jKUªb Qwo‡q Av‡Q| abvZ¥K PvR© wewkó wbDwK¬qv‡mi
Kv‡Q GB fv‡e FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ B‡jKUªb _vK‡Z cv‡i bv
KviY GLv‡b w¯’i Zwor Kzj¤^xq AvKl©Y wµqv Ki‡Q| ZvB
iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy‡K †mŠigÛ‡ji mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡jb|
†mŠigÛ‡j †hgb AwaKvsk AÂjB duvKv ¯’vb| m~‡h© Aí
cwim‡i †mŠigÛ‡ji AwaKvsk fiB †K›`ªxf~Z Av‡Q|
MÖn¸‡jv wew”Qbœfv‡e m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q cÖ‡Z¨‡K Ggb
`~i‡Z¡ †_‡K AveZ©b Ki‡Q †hb MÖn¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
†K›`ªgyLx ej I m~‡h©i mv‡_ Zvi gnvKl© ej mgvb nq| wVK
†Zgwb wbDwK¬qv‡m Aí cwim‡i cigvYyi cÖvq mg¯— fi I wPÎ 9.4
abvZ¥K PvR© †K›`ªxf~Z Av‡Q| B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wew”Qbœfv‡e
wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q cÖ‡Z¨‡K Ggb `~i‡Z¡ †_‡K AveZ©b Ki‡Q †hb B‡jKUªb¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †K›`ªgyLx ej
I wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ Zvi Kzj¤^xq ej mgvb nq| GwU cÖK…Zc‡¶ †evn&‡ii cÖ¯—ve| ZvB G g‡Wj‡K ejv nq †evn&i-
iv`vi‡dvW© g‡Wj| wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q (cvV 9.2.5)|
9.2.5 iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡W†ji mxgve×Zv t
iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡W‡ji mxgve×Zv wb‡æ †`qv n‡jv :
1| B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pvwiw`‡Kv 2 e„ËvKvi c‡_ AveZ©b Ki‡Q| †mRb¨
B‡jKUª‡bi me©`v †K›`ªgyLx Z¡iY Av‡Q| wPivqZ ejwe`¨vq g¨v·I‡qi
r
ZË¡ Abymv‡i Z¡ivwš^Z PvR© Zwor‡PŠ¤^ K kw³ wewKiY K‡i| myZivs
AveZ©biZ B‡jKUªb Awew”Qbœ Zwor‡PŠ¤^K Zi½ wewKiY Ki‡e| Aci
w`‡K kw³ wewKiY Ki‡j B‡jKUª‡bi ‡gvUkw³ n«vm cv‡e d‡j †jL
Abymv‡i B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qv‡mi w`‡K GwM‡q Avm‡e Ges B‡jKUª‡bi †eM
e„w× cv‡e| GB fv‡e µgvš^‡q wbDwK¬qv‡mi w`‡K GwM‡q wM‡q
wbDwK¬qvm‡K AvNvZ Ki‡e d‡j cigvYywU aŸsm n‡q hv‡e| ZvwË¡K MYbvq
†`Lv †M‡Q GiKg n‡j ‡Kv‡bv cigvYyi Avqy 10 8 s Gi †ekx nZ bv| wPÎ- 9.5
BDwbU 9 c„ôv-325
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

myZivs iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡W‡j cigvYy A¯’vqx| wK¯‘ ev¯—‡e e¯‘i ¯’vwqZ¡ cÖgvY K‡i cigvYy A¯’vqx bq|
2| B‡jKUªb hw` AbeiZ kw³ weweiY Ki‡Z _v‡K Z‡e B‡jKUª‡bi †eM e„w× cv‡e| d‡j cÖwZ g~û‡Z© B‡jKUª‡bi
ch©vqKvj Kg‡Z _vK‡e Ges K¤úv¼ evo‡Z _vK‡e| µgvš^‡q K¤úv¼ e„w×i d‡j B‡jKUªb mKj Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i
Zi‡½i wewKiY Ki‡e A_©vr cigvYy †_‡K wbiwew”Qbœ eY©vjx cvIqv hv‡e| wKš‘ nB‡Wªv‡Rb, wnwjqvg BZ¨vw` †gŠ‡ji
cigvYweK eY©vjx¸‡jv n‡jv †iLv eY©vjx| wbiwew”Qbœ bq|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡Wj t
wbDwK¬qv‡m Aí cwim‡i cigvYyi cÖvq mg¯— fi I abvZ¥K PvR© †K›`ªxf~Z Av‡Q| B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wew”Qbœfv‡e
wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q cÖ‡Z¨‡K Ggb `~i‡Z¡ †_‡K AveZ©b Ki‡Q †hb B‡jKUªb¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †K›`ªgyLx
ej I wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ Zvi Kzj¤^xq ej mgvb nq|
iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡Wji mxgve×Zv t
1| wPivqZ ejwe`¨vq g¨v·I‡q‡ji ZË¡ Abymv‡i Z¡ivwš^Z PvR© ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K kw³ wewKiY K‡i| myZivs
AveZ©biZ B‡jKUªb Awew”Qbœ ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Zi½ wewKiY Ki‡e| Aci w`‡K kw³ wewKiY Ki‡j B‡jKUª‡bi
‡gvUkw³ n«vm cv‡e d‡j B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qv‡mi w`‡K GwM‡q Avm‡e Ges B‡jKUª‡bi †eM e„w× cv‡e| GB fv‡e
µgvš^‡q wbDwK¬qv‡mi w`‡K GwM‡q wM‡q wbDwK¬qvm‡K AvNvZ Ki‡e d‡j cigvYywU aŸsm n‡q hv‡e| myZivs
iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡W‡j cigvYy A¯’vqx| wK¯‘ ev¯—‡e e¯‘i ¯’vwqZ¡ cÖgvY K‡i cigvYy A¯’vqx bq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.2

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
1| Avjdv KYv wewKiY cix¶v Øviv iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy‡Z Kx‡mi Dcw¯’wZi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib?
K. B‡jKUªb L. †cÖvUb M. wbDwK¬qvm N. wbDUªb
2| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i Avjdv KYv cix¶v †mvbvi cvZ e¨envi Kiv nq KviY
i. †mvbvi cvZ‡K wcwU‡q Lye cvZjv, cÖvq 10 7 m cyi“‡Z¡i cv‡Z cwibZ Kiv hvq|
ii. cÖwZwU -KYv cv‡Zi ga¨¯’ GKwU gvÎ cigvYyi mv‡_ msNvZ ev Aš—twµqv N‡U|
iii. †mvbvi cvigvYweK msL¨v 79, hv Avjdv KYvi †P‡q A‡bK¸Y fvix|
bx‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-326
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

cvV 9.3 : †ev‡ii cigvYy g‡Wj

Bohr Atom Model
D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb-
 †ev‡ii g‡Wj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †ev‡ii g‡W‡ji mvnv‡h¨ iv`vi‡dv‡W©i g‡W‡ji mxgve×Zv AwZµgY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †ev‡ii g‡W‡ji mvnv‡h¨ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi e¨vmva© I kw³i ivwkgvjv cÖwZcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

9.3.1 †ev‡ii cigvYy g‡Wj(Bohr Atom Model) t

weÁvbx bxj&m †evi (Niels Bohr) iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡W‡ji mv‡_ c­v¼ I AvBb÷vB‡bi †Kvqv›Uvg
ZË¡ cÖ‡qvM K‡i bZyb GK cigvYy g‡W‡ji wPÎ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| GwUB †ev‡ii cigvYy g‡Wj bv‡g cwiwPZ|
iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡W‡ji †h welq¸‡jv wb‡q †Kv‡bv mgm¨v wQj bv ‡m¸‡jv‡K wZwb AcwiewZ©Z iv‡Lb| †hgb,
iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡W‡j cigvYy A¯’vqxZ¡ Ges Awew”Qbœ eY©vjx RwbZ mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z wM‡q †evi Ggb wKQy
hyMvš—Kvix aviYv Dc¯’vcb K‡ib hv mbvZbx c`v_©weÁv‡bi mv‡_ Av‡`Š msMwZc~Y© bq eis †Nvi we‡ivax| ZeyI
ZrKvjxb cix¶jä djvd‡ji mv‡_ †ev‡ii cigvYy g‡Wj A‡bKUvB msMwZc~Y© nIqvq GB g‡WjwU weÁvbx‡`i
Kv‡Q M„wnZ nq|
9.3.2 †ev‡ii Z‡Ë¡i ¯^xKvh© (Postulates of Bohr’s Theory) t
†ev‡ii cigvYy g‡Wj wZbwU ¯^xKv‡h©i Dci cÖwZwôZ|
†ev‡ii cÖ_g ¯^xKvh©: †Kv‡bv cigvYyi B‡jKUªb¸‡jv KZK¸wj Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_ e„ËvKvi c‡_ AveZ©b K‡i|
Abygw`Z K¶c‡_ AveZ©b Kv‡j B‡jKUªb †Kv‡bv kw³ wewKiY ev †kvlY K‡ibv| GB Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c_¸‡jv‡K
¯’vqx K¶c_I e‡j|
h
†ev‡ii wØZxq ¯^xKvh©: †h K¶c_¸‡jv‡Z AveZ©bkxj B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK fi‡eM Gi ALÛ ¸wYZK †m¸‡jvB
2
n‡jv Abygw`Z K¶c_ ev ¯’vqx K¶c_| c­v‡¼i aª“eK h = 6.6310-34Js |
nh
wØZxq ¯^xKvh© Abymv‡i, †KŠwYK fi‡eM, L               (9.1)
2
GLv‡b, n  1,2,3,4,.......|
†ev‡ii Z…Zxq ¯^xKvh©: †Kv‡bv B‡jKUª‡bi GK ¯’vqx K¶c_ †_‡K Ab¨ Avi GK ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ msµwgZ nIqv
m¤¢e| ïay gvÎ msµgY Kv‡j ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K wewKiY wbsm„Z ev †kvwlZ nq| GB wewKiY n‡jv mgmË¡ Ges Gi
K¤úv¼ f n‡j wbsm„Z ev †kvwlZ ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K wewKiY hf  E1 ~ E2 mgxKiY w`‡q wb‡`©wkZ n‡e|
GK_v mZ¨ †h, †ev‡ii ¯^xKvh©¸‡jv †Kv‡bvwUB mbvZb c`v_©weÁv‡bi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© bq| ZeyI nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mn
K‡qKwU ‡gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK eY©vjxi we‡k­l‡Y †evi Z‡Ë¡i mvdj¨ D‡j­L‡hvM¨| GgbwK mvgwMÖKfv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv
†gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK MVb m¤^‡Ü GKwU cwil‹vi wPÎ †ev‡ii cigvYy ZË¡ †_‡K cvIqv hvq| †m Kvi‡Y cix¶jä
djvd‡ji mv‡_ †evi Z‡Ë¡i wKQy AmsMwZ _vK‡jI †evi g‡Wj‡KB cvigvYweK MV‡bi wfwË wnmv‡e a‡i †bqv nq|
9.3.3 †evi Z‡Ë¡i MÖ‡qvM (Application of Bohr’s Theory) t
1| n  Zg Aby‡gvw`Z ev ¯’vqx K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© (Radius of the n-th Stationary Orbit) t
g‡b Kwi e PvR© I m f‡ii GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi n Zg Aby‡gvw`Z ev ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ vn ‡e‡M AveZ©b K‡i Ges GB
¯’vqx K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© rn |

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-327
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Zvn‡j, B‡jKUª‡b n Zg ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ †KŠwYK fi‡eM, Ln  mvn rn |

nh
wØZxq ¯^xKvh© Abymv‡i, mvn rn                  (9.2)
2
GLv‡b, n  1,2,3,4,.....
nh
ev, v n                       (9.3)
2 mrn
hw` cigvYweK msL¨v Z nq Z‡e wbDwK¬qv‡mi PvR© = Ze
n Zg ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ Aew¯’Z B‡jKUªb I wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ wµqvkxj Kzj¤^ ej,
1 Ze  e 1 Ze 2
F 
4 0 rn2 4 0 rn2
mv n2
rn e¨vmv‡a©i n Zg Aby‡gvw`Z K¶ c‡_ vn ‡e‡M AveZ©biZ B‡jKUª‡bi †K›`ªwegyLx ej, F 
rn
Avevi K¶c‡_i w¯’wZkxjZvi kZ© †_‡K cvB,
wbDwK¬qvm I B‡jKUª‡bi g‡a¨ AvKl©Yx ej = B‡jKUª‡bi AveZ©bRwbZ †K›`ªwegyLx ej|
1 Ze  e mv n2
myZivs, kZ©vbymv‡i, 
4 0 rn2 rn
Ze 2
ev, m v 
2
e n
4 0 rn
Ze 2
ev, v n2                      (9.4)
4 0 mrn
n 2h2 Ze 2
(9.4) bs mgxKi‡Y (9.3) bs mgxKi‡Yi gvb emv‡j, 
4 2 m 2 rn2 4 0 m rn
 0n2h 2
ev, rn                      (9.5)
Ze 2 m
 0h2
Zvn‡j, r1 
Ze 2 m
myZivs, rn  n 2 r1

nvB‡Wª‡Rb cigvYyi †¶‡Î, Z  1

 0n2h2
AZGe, rn                     (9.6)
e 2 m
(9.6) bs mgxKiYwU nvB‡Wª‡Rb cigvYyi n Zg Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© wb‡`©k K‡i|
myZivs, ejv hvq, rn  n 2                  (9.7)
n  1 emv‡j, rn  r1 A_©vr cÖ_g Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_i e¨vmva©| GUvB r -Gi ¶z`ªZg gvb A_©vr GB K¶c_wU
wbDwK¬qv‡mi me‡P‡q Kv‡Q Aew¯’Z| GB K¶c_‡K †ev‡ii cÖ_g K¶c_ ev cigvYyi K -†mj e‡j| †ev‡ii cÖ_g
K¶c_‡K a0 w`‡q wb‡`©k Kiv nq A_©vr r1  a0 |
 0h2
(9.6) bs mgxKi‡Y n  1 emv‡j, a0               (9.8)
 e2m

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-328
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

GLv‡b,
k~b¨ gva¨‡g ‡f`b‡hvM¨Zv,  0  8.854  10 12 Nm 2 C 2
c­¨vs‡Ki aª“eK, h  6.63  10 34 Js
B‡jKUª‡bi fi, m  9.11 10 31 kg
B‡jKUª‡bi PvR©, e  1.6  10 19 C

gvb emv‡j, a0 
 
8.854  10 12  6.63  10 34
2


3.14  1.6  10 19   9.1110
2  31

ev, a0  0.53  10 10 m  0.53Å                 (9.9)

0.53 10 10 0.53
Zvn‡j †h‡Kv‡bv cigvYyi Rb¨ a0  m Å
Z Z
(9.6) bs mgxKi‡Yi mv‡_ (9.8) bs mgxKi‡Yi Zzjbv Ki‡j,
rn  n 2 a0                     (9.10)

2| n  Zg Aby‡gvw`Z ev ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi †eM (Velocity of the Electron in n-th Stationary
Orbit) t
nh
(9.3) bs mgxKi‡Y (9.5) bs mgxKi‡Yi gvb emv‡j, vn 
  n 2h2 
2me  0 2 
 Ze me 
Ze 2
ev, vn                     (9.11)
2 0 nh
(9.11) bs mgxKiY n  Zg Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_ Aew¯’Z B‡jKUª‡bi ‡eM wb‡`©k K‡i|
Ze 2
Zvn‡j, r1 
2 0 h
r
myZivs, rn  1
n
nvB‡Wª‡Rb cigvYyi †¶‡Î, Z  1
e2
AZGe, vn                    (9.12)
2 0 nh
e2
n  1 emv‡j, v1 
2 0 h
v
myZivs vn  1
n
e2
A_©vr cÖ_g Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_ A_©vr K- †m‡j B‡jKUª‡bi †eM, v1        (9.13)
2 0 h

gvb emv‡j, v1 
1.6 10 
19 2

2  8.854  10 12  6.63  10 34

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-329
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ev, v1  2.2  106 ms 1

(9.12) bs mgxKi‡Yi mv‡_ (9.13) bs mgxKi‡Yi Zzjbv Ki‡j,
v1
vn                         (9.14)
n
3| n  Zg Aby‡gvw`Z ev ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi ‡KŠwYK fi‡eM(Angular Momemtum of the Electron in
n-th Stationary Orbit) t
nh
†ev‡ii wØZxq ¯^xKvh© Abymv‡i, Ln  mvn rn  | GLv‡b, n  1,2,3,4,.....
2
†KŠwYK fi‡eM cigvYyi cvigvYweK msL¨v Z Gi Dci wbf©ikxj bq| myZivs mKj cigvYyi †¶‡ÎB B‡jKUª‡bi
†KŠwYK fi‡eM GKB|
h
Zvn‡j, L1  myZivs, Ln  nL1
2
mgxKiY †_‡K GUv my¯úó †h, Ln  n A_©vr, L1 : L2 : L3  1 : 2 : 3 | myZivs, Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c_ msL¨v hZ ev‡o
Ln gvb ZZ ev‡o|
A_©vr, Ln  nL1                    (9.15)
h 6.63 10 34
myZivs, L1    1.06 10 34 Js
2 2  3.14
h
L2  2   2  1.06  10 34  2.12  10 34 Js BZ¨vw`|
2
4| n  Zg Aby‡gvw`Z ev ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ (Energy of the Electron in n-th Stationary
Orbit)t
1
n  Zg Aby‡gvw`Z ev ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi MwZkw³, Ek n  me vn2
2
2
1  Ze 2 
(9.11) bs mgxKiY †_‡K vn Gi gvb emv‡j, Ek n  me  
2  2 0 nh 
1 Z 2e 4
ev, Ek  me 
n
2 4 02 n 2 h 2
me Z 2e 4
ev, Ek                     (9.16)
n
8 02 n 2 h 2
1 Ze
n  Zg Aby‡gvw`Z ev ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi wefe Vn 
4 0 rn
AZGe, n  Zg Aby‡gvw`Z ev ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi w¯’wZkw³, E pn   e Vn
1 Ze e 
ev, E p 
n
4 0 rn
1 Ze 2
ev, E p  
n
4 0 rn

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-330
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

 0n2h 2
(9.5) bs mgxKiY †_‡K rn Gi gvb emv‡j, rn 
Ze 2 me
1 Ze 2
E pn  
4 0   0 n 2 h 2 
 2

 Ze me 
me Z 2e 4
ev, E p   2 2 2                   (9.17)
n
4 0 n h
me Z 2e 4 me Z 2 e 4
†gvU kw³ En  Ek  E p  
n n
8 02 n 2 h 2 4 02 n 2 h 2
me Z 2 e 4
En   2 2 2                     (9.18)
8 0 n h
GUvB n Zg K¶ c‡_i †gvU kw³| kw³i FYvÍK gvb cªgvY K‡i †h B‡jKUª‡K cigvYy †_‡K wew”Qbœ Ki‡Z evwni
†_‡K kw³ mieivn Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
me Z 2e 4
n  1 emv‡j, E1  
8 02 h 2
E1
myZzivs, En 
n2
1
A_©vr, E n                      (9.19)
n2
nvB‡Wª‡Rb cigvYyi †¶‡Î, Z  1
me e 4
AZGe, En                     (9.20)
8 02 n 2 h 2
me e 4 e2 e2   0h2 
ev, En      a0  2 
8 02 n 2 h 2   h2  4 0  2n 2  a0  e me 
4 0  2n 2   0 2 
 me e 
1 e2
ev, En                     (9.21)
4 0 2n 2 a0
nvB‡Wª‡Rb cigvYyi †¶‡Î, cÖ_g Aby‡gvw`Z ev ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi kw³i †¶‡Î n  1 ,
1 e2
AZGe, E1                     (9.22)
4 0 2a0
(9.22) bs mgxKi‡Y a0 Ges e Gi gvb emv‡j, E = 0 eV
n= 

E1  9  109 
1.6 10  19 2
 21.7359  10 -19 J  
n=5
n=4
E5 = -0.54 eV
E4 = -0.85 eV
2  0.53 10 10 n=3 E3 = -1.5 1eV
         (9.23)
n=2 E2 = -3.4 eV
21.7359  10-19
ev, E1   eV
1.6  10 19
n=1 E1 = -13.6 eV
wPÎ 9.6
BDwbU 9 c„ôv-331
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ev, E1  13.58eV  13.6eV                 (9.24)

Zvn‡j  13.6 eV n‡jv nvB‡Wª‡Rb cigvYyi cÖ_g K¶c‡_i A_©vr f~wg¯—i kw³| myZivs GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
cigvYy‡K AvqwbZ Ki‡Z A_©vr nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy †_‡K B‡jKUªb gy³ Ki‡Z evwni †_‡K 13.6 eV kw³ mieivn
Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi AvqwbZ wefe (ionization potential) e‡j|
 13.6 eV
Avevi, En 
n2
D`vniY 9.1 t nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi 3q K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© †ei Ki“b| GLv‡b h  6.63  1934 js B‡jKUª‡bi
fi 9.1  1031 kg Ges B‡jKUª‡bi PvR© 1.6  1019 C

mgvavb t †`qv Av‡Q, h  6.63  1934 js , m  9.1  1031 kg , e  1.6  10 19 C ,

 0  8.854  1012 C 2 N 1m 2 , n  3
 0n2h2
Avgvi Rvwb, nvBWª‡Rb cigvYyi B‡jKUª‡bi n Zg Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_i e¨vmva©, rn 
e 2 me
2
8.854  1012  32  6.63  1934 
gvb emv‡j, rn  2
3.14  9.1  10 31  1.6  1019 
8.854 6.632  32
ev, rn  2
 10 11  47.86  10 11  4.786  10 10 m
3.14  9.1  1.6
ev, rn  4.786 A
D: 4.786 Å

D`vniY 9.2 t nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi wØZxq K¶c‡_i B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ wbY©q Ki“b|
me 4
mgvavb t Avgiv Rvwb, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi n-Zg K¶c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi kw³, E n  
8n 2 h 2  02

myZivs wØZxq K¶c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi kw³, E2  


9.1 10 31  1.6  10 19 
4

 5.413  10 19 J
2
8  2  6.63  10   34
  8.85 10
2 12

 5.413 10 19

E2  eV  3.38eV
1.6 10 19
D: 3.38eV

D`vniY 9.3 t GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Ri cigvYyi f~wg ¯—‡ii kw³  13.6 eV | GKwU B‡jKUªb cÖ_g D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’v
†_‡K f~wg‡Z wd‡i Avm‡j KZ Zi½‰`‡N©¨i †dvUb wbM©Z Ki‡e †ei Ki“b|
mgvavb t †`qv Av‡Q, E1  13.6 eV
cÖ_g D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’vi †¶‡Î, n  2
E1
Avgiv Rvwb, E n 
n2
 13.6 eV
AZGe, E2   3.4 eV
22

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-332
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

Zvn‡j, E  E2  E1  3.4   13.6   10.2 eV  10.2 1.6 10 19 J  16.32 10 19 J
hc
Avevi, E  h 

hc 6.63 10 34  3 108
AZGe,    19
 1.21875 10 7 m  1219Å
E 16.32 10
D: 1219Å
9.3.4 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eY©vjx‡Z †ev‡ii Z‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨v (Spectrum of Hydrogen : Explanation on Bohr Theory)t
†ev‡ii Z…Zxq ¯^xKvh© †_‡K cvB, †Kv‡bv B‡jKUª‡bi GK D”P ¯’vqx K¶c_ m †_‡K Ab¨ Avi GK wbæ ¯’vqx K¶c_
n msµwgZ n‡j msµgY Kv‡j Zwor‡PŠ¤^Kxq wewKiY wbsm„Z| Gi K¤úv¼ f n‡j wbsm„Z Zwor‡PŠ¤^Kxq wewKiY,
hf  E m  En                      (9.25)
GLv‡b, Em  m ¯’vqx K¶c‡_i †gvU kw³ Ges E n  n ¯’vqx K¶c‡_i †gvU kw³|
hw` GKwU B‡jKUªb D”P kw³ ¯—i m ¯’vqx K¶c_ †_‡K wbæ kw³ ¯—i n ¯’vqx K¶c‡L †b‡g Av‡m Z‡e GB `yB
K¶ c‡_i kw³ ¯—‡ii cv_©‡K¨i mgvb kw³ wbtmiY Ki‡e|
me e 4 me e 4
(9.20) bs mgxKiY †_‡K †jLv hvq, Em   Ges En   2 2 2
8 02 m 2 h 2 8 0 n h
me e 4  me e 4 
AZGe, (9.18) bs mgxKi‡Y gvb emv‡j, hf     
8 02 m 2 h 2  8 02 n 2 h 2 
me e 4  1 1 
ev, hf  2 2  2
 2
8 0 h  n m 
me e 4  1 1 
ev, f  2 3  2
 2                    (9.26)
8 0 h  n m 
c me Z 2e 4  1 1 
ev,  2 3  2
 2
 8 0 h  n m 
1 me Z 2e 4  1 1 
ev,  2 3  2 2
 8 0 ch  n m 
1
A_©vr Zi½‰`‡N©¨i wecixZ msL¨v‡K ejv nq wewKi‡Yi K¤úb msL¨v (weve number) ev k~b¨ ¯’v‡b GKK ˆ`‡N©¨

Zi½ msL¨v,
1 f
f   , GLv‡b c= Av‡jvi †eM|
 c

1  1 1 
f   R 2  2                    (9.27)
 n m 
m e4
GLvb, R  2e 3 = aª“eK                  (9.28)
8 0 ch
R †K wiWevM© aª“eK (Rydberg Constant) e‡j| mgxKi‡Yi aª“e‡Ki mwVK gvb¸‡jv emv‡j,
R  1.09625 107 m 1 cvIqv hvq|

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-333
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

9.3.5 †evi cigvYy g‡W‡ji mxgve×Zv

Limitations of Bohr’s Atom moder
†evi cigvYy g‡W‡ji mxgve×Zv wbgœiƒc :
1| †evi cigvYy g‡Wj GKvwaK B‡jKUªb wewkó cigvYymg~‡ni e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G g‡WjwU ïaygvÎ
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb m`„k GK B‡jKUªbwewkó Avqb (†hgb- He, Li) mg~‡ni eY©vjx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
2| †evi cigvYy g‡Wj Abymv‡i cigvYyi Af¨š—‡i GK kw³¯—i †_‡K Ab¨ kw³¯—‡i B‡jUª‡bi ¯’vbvš—i NU‡j,
eY©vjx‡Z GKwU †iLv m„wó nIqvi K_v| AwaKZi m~² eY©bvjx¶Y h‡š¿i (Spectrometer) mvnv‡h¨ ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡j
†`Lv hvq †h, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb m`„k Ab¨vb¨ cigvYyi Avq‡bi †iLv eY©vjx‡Z, cÖwZwU †iLvi ¯’v‡b K‡qKwU
m~² †iLv (Fine spectral lines) Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| †evi g‡Wj Abymv‡i GwU e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| G‡¶‡Î, weÁvbx
mgviwdì (Sommerfeld), B‡jKUª‡bi K¶c_‡K Dce„ËvKvi Kíbv K‡i eY©vjx †iLvi Dci GKvwaK m~² †iLvi
Ae¯’v‡bi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib|
3| †evi cigvYy g‡Wj Abymv‡i GKwU wbw`©ó K¶c‡_ GKB mg‡q B‡jKUª‡bi Ae¯’vb I fi‡eM mywbw`©ó Kiv
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ nvB‡RbevM© AwbðqZv bxwZ (Heigenberg uncertainity principle) Abymv‡i GKwU wbw`©ó K¶c‡_
Ae¯’vbiZ GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi Ae¯’vb I fi‡eM GKB mg‡q mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| myZivs †evi cigvYy
g‡Wj nvB‡WbevM© AwbðqZv bxwZi cwicš’x|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
†ev‡ii Z‡Ë¡i ¯^xKvh© t
cÖ_g ¯^xKvh©: †Kv‡bv cigvYyi B‡jKUªb¸‡jv KZK¸wj Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_ e„ËvKvi c‡_ AveZ©b K‡i|
Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_ AveZ©b Kv‡j B‡jKUªb †Kvb kw³ wewKiY ev †kvlY K‡ibv| GB Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c_¸‡jv‡K
¯’vqx K¶c_I e‡j|
h
wØZxq ¯^xKvh©: ‡h K¶c_¸‡jv‡Z AveZ©bkxj B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK fi‡eM Gi ALÛ ¸wYZK †m¸‡jvB n‡jv
2
Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c_ ev ¯’vqx K¶c_| c­v‡¼i aª“eK, h = 6.6310-34Js |
†ev‡ii Z…Zxq ¯^xKvh©: †Kvb B‡jKUª‡bi GK ¯’vqx K¶c_ †_‡K Ab¨ Avi GK ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ msµwgZ nIqv
m¤¢e| ïay gvÎ msµgY Kv‡j Zwor‡PŠ¤^Kxq wewKiY wbsm„Z ev †kvwlZ nq| GB wewKiY n‡jv mgmË¡ Ges Gi
K¤úv¼  n‡j wbsm„Z ev †kvwlZ Zwor‡PŠ¤^Kxq wewKiY h  E1 ~ E2 mgxKiY w`‡q wb‡`©wkZ n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.3

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
1| †evi Z‡Ë¡i ¯^xKvh© AbyhvqxÑ
K. B‡jKUªb †h †Kv‡bv K¶c‡_ cwiågb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges mg¯— K¶c‡_B Dnvi kw³ A¶ybœ _vK‡e
L. B‡jKUªb KZ¸wj Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_ AveZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †mB mg¯— K¶c‡_B B‡jKUª‡bi kw³
A¶zbœ _vK‡e
M. B‡jKUªb ïaygvÎ Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_ AveZ©b Ki‡e wKš‘ †h‡Kv‡bv gv‡bi kw³i AwaKvix n‡Z cvi‡e
N. B‡jKUªb †h †Kv‡bv K¶c‡_ cwiågb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †h‡Kv‡bv gv‡bi kw³i AwaKvix n‡Z cvi‡e
2| ‡ev‡ii ZË¡vbyhvqx B‡jKUªb D”P K¶c_ †_‡K msµgY Ki‡j Zvi
K. w¯’wZkw³ Ges MwZkw³ DfqB n«vm cvq
L. w¯’wZkw³ I †gvU kw³ e„w× cvq Ges MwZkw³ n«vm cvq
M. w¯’wZkw³ n«vm cvq Ges MwZkw³ e„w× cvq
N. w¯’wZkw³ Ges MwZkw³ DfqB e„w× cvq

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-334
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

cvV 9.4 : wbDwK¬qv‡mi MVb

Structure of Nucleus
D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb-
 wbDwK¬qv‡mi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDwK¬qvm msµvš— wewfbœ ivwk eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fi ΓwU I eÜb kw³ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

9.4.1 wbDwK¬qv‡mi Dcv`vb (Elements of Nucleus) t

iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj Abyhvqx cigvYyi mg¯— abvZ¥K PvR© Gi †K‡›`ª AwZ Aí ¯’vb Ry‡o _v‡K| G‡K
wbDwK¬qvm e‡j| cigvYyi cÖvq mg¯— fiB Gi wbDwK¬qv‡m cywÄf~Z _v‡K| GKwU wbDwK¬qv‡mi e¨vm 10 15 m
µ‡gi| wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvqZb cigvYyi AvqZ‡bi cÖvq 1012 fv‡Mi GKfvM gvÎ|
1932 mv‡j P¨vWDBK KZ…©K wbDUªb KYv Avwe¯‹Z … nq| wbDwK¬qvm g~jZ †cÖvUb I wbDUªb bvgK `yB cÖKvi †gŠwjK
KYv w`‡q MwVZ| †cÖvUb abvZ¥K PvR©MÖ¯— Ges wbDUªb Zwor wbi‡c¶| wbDUªb I †cÖvUb‡K GK‡Î wbDwK¬qb e‡j|
GKgvÎ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡m †Kv‡bv wbDUªb †bB, ïay GKwU †cÖvUb Av‡Q|
GLv‡b GKUz †R‡b ivLv `iKvi †h, wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ †cÖvUb I wbDUªb `ywU ¯’vqx KYv n‡jI gy³ Ae¯’vq wbDUªb
¯’vqx KYv bq| wb‡R †_‡K  -¶q NU‡j †cÖvU‡b cwiYZ nq|
0n
1
 1H
1
+ 1 
0

(wbDUªb) (†cÖvUb) (B‡jKUªb)

wbDUª‡bi Aa©vqy n‡jv cÖvq 12 minute | GLv‡b Av‡iv D‡j­L¨ †h, GB ¶q wµqvi mv‡_ A¨vw›UwbDwUª‡bv bv‡g Av‡iv
GKwU KYvI wbM©Z nq|
†cÖvU‡bi PvR©, e  1.6  10 19 C
†cÖvU‡bi fi B‡jKUª‡bi f‡ii 1836 ¸Y|
myZivs, †cÖvU‡bi fi, m p  1836  9.11 10 31  1.673  10 27 kg
†cÖvU‡bi cix¶vjä e¨vmva©, rp  1.2 10 15 m
wbDUª‡bi fi B‡jKUª‡bi f‡ii 1839 ¸Y|
myZivs, wbDUª‡bi fi, m p  1839  9.11 10 31  1.675  10 27 kg
wbDUª‡bi e¨vmva© †cÖvU‡bi cix¶vjä e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb A_©vr, rn  1.2 10 15 m
wbDwK¬qvm msµvš— wewfbœ ivwk t
wbDwK¬qv‡mi MVb I Kvh©KvixZv m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z n‡j KZK¸‡jv welq m¤^‡Ü cwil‹vi aviYv ivL‡Z n‡e| bx‡P Zvi
msw¶ß weeiY †`qv n‡jv|
1| GKxf~Z cvigvYweK fi GKK (Unified atomic mass unit) t
cigvYyi fi GZB Kg †h G‡K wK‡jvMÖv‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq bv| Gi GKK n‡jv GKxf~Z cvigvYweK fi GKK
(Unified atomic mass unit)| G‡K ms‡¶‡c u w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
1
GKwU Kve©b-12 cigvYyi f‡ii Ask‡K 1 u ejv nq|
12
Avgiv Rvwb, 1 MÖvg cigvYy Kve©‡bi fi = 12 g
Avevi †h‡nZz †h‡Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji 1 MÖvg cigvYy‡Z cigvYy msL¨v = A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªv msL¨v = 6.023 10 23
BDwbU 9 c„ôv-335
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AZGe 1 MÖvg cigvYy Kve©‡b cigvYy msL¨v = 6.023 10 23

myZivs, 6.023 10 23 wU Kve©b cigvYyi fi = 12 g
12
1 wU Kve©b cigvYyi fi = g
6.023  10 23
1 1 12 1
AZGe, wU Kve©b cigvYyi fi =  23
 g
12 12 6.02  10 6.02  10 23
 1.66  10 24 g  1.66  10 27 kg
myZivs, 1u  1.66  10 27 kg
†cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi fi‡K u GK‡K cÖKvk Ki‡j,
†cÖvU‡bi fi  1.673 10 27 kg
1.673  10 27
Zvn‡j, u GK‡K †cÖvU‡bi fi =  1.0078 u
1.66  10  27
wbDUª‡bi fi  1.675 10 27 kg
1.675  10 27
Zvn‡j, u GK‡K wbDUª‡bi fi =  1.0090 u
1.66  10 27

1961 mv‡ji AvM ch©š— Aw·‡Rb-16-Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i AvYweK I cvigvYweK †¯‹‡j fi cwigvc Kiv n‡Zv
ZLb Zv‡K cvigvYweK fi GKK (atomic mass unit) ejv n‡Zv Ges (amu) w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv n‡Zv| GL‡bv
A‡b‡K GKxf~Z cvigvYweK fi GKK‡K A_©vr u-‡K cvigvYweK fi GKK Z_v amu Øviv cÖKvk K‡i _v‡Kb|
2| fi-kw³i Zzj¨Zv (Mass-Energy Equivalance) t
kw³i Aci GKwU iƒc n‡jv fi| c`v_©‡K kw³‡Z Ges kw³‡K c`v‡_© iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB fi I kw³
ci¯ú‡ii mgZzj¨| GBRb¨B fi †evSv‡Z kw³i GK‡K Ges KL‡bv kw³ †evSv‡Z f‡ii GKK e¨envi Kiv nq|
AvB›UvB‡bi Av‡cw¶K ZË¡ †_‡K fi-kw³i Zzj¨Zv bxwZ cvIqv hvq|
†Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i m fi hw` kw³‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv nq Z‡e, AvBb÷vB‡bi m~Îvbymv‡i, Zzj¨ kw³, E  mc 2
Zvn‡j, 1 u f‡ii Zzj¨ kw³ n‡e, E  1.66  10  27  3  108 
2

ev, E  1.49  10 10 J

myZivs, 1 u f‡ii Zzj¨ kw³  1.49  10 10 J
AZGe, GKwU †cÖvU‡bi Zzj¨ kw³ =1.0078 1.49  10 10  1.502  10 10 J
GKwU wbDUª‡bi kw³ Zzj¨ kw³ =1.0090  1.49  10 10  1.503  10 10 J

kw³i GKK Ryj GKwU eo GKK| cigvYweK kw³‡K eV GK‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq|
GK wefe cv_©‡K¨i `ywU we›`yi GK we›`y †_‡K Aci we›`y‡Z GKwU B‡jKUªb‡K ¯’vbvš—i Ki‡Z m¤úvw`Z KvR‡K
1eV e‡j|
A_©vr, 1eV  GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi PvR©  1 volt
J
ev, 1eV  1.6  10 19 C  1  1.6  10 19 J
C
1.49 10 10
myZivs, 1 u f‡ii Zzj¨ kw³   931.2 10-6 eV
1.6 10 19

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-336
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

ev, 1 u  931.2MeV

Zvn‡j, GKwU †cÖvU‡bi Zzj¨ kw³ = 1.0078 931.2  938.6MeV

GKwU wbDUª‡bi Zzj¨ kw³ = 1.0090 931.2  939.7MeV
9.11 10 31
GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi fi 9.11 10 31 kg   0.00055 u
1.66  10 27
AZGe, GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi Zzj¨ kw³ = 0.00055 931.2  0.511MeV
D`vniY 9.4 t hw` gvwUi fi‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c kw³‡Z iƒcvš—i Kivi Dcvq Rvbv _vK‡Zv Z‡e 1000 MW ¶gZv
m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv we`y¨r †K‡›`ªi R¡vjvbx wnmv‡e eQ‡i KZ gvwUi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv †ei Ki“b|
mgvavb t 1000MW  1000 106 W
GK eQi, 1y  365  86400s
myZivs GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³, E  1000 106  365  86400  3.1536 1016 J
Avgiv Rvwb, E  mc 2
E 3.1536  1016
ev, m    0.350 kg  350 g
c2 
3  108
2

D: 350 g
3| wbDwK¬qv‡mi e¨vmva© (Radius of Nucleus) t
Avgiv †`‡LwQ GKwU †cÖvUb ev GKwU wbDUª‡bi e¨vmva© r0  1.2  10-15 m
4
Zvn‡j cÖwZwU †cÖvUb ev wbDUª‡bi AvqZb, V    r03
3
‡Kv‡bv wbDwK¬qv‡m †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi mgwó = fi msL¨v = A
4
Zvn‡j H wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvqZb V   r03 A
3
4
hw` H wbDwK¬qv‡mi e¨mva© R nq Z‡e AvqZb V   R 3
3
4 4
myZivs,  R 3   r03 A
3 3
ev, R 3  r03 A
1
ev, R  r0 A 3                      (9.29)

D`vniY 9.5 t BD‡iwbqvg 92

235
U  Gi fi msL¨v A  235 | BD‡iwbqvg wbDwK¬qv‡mi e¨vmva© wbY©q Ki“b|
mgvavb t †`qv Av‡Q, A  235
1
Avgiv Rvwb, wbDwK¬qv‡mi e¨vmva©, R  r0 A 3 Ges r0  1.2  10 -15 m
1 1
AZGe, BD‡iwbqvg wbDwK¬qv‡mi e¨vmva©, RU  r0 A  1.2 10-15  2353  7.4 10 15 m
3

D: 7.4  10 15 m
3| wbDwK¬qv‡mi NbZ¡ (Density of Nucleus) t
wbDwK¬qvmwU fi M Ges AvqZb V n‡j,

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-337
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

M M
NbZ¡,   
V 4
 R3
3
M M
ev,                      (9.30)
V 4
 r0 3 A
3
D`vniY 9.6 t †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi msL¨v A n‡j †mB †gŠ‡ji wbDwK¬qv‡mi NbZ¡ wbY©q Ki“b|
mgvavb t †`qv Av‡Q, wbDwK¬qvmwUi fi, M  A u  A  1.66  10 27 kg
4 4
wbDwK¬qvmwUi AvqZb, V   r03 A     1.2  10 -15   A m 3
3

3 3
M A  1.66  10 27
AZGe, wbDK¬xq NbZ¡,   
V 4
3
 3
   1.2  10 -15  A
ev,   2.3 1017 kg m -3
mvaviYZ wbDK¬xq Nb‡Z¡i gvb,   2  1017 kg m -3 aiv nq|
D:   2  1017 kg m -3
4| wbDwK¬q ej (Nuclear Force) t
wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ †cÖvUb I wbDUªb¸‡jv Zxeª AvKl©Y e‡ji cÖfv‡e ci¯ú‡ii mshy³ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GB ej‡K
wbDwK¬q ej e‡j|
wbDwK¬q e‡ji ˆewkó¨ t
1| wbDwK¬q ej ïay AvKl©Yxq ej| GB e‡ji ZxeªZv gnvKl© Ges ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K e‡ji †P‡q A‡bK †ekx|
2| GB ej PvR© wbi‡c¶| abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ †cÖvUb Ges PvR©nxb wbDUª‡bi Rb¨ wbDwK¬q e‡ji gvb GKB _v‡K A_©vr
GKB `~i‡Z¡ †cÖvUb-†cÖvUb, wbDUªb-wbDUªb ev †cÖvUb- wbDUªb ej¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ bvB|
3| GwU GKwU ¯^í cvj­vi ej| Gi cvj­v 10 14 m , A_©vr wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ 10 14 m ch©š— `~i‡Z¡ wbDK¬xq
ej AwZ Zxeª Ges Gi evB‡i GB e‡ji †Kv‡bv cÖfve †bB| myZivs wbDwK¬qb¸‡jv ïay gvÎ Zvi cvk¦eZ©x
wbDwK¬q‡bi mv‡_ Ave× _v‡K `~ieZ©x wbDwK¬qb¸‡jvi mv‡_ bq|
5| fi msL¨v (Mass Number) t
cigvYweK fi GK‡K †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cigvYy f‡ii wbKUeZ©x c~Y©msL¨v‡K cigvYyi fi msL¨v e‡j| mnR fv‡e ejv
hvq, wbDwK¬qv‡m wbDUªb †cÖvUb msL¨vi †hvMdj‡K cigvYyi fi msL¨v| fi msL¨v GKwU msL¨v gvÎ, Gi †Kv‡bv
GKK bvB| fi msL¨v‡K A w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv cigvYyi fi msL¨v cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †gŠ‡ji cÖZx‡Ki gv_vq
evg w`‡K GB msL¨v †jLv nq| †hgb, 1 H , 4 He, 12 C .....|
6| cvigvYweK msL¨v (Atomic Number) t
†Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡m _vKv ‡cÖvUb msL¨v‡K H †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v e‡j| G‡K Z w`‡q cÖKvk
Kiv nq| cvigvYweK msL¨v cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cÖZx‡Ki Av‡M I bx‡Pi w`‡K cvigvYweK msL¨vwU †jLv
nq  AZ X, Z X A | †hgb, 126 C ev 6 C12 GLv‡b Kve©b-12 Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v 12|

7| AvB‡mv‡Uvc (Isotope) : GKB †gŠ‡ji GKvwaK fi msL¨vwewkó cigvYy _vK‡j †m¸wj‡K ci¯ú‡ii
AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j| A_©vr †h mKj cigvYyi cvigvYweK msL¨v ( Z ) mgvb wKš‘ fi msL¨v ( A ) wfbœ Zv‡`i‡K
AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j| wbDUªb msL¨v wfbœ nIqvi Kvi‡Y G‡`i fi msL¨v wfbœ nq| G‡`i cvigvYweK msL¨v GKB e‡j

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-338
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

G‡`i ivmvqwbK ag©I GKB Ges ch©vq mviYx‡Z G‡`i ¯’vbI GKB| †hgb- Kve©‡bi `ywU AvB‡mv‡Uvc 126 C Ges
6 C KviY G‡`i cvigvYweK msL¨v mgvb (6) wK›Zz fi msL¨v wfbœ (12) I (13)|
13

8| AvB‡mv‡Uvb (Isotone) : †h mKj cigvYy‡Z mgvb msL¨K wbDUªb _v‡K, Zv‡`i ci¯úi‡K AvB‡mv‡Uvb e‡j|
†hgb- 3919 K I 20 Ca | 19 K cigvYyi wbDUªb msL¨v, A  Z  39  19  20
40 39

Ges 40
20 Ca cigvYy i wbDUªb msL¨v, A  Z  40  20  20

9| AvB‡mvevi (Isober) : †h mKj cigvYyi fi msL¨v mgvb Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq AvB‡mvevi| G‡`i fi msL¨v mgvb
n‡jI †cÖvUb I wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb bq|
†hgb- 4018 Ar I 20 Ca |
40

10| fi ΓwU I eÜb kw³ (Mass Deffect and Binding Energy)t

fi ΓwU t †Kvb wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi Zvi MVbKvix †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi f‡ii †hvMdj n‡Z wKQyUv Kg n‡q _v‡K|
f‡ii GB cv_©K¨‡K fi-ΓwU e‡j| G‡K mvaviYZt m w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
g‡b Kwi †Kvb wbDwK¬qv‡mi †cÖvUb msL¨v Z Ges wbDUªb msL¨v A  Z | hw` ‡cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi fi
h_vµ‡g m p Ges mn nq Z‡e,
wbDwK¬qv‡mi Aew¯’Z wbDK¬xq‡bi f‡ii mgwó = †cÖvU‡bi fi + wbDUª‡bi fi = Zm p   A  Z mn
hw` wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi M Z , A nq Z‡e fi ΓwU,
m  Zm p   A  Z mn  M Z , A 
ev, m  Zm p   A  Z mn  M Z , A                (9.31)

eÜb kw³ t †cÖvUb Ges wbDUªb¸‡jv †h kw³i Rb¨ wbDwK¬qv‡m Ave× Ae¯’vq _v‡K Zv‡K eÜb kw³ e‡j| G‡K
mvaviYZt E w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
†cÖvUb Ges wbDUªb hLb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Avjv`v fv‡e _v‡K G‡`i fi-kw³ ej‡Z ïay f‡ii mgwó †evSvq|
wKš‘ ZvivB hLb wbDwK¬qvm MVb K‡i ZLb †mB wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi I eÜb kw³ `yB _v‡K| myZivs fikw³ wbZ¨Zv
m~Îvbymv‡i,
wbDwK¬qv‡mi Aew¯’Z †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi f‡ii mgwó  c 2 = wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi c 2 + eÜb kw³
myZivs, Zm p   A  Z mn c 2  M Z , Ac 2  E
myZivs, wbDwK¬qv‡mi eÜb kw³, E  Zm p   A  Z mn  M Z , A c 2        (9.32)
ev, E  mc 2
Avevi, †h‡nZz wbDwK¬qv‡m A msL¨K wbDwK¬qb Av‡Q,
†m‡nZz wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ wbDwK¬q‡bi Mo eÜb kw³,
E

 c 

Zm p   A  Z mn  M Z , A 2 m 2
c             (9.33)
A A A
D`vniY 9.7 t wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi 4.0015 u , †cÖvU‡bi I wbDUª‡bi fi h_vµ‡g 1.0073 u Ges 1.0087 u
nq Z‡e wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qv‡mi wbDwK¬q‡bi Mo eÜb kw³ KZ n‡e?
mgvavbt
‡`qv Av‡Q, M  4.0015 u , m p  1.0073 u , mn  1.0087 u ,
E
wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qv‡mi Z  2 Ges A  4 , ?
Z
 
Avgiv Rvwb, fi ΓwU, m  Zm p   A  Z mn  M Z , A 

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-339
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qv‡mi †¶‡Î, m  2m p  4  2mn  M 2, 4 

gvb emv‡j, m  2  1.0073  2  1.0087  4.0015  4.0320  4.0015  0.305 u
wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qv‡mi eÜb kw³, E  mc 2  0.305  931.2MeV  284016MeV
E 284016
AZGe, wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qv‡mi wbDwK¬q‡bi Mo eÜb kw³,   7.1004 MeV
4 4
D: 7.1004 MeV

(9.7) bs †jLwP‡Î cÖwZ wbDwK¬q‡Y eÜb m‡e©v”P ¯’vqx AÂj

kw³ ebvg wbDwK¬qb msL¨v †`Lv‡bv wdDkb AÂj wdkb AÂj
n‡jv| ‡h me wbDwK¬q‡b eÜb kw³ hZ
†ekx A_©vr hZ wbDwK¬q‡b eÜb `„p
Zv‡`i ¯’vwqZ¡ ZZ †ekx, A_©vr Zv‡K 8
cÖwZ wbDwK¬q‡Y eÜb kw³ (MeV)

fv½‡Z ZZ †ekx kw³ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z 7

nq| (9.7) bs †jLwP‡Î ‡_‡K †`Lv hvq
6
‡h me wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ cÖwZwU
wbDwK¬q‡b Mo eÜb kw³ 8MeV G 5
KvQvKvwQ n‡j wbDwK¬qv‡mi ¯’vwqZ¡ ev‡o|
4
wbDwK¬qvm‡K GKwU Zij we›`yi m‡½
Zzjbv Ki‡j welqwU fv‡jv †evSv hvq| 3
†hgb Zi‡ji ¶z`ª ¶z`ª we›`yi GK‡Î 2
wgwjZ n‡q GKwU eo we›`y‡Z cwibZ
nevi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq, Aci w`‡K Lye 1
eo we›`y †f‡½ hvIqvi cÖeYZv _v‡K|
†Zgwb Z  200 Dc‡i wbDwK¬qvm¸‡jvi
fi msL¨v A
†f‡½ hvevi cÖeYZv †ekx Ges Z  20 wPÎ 9.7
bx‡Pi wbDwK¬qvm¸‡jvi wgwjZ nevi cÖeYZv _v‡K|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
wbDwK¬qv‡mi Dcv`vb t wbDwK¬qvm g~jZ †cÖvUb I wbDUªb bvgK `yB cÖKvi †gŠwjK KYv w`‡q MwVZ|
1
GKxf~Z cigvYweK fi GKK (u) t GKwU Kve©b-12 cigvYyi f‡ii Ask‡K 1 u ejv nq| 1961 mv‡ji
12
AvM ch©š— Aw·‡Rb 16-Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i AvYweK I cvigvYweK †¯‹‡j fi cÖKvk Kiv n‡Zv, ZLb Zv‡K
†Kej cvigvYweK fi GKK (atomoic mass unit) ejv n‡Zv| Ges amu w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv n‡Zv| GL‡bv A‡b‡K
GKxf~Z cvigvYweK fi GKK‡K A_©vr u-‡K cvigvYweK fi GKK Z_v Ôamu’ w`‡q cÖKvk K‡i _v‡Kb|
1u ev (1amu)  1.66 10 27 kg

fi-kw³i Zzj¨Zv t
kw³i Aci GKwU iƒc n‡jv fi| c`v_©‡K kw³‡Z Ges kw³‡K c`v‡_© iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB fi I kw³
ci¯ú‡ii mgZzj¨| GBRb¨B fi †evSv‡Z kw³i GK‡K Ges KL‡bv kw³ †evSv‡Z f‡ii GKK e¨envi Kiv

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-340
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

nq| AvBb÷vB‡bi m~Îvbymv‡i, Zzj¨ kw³, E  mc 2

1u ev 1amu ev f‡ii Zzj¨ kw³  1.49  10 10 J
kw³ GKK Ryj GKwU eo GKK| cigvYweK kw³‡K eV GKK‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq|
ev, 1u ev 1amu  931.2MeV
1
wbDwK¬qv‡mi e¨vmva© t R  r0 A , r0  1.2  10-15 m
3

wbDwK¬qv‡mi NbZ¡ t   2  1017 kg m -3

wbDK¬xq ej t wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ †cÖvUb I wbDUªb¸‡jv A_vr wbDwK¬qY¸‡jv Zxeª AvKl©Y e‡ji cÖfv‡e ci¯ú‡ii
mshy³ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GB ej‡K wbDK¬xq ej e‡j|
AvB‡mvevi t †h mKj cigvYyi fi msL¨v mgvb Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq AvB‡mvevi| G‡`i fi msL¨v mgvb n‡jI
c„_Kfv‡e †cÖvUb I wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb bq|
fi ΓwU t †Kvb wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi Zvi MVbKvix †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi f‡ii †hvMdj n‡Z wKQyUv Kg n‡q _v‡K|
f‡ii GB cv_©K¨‡K fi-ΓwU e‡j| G‡K mvaviYZt m w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
m  Zm p   A  Z mn  M Z , A 
eÜb kw³ t †cÖvUb Ges wbDUªb¸‡jv †h kw³i Rb¨ wbDwK¬qv‡m Ave× Ae¯’vq _v‡K Zv‡K eÜb kw³ e‡j| G‡K
mvaviYZt E w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 
E  Zm p   A  Z mn  M Z , A c 2  mc 2

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.4

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
1| †ev‡ii nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy g‡W‡j GKwU B‡jKUªb †cÖvU‡bi Pviw`‡K Awbw`©ó Kvj a‡i Nyi‡Z cv‡i hw` Bnvi
c_ nqÑ
K. ‡h †Kv‡b e¨vmv‡a©i e„Ë L. µgn«vmgvb e¨vmv‡a©i e„Ë
M. Dce„ËvKvi N. Aby‡gvw`Z e¨vmv‡a©i e„Ë
2| †ev‡ii ZË¡vbyhvqx nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi n Zg K¶c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi MwZkw³ I †gvUkw³i AbycvZ
K. -1 L. 1
M. 2 N. -2

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-341
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 9.5 : †ZRw¯ŒqZv

Radioactivity
D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb-
 ‡ZRw¯ŒqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ †ZRw¯Œq KYv I iwk¥i ag© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †ZRw¯Œq ¶q m~Î e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †ZRw¯Œq iƒcvš—i m~Î e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Aa©Rxeb I ¶q aª“e‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
9.5.1 †ZRw¯ŒqZv (Radioactivity) t
†nbwi ‡eK‡ij 1896 mv‡j BD‡iwbqv‡gi †ZRw¯ŒqZv Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| wZwb †`‡Lb †h, BD‡iwbqv‡gi
mKj †hŠM wb‡Ri †_‡KB A¯^”Q Kv‡jv KvM‡R †gvov d‡UvMÖvwdK †c­U‡K ¶wZMÖ¯— Ki‡Z cv‡i, Gi
Rb¨ evwn¨K †Kv‡bv kw³i mvnv‡h¨ DÏxß Ki‡Z nq bv| ciewZ©‡Z weÁvbx (gv`vg) †gwi Kzwi †_vwiqvg
†gŠ‡jI BD‡iwbqv‡gi gZ ag© †`L‡Z cvb| ciewZ©‡Z †gwi Kzwi Ges wc‡q‡i Kzwi BD‡iwbqvg AvKwiK †_‡K
†cv‡jvwbqvg I †iwWqvg wb¯‹vkb K‡ib| G‡`i †ZRw¯ŒqZv K‡qK nvRvi ¸Y †ekx|
†ZRw¯Œq c`v_© n‡Z ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e Aweivg GK inm¨gqx KYv Ges iwk¥ wbM©Z nq| GB cÖwµqv‡K †ZRw¯ŒqZv
e‡j|
†Kv‡bv A¯’vqx wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e wewKiY wbtmi‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K †ZRw¯ŒqZv ev †ZRw¯Œq ¶q e‡j|
†ZRw¯Œq wewKiY‡K †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ e‡j| †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji †h cigvYyi †ZRw¯Œq ¶q N‡U Zv‡K RbK cigvYy e‡j|
wbDwK¬qv‡m †_‡K †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ wbM©Z nevi ci †h cigvYywU c‡o _v‡K Zv‡K `ywnZv cigvYy e‡j|
†ZRw¯ŒqZvi ˆewkó¨t-
1| †ZRw¯ŒqZv GKwU ¯^ZtùzZ© weivgnxb NUbv|
2| †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b NU‡jI †ZRw¯ŒqZvi gvÎv Acwiew©Z©Z _v‡K A_©vr †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji
†h‡Kv‡bv †hŠ‡Mi †ZRw¯Œq ag© Awfbœ|
3| GwU GKwU AcÖZ¨veZ©x cªwµqv|
4| †ZRw¯ŒqZv †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i ZvcgvÎv, Pvc, ivmvqwbK ms‡hvM, Av‡jv, Zwor‡¶Î, †PŠ¤^K‡¶Î BZ¨vw`i Dci
wbf©i K‡i bv|
5| †ZRw¯ŒqZvi Drcw˯’j c`v‡_©i wbDwK¬qv‡m|
6| †ZRw¯ŒqZvi wewKiY abPvR© hy³ KYv, FYPvR© hy³ KYv I ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Zi½ cÖev‡ni mgwó|
9.5.2 †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥i cÖKvi †f` (Types of Radioactive Rays) t
†eK‡ij cÖ_‡g †ZRw¯¿q iwk¥‡K G· iwk¥i Abyiƒc †Kvb iwk¥ g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| c‡i Gi g‡a¨ wZb cÖKvi iwk¥i
m›avb cvIqv †Mj| MÖxK eY©gvjvi cÖ_g wZbwU eY© w`‡q G‡`i bvgKiY
 C 
Kiv nq- Avjdv (), weUv ( ) I Mvgv () iwk¥| wb‡æi cix¶vi 

mvnv‡h¨ wZb cÖKvi iwk¥i Aw¯—Z¡ mn‡R †evSv hvq|  d‡UvMÖvwdK

GKwU AÜKvi K‡¶i g‡a¨ GKwU cÖvq evqyk~b¨ eo cv‡Î †bqv nq| GB †PŠ¤^K †¶Î
cv‡Îi g‡a¨ GKwU †gvUv mxmvi ‡`qvjhy³ GKwU Mfxi cv‡Î GKwU
†ZRw¯¿q bgybv ivLv nq (wPÎ 9.8)| mxmvi ev‡·i Dc‡i mi“ wPo evqyk~b¨ cÖKô
w`‡q †ZRw¯¿q iwk¥ mgvš—ivjfve Dc‡ii w`‡K wbM©Z n‡e| mxmv LÊ
wKQy Dc‡i iwk¥i mv‡_ j¤^fv‡e GKwU d‡UvMÖvwdK †c­U ¯’vcb Kiv †ZRw¯Œq c`v_©
nq Ges iwk¥ c‡_ j¤^fv‡e GKwU kw³kvjx †PŠ¤^K †¶Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv mxmvi ev·
nq|  wPý w`‡q †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, †PŠ¤^K‡¶Î KvM‡Ri Dci j¤^ wPÎ 9.8

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-342
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

Ges KvMR †f` K‡i cvi n‡q hv‡”Q| †ZRw¯¿q iwk¥ wKQy mgq a‡i AvcwZZ nIqvi ci †c­UwU weKvk Kiv n‡j
G‡Z wZbwU my¯có Kv‡jv `vM †`Lv hvq| GKwU wVK gvSLv‡b C we›`y‡Z, GKwU evg w`‡K mvgvb¨ `~‡i A we›`y‡Z
Ges Avi GKwU Wvb w`‡K †ek wKQyUv `~‡i B we›`y‡Z| †PŠ¤^K‡¶‡Î ‡d¬wgs-Gi evg n¯— wbqg Abymv‡i eySv hvq
Wvb w`‡Ki Kv‡jv `vM abvZ¥K PvR© hy³ KYv Ges MwZc‡_i eµZv †_‡K †evSv hvq KYvwU fvwi iwk¥ Øviv m„wó
n‡q‡Q- GUvB Avjdv iwk¥, evg w`‡Ki Kv‡jv `vM FYvZ¥K PvR© hy³ KYv Ges MwZc‡_i eµZv †_‡K †evSv hvq
KYvwU nvjKv iwk¥ Øviv m„wó n‡q‡Q- GUvB weUv iwk¥ Ges gv‡Si Kv‡jv `vM Zwor wbi‡c¶ †Kvb iwk¥ Øviv m„wó
n‡q‡Q- GUvB Mvgv iwk¥|
Avjdv iwk¥i ag© I cÖK…wZt-
1| Avjdv iwk¥ `ywU †cÖvUb I `ywU wbDUªb wb‡q MwVZ A_©vr GwU AvqwbZ wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qvm| Gi fi
6.6  10 27 kg |
2| Bnv abvZ¥K PvR© enb K‡i| Gi cwigvb 3.2 10 19 C |
3| Gi kw³ 1 MeV n‡Z 9MeV ch©š— nq|
4| GB iwk¥ Zwor †¶Î I Pz¤^K †¶Î Øviv wew¶ß nq|
5| Gi AvqwbZ Kivi ¶gZv Lye †ekx|  -iwk¥i †P‡q 100 ¸Y Ges  -iwk¥i ‡P‡q 1000 ¸Y †ekx|
6| GwU d‡UvMÖvwdK ‡c­‡Ui Dci wewµqv K‡i|
7| Bnv mn‡RB e¯‘ Øviv ‡kvwlZ nq| Gi †f`b ¶gZv Lye Kg|
8| wRsK mvjdvB‡W Avjdv iwk¥ cÖwZcÖf m„wó K‡i|
9| avZe †c­‡Ui ga¨w`‡q hvevi mgq Avjdv iwk¥ KYv¸‡jv Pvwiw`‡K wew¶ß nq|
weUv iwk¥i ag© I cÖK…wZt-
1| weUv iwk¥ Lye nvjKv| Giv B‡jKUªb cªevn| Gi fi 9.1110 31 kg |
2| Giv FY PvR© enb K‡i| GB Pv‡R©i gvb 1.6 10 19 C |
3| †ZRw¯Œq e¯‘ †_‡K weUv iwk¥ cÖPÛ †e‡M wbM©Z nq| Gi †eM 0.9 108 Cms 1 cÖvq| Lye Kg †e‡MI weUv iwk¥
wbM©Z nq|
4| GB iwk¥ Zwor †¶Î I Pz¤^K †¶Î Øviv wew¶ß nq|
5| Gi AvqwbZ Kivi ¶gZv Av‡Q Z‡e Avjdv iwk¥ A‡c¶v Kg|
6| GwU d‡UvMÖvwdK ‡c­‡Ui Dci wewµqv K‡i|
7| Bnv mn‡RB e¯‘ Øviv ‡kvwlZ nq| Gi †f`b ¶gZv Avjdv iwk¥ A‡c¶v ‡ekx|
8| wRsK mvjdvB‡W Avjdv iwk¥ cÖwZcÖf m„wó K‡i|
9| weUv iwk¥ avZe †c­‡Ui ga¨w`‡q hvevi mgq KYv¸‡jv Pvwiw`‡K wew¶ß nq| Avjdv iwk¥ A‡c¶v A‡bK
wew¶ß nq|
Mvgv iwk¥i ag© I cÖK…wZt-
1| Mvgv iwk¥ AwZ ¶z`ª Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^K Zi½|
2| GB iwk¥ Av‡jvi b¨vq †e‡M MwZkxj|
3| Gi †Kv‡bv PvR© I fi bvB|
4| GB iwk¥ we`y¨r †¶Î I Pz¤^K †¶Î Øviv wew¶ß nq bv|
5| GwU d‡UvMÖvwdK ‡c­‡Ui Dci wewµqv K‡i|
6| Gi AvqwbZ Kivi ¶gZv Av‡Q Z‡e weUv iwk¥ A‡c¶v Kg|
7| wRsK mvjdvB‡W Mvgv iwk¥ cÖwZcÖf m„wó K‡i|
8| Mvgv iwk¥i cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨vwZPvi, AceZ©b BZ¨vw` me Av‡jvKxq ag© Av‡Q|
9.5.3 †ZRw¯Œq ¶q aª“eK (Radioactive Decay Constant) t
†ZRw¯Œq ¶q m¤¢vebvi msL¨vZvwË¡K m~Î (Statistical Law of Probability) †g‡b P‡j|

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-343
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Gi Zvrch© n‡jv eûmsL¨K †ZRw¯Œq cigvYyi ga¨ †KvbwU Av‡M ev †KvbwU c‡i ¶q n‡e ev fv½‡e Zv KL‡bvB ejv
m¤¢e bq| †Kej ejv hvq †h, mg‡qi mv‡c‡¶ †ZRw¯Œq cigvYy¸‡jvi fv½‡bi nvi ev ¶q H mgq Dcw¯’Z A¶Z
ev AfMœ cigvYyi msL¨vi mgvbycvwZK|
aiv hvK, t mg‡q †ZRw¯Œq cigvYyi msL¨v  N Ges dt mgq ci dN msL¨K cigvYyi ¶q n‡j
dN
  N GLv‡b FY wPý Øviv fv½‡bi d‡j cigvYyi msL¨vi n«vm wb‡`©k K‡i|
dt
dN
  N                     (9.34)
dt
GLv‡b,  GKwU mgvbycvwZK aªyeK| G‡K H †ZRw¯¿q c`v‡_©i ¶q aª“eK (decay constant) e‡j|
dN dt dN
(9.34) bs mgxKiY †_‡K †`Lv hvq,    GLb N = 1 n‡j,   
N dt
myZivs, ¶q aª“eK GKwU †ZRw¯Œq cigvYyi GKK mg‡q fv½‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv wb‡`©k K‡i| myZivs, †Kv‡bv †ZRw¯Œq
c`v‡_©i GKwU cigvYyi GKK mg‡q †f‡½ hvIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv‡K H c`v‡_©i ¶q aª“eK e‡j| †Kv‡bv †ZRw¯Œq
c`v‡_©i ¶q aª“eK hZ eo n‡e †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q H c`v‡_©i GKwU cigvYy fv½‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv ZZ †ewk n‡e|
¶q aªye‡Ki GKK s– 1|
dN
(9.34) bs mgxKiY‡K †jLv hvq,   dt
N
N t
dN
mgvKjb K‡i cvB,     dt [hLb, t = 0 ZLb, N = N0, hLb, t = t ZLb, N = N]
N
N 0 N
ev, ln N    t 
N
N0
t
0 N0
ev, ln N  ln N 0   t  0
N
ev, ln  t N0/2
N0
N0/4
N
ev,  e  t
T 2T
t
N0
wPÎ 9.9
ev, N  N 0 e  t
                    (9.35)
GUvB †ZRw¯Œq fv½‡bi ev ¶‡qi m~PKxq m~Î|

9.5.4 †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy (Half-Life of Radoiactive materials) t

†Kvb †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i cÖiw¤¢K A¶Z cigvYyi msL¨v A‡a©K n‡Z †h mgq jv‡M Zv‡K Aa©vqy e‡j|
N
hw`, †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i cÖviw¤¢K A¶Z cigvYyi msL¨v N0 Ges T mgq ci cigvYyi msL¨v N  0 nq, Z‡e T
2
N0
†K Aa©vqy e‡j| myZivs,hLb t  T ZLb N  n‡e|
2
N
†ZRw¯Œq fv½‡bi ev ¶‡qi m~PKxq m~Î A_©vs (9.35) bs mgxKi‡Y gvb emv‡j, 0  N 0 e  T
2
1
ev,  e T
2
ev, 2  e T

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-344
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

ev, ln 2  T
ln 2
ev, T                       (9.36)

0.693
ev, T                      (9.37)

myZivs, †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy Zvi ¶q aª“e‡Ki e¨¯—vbycvwZK| ¶q aª“e‡Ki gvb hZ †ekx nq Aa©vqy ZZ Kg
nq|
Avevi, aiv hvK, t  nT GLv‡b, T  †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy| (9.35) bs mgxKi‡Y kZ©wU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j,
N  N 0 e  nT
ln 2
N  n
(9.36) bs mgxKi‡Y mvnv‡h¨ †jLv hvq, e 
N0
N0
ev,  e n ln 2
N
N n
ev, 0  e ln 2
N
N
ev, ln 0  ln 2 n
N
N0
ev,  2n
N
N
N  n0                        (9.38)
2
N0
A_©vr hLb, t  nT ZLb, N
2n
(9.9) bs wP‡Î Aa©vqyi mv‡_ †m mg‡qi we`¨gvb A¶Z cigvYyi m¤úK© ‡`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
N0 N0
hLb, t T ZLb, N 1

2 2
N0 N0
hLb, t  2T ZLb, N 2 
2 4
N0 N0
hLb, t  3T ZLb, N 3  BZ¨vw`|
2 8
D`vniY 9.8 t †Kv‡bv †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i ¶q aªye‡Ki gvb 3.75 10 3 s 1 | Gi Aa©vqy KZ ?
mgvavb t †`qv Av‡Q,   3.75 10 3 s 1 , T  ?
0.693
Avgiv Rvwb, ¶q aªyeK,  
T
0.693 0.693
T    184.8s
 3.75  103
D: 184.8s
D`vniY 9.9 t i¨vW‡bi Aa©vqy 3.82 w`b| i¨vW‡bi ¶q aª“eK Ges GKLÛ i¨vW‡bi 40% ¶q n‡Z KZ mgq
jvM‡e †ei Ki“b|
mgvavb t †`qv Av‡Q, i¨vW‡bi T  3.82d Ges ¶‡qi cwigvb i¨vW‡bi 40% |
40% ¶q n‡j cÖv_wgK cigvYy msL¨v 60% Aewkó Av‡Q|

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-345
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

0.693
Avgiv Rvwb, T 

0.693 0.693
AZGe,     0.18d -1
T 3.82
N 60
Avevi,   0.6
N 0 100
†ZRw¯Œq ¶‡qi m~Î n‡Z cvB, N  N 0 e  t
N
ev, e  t   0.6
N0
1
ev, t  ln  ln 1.67  0.51
0.6
0.51 0.51
ev, t    2.833d
 0.18
D: 2.833d
9.5.5 †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Mo Avqy (Mean-Life of Radoiactive materials) t
(9.35) bs mgxKiY, N  N 0 e  t
GLv‡b,  A_©vr ¶q aª“e‡Ki GKK n‡jv s 1 |
1
awi,   s | Zvn‡j  wKQy mgq wb‡`©k K‡i|

1
 t
(9.35) bs mgxKi‡Y  Gi gvb emv‡j, N  N 0 e 

hLb   t ZLb N  N 0e 1
N
ev,  e                  .. ..   (9.39)
N0
N
ev,  2.718
N0
ev, N  2.718 N 0                     (9.40)
myZivs hZ mgq ci wbDwK¬qvm †f‡½ Zvi Avw` cwigv‡bi †P‡q 2.718 Ask n‡e †mB mgq‡K cigvYyi Mo Avqy
e‡j|
1
myZivs, cigvYyi Mo Avqy,                   (9.41)

9.5.6 Mo Avqyi mv‡_ Aa©vq~y Gi m¤úK© (Relation between Half-Life and Mean-Life) t
ln 2 0.693
Avgiv Rvwb, †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy, T  
 
1 1
Ges †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Mo Avqy,   ev,  
 
myZivs, T   ln 2  0.693                  (9.42)
GUvB Mo Avqyi mv‡_ Aa©vqyi Gi m¤úK©|

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-346
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

9.5.7 mwµqZv (Activity) t

mg‡qi mv‡c‡¶ †Kv‡bv †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji ¶‡qi nvi‡K mwµqZv ejv nq|
dN
Avgiv Rvwb, ¶‡qi nvi,  N |
dt
ZvB, N ¸YdjwUi gva¨‡g mwµqZv cÖKvk Kiv nq| N ¸Ydj †_‡K †evSv hvq,
K) †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji msL¨v N  †ekx n‡j mwµqZv †ekx n‡e Ges
L) †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji ¶q aª“e‡Ki gvb   †ekx n‡j mwµqZv †ekx n‡e|
0.693
GQvovI ejv hvq, Aa©vqyi gvb Kg n‡j mwµqZv †ekx n‡e KviY, T 

1
Ges Mo Avqyi gvb Kg n‡j mwµqZv †ekx n‡e KviY,  

g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji cÖv_wgK (hLb t  0 ) mwµqZv A0  N 0
Ges t mgq ci mwµqZv A  N |
(9.35) bs mgxKiY †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb, N  N 0 e  t
AZGe, N  N 0 e  t
ev, A  A0e  t                      (9.43)
myZivs ejv hvq, mwµqZvI m~PKxq m~Î †g‡b P‡j|
mwµqZvi SI c×wZ‡Z GKK †eK‡ij (becquerel) ms‡¶‡c Bq| A_©vr 1Bq  1decay per second (1dps) |
1 Bq ej‡Z cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †gvU †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji g‡a¨ GKwU wbDwK¬qv‡mi ¶q‡K †evSvq|
mwµqZvi cyivZb GKK n‡jv Kzwi (Curie) ms‡¶‡c Ci|
1Ci  3.7  10 10 decay per second ( dps) A_©vr cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †gvU †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji g‡a¨ 3.7 1010 msL¨K
wbDwK¬qv‡mi ¶q‡K †evSvq|
D`vniY 9.10 t GKwU †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji Aa©vqy 20d Ges †Kv‡bv GK mg‡q Gi cigvYyi msL¨v 1010 n‡j Gi
mwµqZv †ei Ki“b|
mgvavb t †`qv Av‡Q, T  20d  20  86400 s  1728000s Ges N  3.7 1010
0.693 0.693
Avgiv Rvwb,     4.01 10 7 s 1
T 1728000
myZivs, mwµqZv = N  3.7 1010  4.0110 7  1.483 10 4 dps
D: = 1.483  10 4 dps

mvi-ms‡¶c :
†ZRw¯ŒqZv t †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© n‡Z ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e Aweivg GK inm¨gqx KYv Ges iwk¥ wbM©Z nq| GB cÖwµqv‡K
†ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|
†ZRw¯Œq iwk¥i cÖKvi‡f` t †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ wZb cÖKvi: 1) - iwk¥, 2) - iwk¥ I 3)- iwk¥
†ZRw¯Œq ¶‡qi m~PKxq m~Î t N  N 0 e  t
†ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy t †Kv‡bv †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i cÖviw¤¢K A¶Z cigvYyi msL¨v A‡a©K n‡Z †h mgq jv‡M Zv‡K
Aa©vqy e‡j|
†ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Mo Avqy t hZ mgq ci wbDwK¬qvm †f‡½ Zvi Avw` cwigv‡bi †P‡q 2.718 Ask n‡e †mB
mgq‡K cigvYyi Mo Avqy e‡j|
Mo Avqyi mv‡_ Aa©vq~y Gi m¤úK© t T   ln 2  0.693

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-347
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.5

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
1| †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥i KZ cÖKvi?
K. 1 cÖKvi L. 2 cÖKvi M. 3 cÖKvi N. 4 cÖKvi
2| Mvgv iwk¥i ‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q-
i. ‡ZRw®Œq wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K wbM©Z nq ii. GwU Zvwor‡PŠ¤^K Zi½
iii. Gi †f`b ¶gZv me©vwaK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

cvV 9.6 : wbDwK¬q wewµqv

Nuclear Reaction
D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb-
 wbDwK¬q wewµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDwK¬q wewµqv I ivmvqwbK wewµqvi cv_©K¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 k„•Lj wewµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
9.6.1 †ZRw¯ŒqZvi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Radioactivity)
†ZRw¯ŒqZv `yB cÖKvi| h_vt- cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv I K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv|
cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZvt- †Kvb c`v_© n‡Z ¯^ZtùzZ© fv‡e †h †ZRw¯ŒqZv N‡U Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|
K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZvt- K…wÎg Dcv‡q cÖvK…wZK ¯’vqx ‡gŠ‡ji A¯’vqx AvB‡mv‡Uvc MVb I ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g H
AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci †ZRw¯Œq ¶q‡K K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv ejv nq|
†Kv‡bv D”P kw³m¤úbœ KYv w`‡q wbDwK¬qvm‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j wbDwK¬qvmwU cwiewZ©Z n‡q Ab¨ †gŠj MVb K‡i| G‡K
wbDwK¬q wewµqv e‡j| wbDwK¬q wewµqvi d‡j Drcbœ wbDwK¬qvmwU ¯’vqx wbDwK¬qvm bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î †mB
wbDwK¬qvmwUi †ZRw¯Œq ¶q N‡U Ges Ges Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji wbDwK¬qv‡m cwibZ nq| G‡¶‡Î ïay †ZRw¯Œq
wbDwK¬qvmwUi Drcv`b K…wÎg wKš‘ †ZRw¯Œq ¶q Zvi ¯^vfvwKe wbq‡gB N‡U|
K…wÎg Dcv‡q †Kv‡bv †gŠj‡K †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡j cwibZ Ki‡j †h †ZRw¯ŒqZv N‡U Zv‡K K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|
D`vniY: Kve©b, †mvwWqvg I dmdivm ¯’vqx †gŠj, G‡`i 12 C, 23 Na,31 P BZ¨vw` AvB‡mv‡Uvc¸wj nj ¯’vqx
AvB‡mv‡Uvc| A_P K…wÎg Dcv‡q 14 C, 24 Na ev 30 P ‰Zwi n‡j †`Lv hvq, GB AvB‡mv‡Uvc¸wj †ZRw¯Œq|
GB¸wj‡KB mvaviYfv‡e †ZRw¯Œq AvB‡mv‡Uvc ev †iwWI -AvB‡mv‡Uvc (radioactive isotope or radio isotope)
ejv nq| 14 C Gi bvg †iwWI-Kve©b (radio-carbon), 24 Na Gi bvg †iwWI-†mvwWqvg (radio-sodium) BZ¨vw`|
Dwj­wLZ †iwWI -AvB‡mv‡Uvc¸wji †ZRw¯Œq weNU‡bi mgxKiY wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e †jLv hvq:
14
6C  14
7N + 0
1  ;Aa©vqy  5600 y
(‡iwWI Kve©b) (bvB‡Uªv‡Rb) (B‡jKUªb)
12 Mg + ;Aa©vqy  15h
24 24 0
11 Na  1 
(‡iwWI ‡mwWqvg) (g¨vM‡bwmqvg) (B‡jKUªb)
30
15 P  30
14 Si + 0
1  ;Aa©vqy  2.5 min
(‡iwWI dmdivm) (wmwjKb) (cwRUªb)

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-348
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

K…wÎg Dcv‡q †h †gŠj¸wji A¯’vqx AvB‡mv‡Uvc ‰Zwi nq, cÖK…wZ‡Z ¯’vqx Ae¯’v‡ZI †mB †gŠj¸wj‡K †`Lv hvq|
‡iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc¸wji ¶q nq cªvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZvi m~PKxq wbqg Abymv‡i| A_v©r AvB‡mv‡Uvc¸wj K…wÎg
Dcv‡q MwVZ n‡jI G‡`i †ZRw¯Œq weNUb K…wÎg bq|
9.6.2 †gŠ‡ji K…wÎg iƒcvš—i (Artificial Transformation of Elements) t
†ZRw¯Œq ¶‡qi d‡j †gŠ‡ji ¯^vfvweK iƒcvš—i N‡U| wKš‘ K…wÎg Dcv‡q hw` cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi †cÖvUb msL¨vi
cwieZ©b NUv‡bv hvq Zvn‡j †gŠjwU Ab¨ †gŠ‡j iƒcvš—wiZ nq| G‡K K…wÎg †gŠ‡ji iƒcvš—i e‡j|
mvaviY fv‡e `yB cÖKv‡i †gŠ‡ji iƒcvš—i nq|
1| K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv (Artificial radioactivity)
2| wbDwK¬q wewµqv (Nuclear Reaction)
K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv m¤^‡Ü c~‡e AvjvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv GLv‡b wbDwK¬q wewµqv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
wbDwK¬q wewµqv (NuclearReaction) t
K…wÎg Dcv‡q cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi cwieZ©b NwU‡q bZzb †Kv‡b †gŠj MV‡bi cÖwµqv‡K wbDwK¬q wewµqv e‡j|
Avgiv †`‡LwQ, cigvYyi cÖwZwU wbDwK¬q‡bi A_©vr wbDUªb I †cÖvU‡bi eÜb kw³ M‡o cÖvq 8MeV | myZivs evBi
†_‡K cÖvq Gi mggv‡bi kw³ mieivn bv Kiv n‡j wbDwK¬qv‡mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b NUv‡bv m¤¢e bq| ZvB mvaviY
fv‡e D”Pkw³ m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv KYv w`‡q e¯‘ LÛ‡K AvNvZ K‡i Zvi ga¨w¯’Z wbDwK¬qvm‡K h‡_ó kw³ mieivn Kiv
hvq Ges GB fv‡eB wbDwK¬qv‡mi cwieZ©b NUv‡bv m¤¢e| GB cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv D”P kw³m¤úbœ KYv w`‡q
wbDwK¬qvm‡K AvNvZ Kiv nq Ges Gi d‡j wbDwK¬qvmwU cwiewZ©Z n‡q Ab¨ bZzb †gŠ‡ji wbDwK¬qvm MVb K‡i|
ivmvqwbK wewµqv I wbDwK¬q wewµqvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ t
ivmvqwbK wewµqvq cigvYyi ewnt¯’ Aby‡gvw`Z K¶c‡_i B‡jKUª‡bi AskMÖnb K‡i| GB wewµqvi d‡j bZzb
†Kv‡bv cigvYy ev †gŠ‡ji m„wó nq bv eis bZzb AYy MVb K‡i| Aci w`‡K wbDwK¬q wewµqvq K…wÎg Dcv‡q cigvYyi
wbDwK¬qv‡mi cwieZ©b NwU‡q bZzb †Kv‡b †gŠj MVb K‡i|
ivmvqwbK wewµqvq mswk­ó kw³i cwigvY AZ¨š— Kg Ges Gi gvb eV µ‡gi| Aci w`‡K wbDwK¬q wewµqvq
mswk­ó kw³i cwigvb AZ¨š— †ekx Ges Gi gvb MeV µ‡gi A_©vr 10 6 eV µ‡gi|
wbDK¬xq wewµqvi mgxKiY (Equation of Nuclear Reaction) t
‡h wbDwK¬qvm †K AvNvZ Kiv nq Zv‡K j¶¨e¯‘ (Terget) Ges †h KYv w`q AvNvZ Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖw¶ß KYv
(Projectile) e‡j| GB msN‡l©i d‡j GKwU ev GKvwaK bZzb KYv D”P MwZkw³ wb‡q wbM©Z nq Ges bZzb ‡gŠ‡ji
wbDwK¬qvm MwVZ nq|
j¶¨e¯‘ wbDwK¬qvm‡K X, cÖw¶ß KYv‡K a, Drcbœ wbDwK¬qvm‡K Y Ges wbM©Z KYv‡K b w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv n‡j, bx‡Pi
mgxKiY w`‡q wbDK¬xq wewµqv †`Lv‡bv hvq, a  X  Y  b
fi msL¨vi msi¶Y: Dc‡ii mgxKi‡Y a,X,Y I b Gi fi msL¨v h_vµ‡g A1 , A 2 , A 3 I A 4 n‡j,
A1  A 2  A 3  A 4
cvigvYweK fi msL¨vi msi¶Y: Dc‡ii mgxKi‡Y a, X, Y I b Gi cvigvYweK fi msL¨v h_vµ‡g Z1 , Z2 , Z3 I
Z 4 n‡j, Z1  Z 2  Z 3  Z 4

9.6.3 k„•Lj wewµqv (Chain Reaction) t

k„•Lj wewµqv Ggb GKwU wewµqv hv GKevi ïi“ n‡j I‡K Pvjvevi Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv AwZwi³ Drm ev kw³i
cª‡qvRb nq bv eis GwU ¯^qswµq fv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K|
GKwU BD‡iwbqvg wbDwK¬qvm 92 U 235 †K GKwU Zvcxq wbDUb 0 n1 w`‡q AvNvZ Ki‡j BD‡iwbqvg wbDwK¬qvm
wefvwRZ nevi mgq GKvwaK wbDU‡bi m„wó nq|
U 10 n  92 U  141
*
†hgb, 92
235 236 92 1
36 Ba  26 Kr  30 n  200 MeV

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-349
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

kw³

BD‡iwbqvg, c¨v‡i›U ev RbK wbDwK¬qvm

kw³
kw³ WUvi ev `ywnZv wbDwK¬qvm
wdkb Kv‡j Drcbœ wbDUb

wPÎ 9.10
kw³
mgxKi‡Y †`Lv‡bv wbDK¬xq wdk‡bi †¶‡Î, 235 92 U Gi Ici AvcwZZ wbDUª‡bi msL¨v 1, wKš‘ Drcbœ wbDUª‡ bi msL¨v
3| GB 3 wU wbDUªb‡K g›`xf~Z K‡i Zvcxq wbDUª‡b cwiYZ Kiv nq| †m¸wj w`‡q Avevi wbDK¬xq wefvRb NUv‡bv
n‡j cieZx© av‡c 3 wU 235 92 U wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvRb NU‡e| 3wU 92 U wbDwK¬ qv‡mi wefvR‡bi d‡j Avei 9wU
235

wbDUªb Drcbœ nq| GB fv‡e BD‡iwbqvg wbDwK¬qvm †kl bv nIqv ch©š— wefvRb ¯^ZtùzZ© fv‡e GB cÖwµqv Pj‡Z
_v‡K| GB avivevwnK wefvR‡bi NUbv‡K k„•Lj wewµqv ejv nq| me©`vB wZbwU wbDUªb m„wó n‡e, Ggb bq| M‡o
cÖvq wZbwU wbDUªb m„wó nq| (9.7.1 bs) Aby‡”Q‡` `yBwU wbDUªb m„wói D`vniY †`Iqv Av‡Q|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
†ZRw¯ŒqZvi cÖKvi‡f` t †ZRw¯ŒqZv `yB cÖKvi| h_vt- cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv I K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv|
cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZvt- †Kvb c`v_© n‡Z ¯^ZtùzZ© fv‡e †h †ZRw¯ŒqZv N‡U Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|
K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZvt- K…wÎg Dcv‡q cÖvK…wZK ¯’vqx ‡gŠ‡ji A¯’vqx AvB‡mv‡Uvc MVb I ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g H
AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci †ZRw¯Œq ¶q‡K K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv ejv nq|
†gŠ‡ji K…wÎg iƒcvš—i t †ZRw¯Œq ¶‡qi d‡j †gŠ‡ji ¯^vfvweK iƒcvš—i N‡U| wKš‘ K…wÎg Dcv‡q hw` cigvYyi
wbDwK¬qv‡mi †cÖvUb msL¨vi cwieZ©b NUv‡bv hvq Zvn‡j †gŠjwU Ab¨ †gŠ‡j iƒcvš—wiZ nq| G‡K K…wÎg †gŠ‡ji
iƒcvš—i e‡j|
wbDwK¬q wewµqv t K…wÎg Dcv‡q cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi cwieZ©b NwU‡q bZzb †Kv‡b †gŠj MV‡bi cÖwµqv‡K
wbDwK¬q wewµqv e‡j|
k„•Lj wewµqv t k„•Lj wewµqv Ggb GKwU wewµqv hv GKevi ïi“ n‡j I‡K Pvjvevi Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kvb AwZwi³
Drm ev kw³i cª‡qvRb nq bv eis GwU ¯^qswµq fv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.6

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
1| FYvZ¥K -¶‡q
K. cigvYyi GKwU B‡jKUªb wbtm„Z nq
L. Av‡M †_‡KB wbDwK¬qv‡mi Aew¯’Z wQj, GiKg GKwU B‡jKUªb wbtm„Z nq
M. wbDwK¬qv‡mi GKwU wbDUª‡bi ¶‡qi d‡j B‡jKUªb wbtm„Z nq
N. wbDK¬xq eÜb kw³ GKwU Ask B‡jKUª‡b i“cvš—wiZ nq
2| ‡Kvb Dw³wU mwVK?
K. -iwk¥ I K¨v‡_vW iwk¥ m`„k L. -iwk¥ nj D”P kw³m¤úbœ wbDUª‡bi †¯ªvZ
M. -KYv¸wj GKK AvqwbZ wnwjqvg cigvYy N. †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi fi ûeû GK

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-350
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

cvV 9.7 : wbDwK¬q wdkb I wbDwK¬q wdDkb

Nuclear Fission and Fussion

D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb-
 wbDwK¬q wdkb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbDwK¬q wdDkb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

9.7.1 wbDwK¬q wdkb (Nuclear Fission) t

Avgiv †`‡LwQ, 238
92 U †K Zvcxq wbDUªb w`‡q AvNvZ Ki‡j GB fvix wbDwK¬qvmwU cÖvq mgvb fv‡e `ywU

wbDwK¬qv‡m †f‡½ hvq| Gi mv‡_ cÖPzi kw³ wbM©Z K‡i|

†hgb, 235
92 U 10 n  236
92 U
*
134
54 Xe 100 1
38 Sr  2 0 n  h

Ges 235 1
92 U  0 n   236
* 141 92
92 U  56 Ba  36 Kr 301 n  h

cÖ_g mgxKiYwUi †¶‡Î wbM©Z kw³i cwigvb wbY©q Kiv hvK,

92 U Gi fi = 235.0439 u , 0 n Gi fi = 1.0087 u ,
235 1

134
54 Xe Gi fi = 133.9054 u , 100
38 Sr Gi fi = 99.9354 u ,
Zvn‡j, wewµqvi c~‡e© fi =235.0439+1.0087=236.0526 u
Ges wewµqvi c‡ii fi = 133.9054  99.9354  2  1.0087  235.85836 u
Zvn‡j, fiΓwU, m  236.0526  235.85836  0.19424 u
myZivs, gy³ kw³, mc 2  E  0.19424  931.2 MeV  181MeV

wØZxq mgxKiYwUi †¶‡Î wbM©Z kw³i cwigvb,

92 U Gi fi = 235.0439 u , 0 n Gi fi = 1.0087 u ,
235 1

141
56 Ba Gi fi = 140.9139 u , 92
36 Kr Gi fi = 91.8973 u ,

Zvn‡j, wewµqvi c~‡e© fi =235.0439+1.0087=236.0526 u

Ges wewµqvi c‡ii fi = 140.9139  91.8973  3  1.0087  235.8373 u
Zvn‡j, fiΓwU, m  236.0526  235.8373  0.2153 u
myZivs, gy³ kw³, mc 2  E  0.2153  931.2 MeV  200.5MeV
GB ai‡Yi wbDK¬xq wewµqvi NUbv‡KB mvaviYfv‡e wbDK¬xq wefvRb ev wbDwK¬q wdkvb e‡j|
1939 mv‡j A‡Uv nvb I ÷ªvmg¨vb; wd«k I wgUbvi GB c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
†Kv‡bv fvix wbDwK¬qvm‡K  A  230  mwVK MwZi wbDUªb ev ‡dvUb w`‡q AvNvZ K‡i m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †f‡O cÖvq mgvb
As‡k wef³ K‡i cÖPÛ cvigvYweK kw³ Drcbœ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K wbDK¬xq wefvRb ev wbDwK¬q wdkvb e‡j|
GLv‡b, 235
92 U †K ‡c‡i›U ev RbK wbDwK¬qvm, 236
92 U
*
 †K A¯’vqx †hŠwMK wbDwK¬qvm Ges 134
54 Xe I 100
38 Sr †K
WUvi ev `ywnZv wbDwK¬qvm e‡j|

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-351
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

9.7.2 wbDK¬xq wdDkb ev ms‡hvRb (Nuclear Fusion) t

GKvwaK nvjKv wbDwK¬qvm GKm‡½ Ry‡o A‡c¶vK…Z e‡ov Ges fvix GKwU wbDwK¬qv‡m cwiYZ nIqvi NUbv‡K
wbDK¬xq ms‡hvRb ejv nq| wbDK¬xq ms‡hvRb‡K wbDK¬xq wefvR‡bi wecixZ NUbv ejv hvq|
`ywU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wbDwK¬qvm, A_©vr `ywU †cÖvU‡bi g‡a¨ ms‡hvR‡bi m¤¢vebv LyeB Kg| wbDK¬xq ms‡hvR‡bi mnRZg
D`vniY nj `ywU wWD‡Uib (deuteron)-Gi ms‡hvRb; Gi wPý nj 12 H |
2
1H 12 H 32 He 10 n
G Qvov, nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi Avi GKwU AvB‡mv‡Uvc wUªwUqvg 3
1
H Gi wbDwK¬qvm, A_©vr UªvBUb (triton) Gi m‡½
wWD‡Ui‡bi ms‡hvR‡bi m¤¢vebvI Lye †ewk|
3
1
H 12 H 42 He 10 n

9.7.3 wbDK¬xq wdDk‡bi kZ© (Conditions of nuclear fusion) t

nvjKv †gŠj t abvZ¥K Avavbhy³ GKvwaK wbDwK¬qvm‡K ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© Avb‡Z n‡j w¯’i Zwor
weKl©Y e‡ji weiƒ‡× KvR Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi g‡Zv nvjKv †gŠj e¨enviB myweavRbK, KviY †m‡¶‡Î
wbDwK¬qv‡mi abvZ¥K Avav‡bi cwigvY Kg nq, d‡j cvi¯úwiK weKl©Y ejI Kg _v‡K|
AwZ D”P DòZv t wbDK¬xq ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi AvB‡mv‡Uvc¸wj‡K K‡qK †KvwU wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm
DòZvq DËß Ki‡Z nq, Gi †P‡q Kg DòZvq wdDkb N‡U bv| GRb¨B wbDK¬xq ms‡hvRb Avm‡j Zvc-wbDK¬xq
wewµqv (themo-nuclear reaction)| GB ai‡bi D”P DòZv ‰Zix Kivi me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki Dcvq nj Awbqwš¿Z
wbDK¬xq wefvRb| ZB ejv hvq, wbDK¬xq ms‡hvRb †_‡K kw³ †c‡Z n‡j Av‡M wbDK¬xq wefvRb NUv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb|
m~h© I b¶Îmg~‡ni kw³ (Energy of the sun and the stars) t
m~h© I wewfbœ b¶Î¸wji Af¨š—‡i Zvc wbDK¬xq wewµqvi gva¨‡g kw³ Drcbœ nq| G‡`‡i †K›`ªxq A‡ji K‡qK
†KvwU wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm DòZv GB ai‡bi wbDK¬xq ms‡hvR‡bi c‡¶ AZ¨š— Dc‡hvMx|
eZ©gvb ¯^xK…Z ZË¡ nj: m~‡h©i Af¨š—‡i K‡qKwU av‡c Zvc wbDK¬xq wewµqvi GKwU Pµ m¤ú~Y© nq, cÖwZ P‡µ g~jZ
PviwU †cÖvU‡bi wbDK¬xq ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j ˆZwi nq GKwU wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qvm Ges `ywU cwRUªb|
wbDwK¬xq wewµqvwU n‡j, 11 H 11H 11H 11H 42 He  2  1e 0
1
1H -Gi fi = 1.008 u
4
2 He -Gi fi = 4.003 u
0
1e -Gi fi = 0.00055 u
myZivs, GB wewµqvq fi n«vm =41.008(4.003+20.00055) = 0.0279 u
AZGe, GB wbDwK¬xq wewµqvq wbM©Z kw³i cwigvb, E  0.0279  931.2MeV  26MeV
m~‡h© wecyj cwigv‡Y nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Av‡Q, cÖwZ eQ‡i GB nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi cÖvq 1011 fv‡Mi gvÎ 1 fvM iƒcvš—wiZ nq
kw³‡Z| Zv m‡Ë¡I m~‡h©i Af¨š—‡i wbDK¬xq ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j kw³ Drcv`‡bi nvi LyeB †ewk, hvi gvb cÖvq
4 10 26 W | GB nv‡i kw³ Drcv`b n‡jI m~‡h© †h wecyj cwigvY nvB‡Wªv‡Rb R¡jvwb Av‡Q Zvi mvnv‡h¨ †KvwU
†KvwU eQi a‡i GB kw³ Drcbœ n‡Z _vK‡e|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
wbDwK¬q wdkb (Nuclear Fission) t †Kv‡bv fvix wbDwK¬qvm‡K  A  230  mwVK MwZi wbDUªb ev ‡dvUb w`‡q
AvNvZ K‡i m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †f‡O cÖvq mgvb As‡k wef³ K‡i cÖPÛ cvigvYweK kw³ Drcbœ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K wbDwK¬q
wdkb e‡j|
wbDwK¬q wdDkb ev ms‡hvRb t GKvwaK nvjKv wbDwK¬qvm GKm‡½ Ry‡o A‡c¶vK…Z e‡ov GKwU wbDwK¬qv‡m
cwiYZ nIqvi NUbv‡K wbDwK¬q ms‡hvRb ejv nq| wbDwK¬q ms‡hvRb‡K wbDwK¬q wefvR‡bi wecixZ NUbv ejv
hvq|
BDwbU 9 c„ôv-352
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.7

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
1| wbDwK¬q wdkvb n‡jv-
i. K…wÎg Dcv‡q wbDwK¬qvm fvOvi GKwU cÖwµqv|
ii. fvix wbDwK¬qvm‡K axi wbDUªb w`‡q AvNvZ K‡i m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †f‡O cÖvq mgvb As‡k wef³ Kiv|
iii. GKvwaK nvjKv wbDwK¬qvm GKm‡½ Ry‡o A‡c¶vK…Z e‡ov GKwU wbDwK¬qv‡m cwiYZ Kiv|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii. N. i, ii I iii
2| wbDwK¬q wdDkb n‡jv-
i. K…wÎg Dcv‡q nvjKv wbDwK¬qvm Ry‡o †`qvi GKwU cÖwµqv|
ii. fvix wbDwK¬qvm‡K axi wbDUªb w`‡q AvNvZ K‡i m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †f‡O cÖvq mgvb As‡k wef³ Kiv|
iii. AZ¨waK D”P ZvcgvÎvq GKvwaK nvjKv wbDwK¬qvm GKm‡½ Ry‡o A‡c¶vK…Z e‡ov GKwU wbDwK¬qv‡m
cwiYZ Kiv|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii. N. i, ii I iii

cvV 9.8 : wbDwK¬q wiA¨vKUi

Nuclear Reactor

D‡Ïk¨
G cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb-
 wbDwK¬q wiA¨vKUi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

9.8.1 wbDwK¬q wiA¨vKUi t

k„•Lj wewµqvi †¶‡Î Avgiv †`‡LwQ, 92 U 235 †K Zvcxq wbDUªb w`‡q AvNvZ Ki‡j GB fvix
wbDwK¬qvmwU cÖvq mgvb fv‡e `ywU wbDwK¬qv‡m †f‡½ hvq| Gi mv‡_ cÖPzi kw³ wbM©Z K‡i|
235 1
92 U 1 n  
236 *
141 92
92 U  56 Ba  36 Kr 301 n  h

k„•Lj wewµqvi †¶‡Î 1,3,9,27,81......-GB ¸‡YvËi †kÖwY‡Z wefvR‡bi msL¨v `ª“Z e„w× cvq| d‡j AwZ Aí
mg‡qi g‡a¨B 235 92 U Gi mgMÖ bgy bvi g‡a¨ GK wecyj cwigvY kw³i D™¢e nq| GwUB nj cvigvYweK †evgvi
(atom bomb-Gi) g~jbxwZ|
hw` GB cÖwµqv‡K wbqwš¿Z K‡i GLvb †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ msMÖn Kiv hvq Z‡e GB kw³‡K gvbe Kj¨v‡b e¨envi
Kiv hv‡e|
wbDwK¬q wefvRb †_‡K Drcbœ Zvckw³‡K Zworkw³‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ Kivi Rb¨ Ggb e¨e¯’v †bIqv `iKvi, hv‡Z
AwZ Aí mg‡q wecyj cwigvY kw³ Drcbœ n‡q mgMÖ cÖwµqvwU wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i P‡j bv hvq Ges hv‡Z `xN© mgq
a‡i mgnv‡i kw³i mieivn cvIqv hvq| G‡K wbqwš¿Z wefvRb ev wbDwK¬q wiA¨vKUi ejv nq| cvigvYweK kw³
†K‡›`ªi wbDwK¬q wiA¨vKUi‡K GB wbqwš¿Z wefvR‡bi Dc‡hvMx K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq|
wbDwK¬q wiA¨vKU‡ii wewfbœ Ask m¤^‡Ü GLv‡b ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1| gWv‡iUi (Moderator) t GB wewµqvi Rb¨ Zvcxq wbDUªb A_©vr axi MwZi wbDUªb cÖ‡qvRb|
BDwbU 9 c„ôv-353
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

A_P GB wewµqvq wbM©Z wbDUª‡bi kw³ cÖvq 181MeV A_©vr `ª“ZMwZ m¤úbœ wbDUªb †mBRb¨ Gi MwZ Kwg‡q
Zvcxq wbDUªb ˆZwi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| gWv‡iU‡ii KvR n‡jv `ª“ZMwZ m¤úbœ wbDUªb¸wj‡K Avevi cieZx© wefvR‡b
Kv‡R jvMv‡Z n‡j chv©ß cwigvY g›`b NwU‡q Zvcxq wbDUª‡b cwiYZ K‡i wb‡Z nq| †hme c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q
cvVv‡j D”P MwZi wbDUªb g›`xf~Z n‡q Zvcxq wbDUª‡b cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡`i ejv nq gWv‡iUi| eûj cÖPwjZ
`ywU gWv‡iUi nj: (i) fvix Rj ev wWD‡Uwiqvg A·vBW (D 2 O) Ges (ii) MÖvdvBU|
2| µvwš— ev mwÜ AvKvi (Critical size): wbDwK¬q wefvR‡b †h wbDUªb¸wj Drcbœ nq, †ZRw¯Œq bgybvi evB‡ii
Zj w`‡q †m¸wji †ewi‡q hvIqvi cÖeYZv _v‡K| †ewk msL¨K wbDUªb †ewi‡q †M‡j av‡c av‡c wbDUª‡bi msL¨v bv
†e‡o K‡g hvIqvi Avk¼v _v‡K| ZLb Avi k„•Lj wewµqv eRvq _v‡K bv Ges wbDwK¬q wefvRb eÜ n‡q hvq| GB
NUbv‡K †iva Ki‡Z `ywU Dcvq Aej¤^b Kiv nq:
†ZRw¯Œq bgybvwU‡K †Mvj‡Ki AvKv‡i †bIqv nq, hv‡Z AvqZ‡bi mv‡c‡¶ evB‡ii Z‡ji †¶Îdj Kg nq Ges
bgybvi fi‡K Av‡M †_‡K wnmve Kiv GKwU b~¨bZg fi A‡c¶v †ewk ivLv nq| k„•Lj wewµqv eRvq †i‡L wbDwK¬q
wefvRb Pvwj‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ †ZRw¯Œq bgybv‡K †h b~¨bZg AvKv‡i wb‡Z nq, Zv‡K mwÜ AvKvi ejv nq|

3| †Kvi (Core) t †Kv‡ii g‡a¨ wbDwK¬q wewµqv NUv‡bv nq| GB As‡k R¡vjvwb iW (Fuel rod), wbqš¿Y iW
(control rod), gWv‡iUi I Kzj¨v›U (Coolant) _v‡K|
wewfbœ ai‡bi wiA¨vKUi¸wji g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nj †cÖmvivBRW IqvUvi wiA¨vKUi (Pressurized Water Reactor ev
PWR) [wPÎ 9.11]| bx‡P GKwU PWR -Gi msw¶ß weeiY †`Iqv nj|

GB ai‡Yi wiA¨vKUi¸wj‡Z R¡vjvwb iW wn‡m‡e 235

92 U e¨envi Kiv nq| 235
92 U -†K wbDUªb Øviv AvNvZ K‡i
Zvckw³ Drcbœ Kiv nq|
wbqš¿Y iW wn‡m‡e †evib cÖ‡jchy³ B¯úvZ `Û e¨envi Kiv nq|
gWv‡iUi wn‡m‡e mvaviYZ fvix cvwb e¨envi Kiv nq| wbDK¬xq wewµqvi d‡j Drcbœ D”P MwZkw³m¤úbœ
wbDUªb¸wj‡K g›`xf~Z K‡i gWv‡iUi| g›`xf~Z wbDUªb¸wj Avevi wbDK¬xq wewµqv NUvq|
Kzj¨v›U wn‡m‡e AvRKvj cvwb e¨envi Kiv nq| wbDK¬xq wewµqv †_‡K Drcbœ Zvckw³ Kzj¨v›UB †kvlY K‡i|
D‡j­L¨, DËß cvwb †cÖmvivBRv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Lye D”P Pv‡c ivLv nq; ZvB GB R‡j ùzUb bv N‡U|

KswµU wmwìs

†cÖmvivBRvi ev®ú mÂvjb bj

wbqš¿Y iW
UvievBb †Rbv‡iU

cv¤ú
cv¤ú
†ZRw¯Œq Kzjvi
cvwbi jyc
†Kvi wnU G·‡PÄvi A‡ZRw¯Œq kxZj cvwb mieivn jyc
cv¤ú
kxZj †ZRw¯Œq cvwb

wPÎ 9.11
wnU G·‡PÄvi (Heat exchanger) t ‡Kvi †_‡K wbM©Z DËß cvwb (Kzj¨v›U) wnU G·‡PÄv‡i wM‡q †cuŠ‡Qvq| GB
BDwbU 9 c„ôv-354
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

cvwb †ZRw¯Œq nq| ZvB GB cvwb‡K KswµU wkwìs (Concrete shielding)-Gi evB‡i Avm‡Z †`Iqv nq bv| wKš‘
cvwb‡Z mwÂZ Zvckw³ Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb| wnU G·‡P‡ÄviB GB cvwbi mwÂZ Zvckw³‡K A‡ZRw¯Œq cvwb‡Z
mÂvwjZ Kiv nq Gici KbwµU wkwìs Gi evB‡i wb‡q Avmv nq Ges ev‡®ú cwiYZ Kiv nq| GB ev®ú UvievB‡b
Av‡m Ges UvievBb Nywi‡q Zworkw³ Drcbœ K‡i|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
wbDwK¬q wiA¨vKUi t wbDwK¬q wefvRb †_‡K Drcbœ Zvckw³‡K Zworkw³‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ Kivi Rb¨ Ggb e¨e¯’v
†bIqv `iKvi, hv‡Z AwZ Aí mg‡q wecyj cwigvY kw³ Drcbœ n‡q mgMÖ cÖwµqvwU wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i P‡j bv hvq
Ges hv‡Z `xN© mgq a‡i mgnv‡i kw³i mieivn cvIqv hvq| G‡K wbqwš¿Z wefvRb ev wbDwK¬q wiA¨vKUi ejv
nq|
gWv‡iUi t gWv‡iU‡ii KvR n‡jv `ª“ZMwZ m¤úbœ wbDUªb¸wj‡K Avevi cieZx© wefvR‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡Z n‡j
chv©ß cwigvY g›`b NwU‡q Zvcxq wbDUª‡b cwiYZ K‡i wb‡Z nq| †hme c`v‡_©i ga¨ w`‡q cvVv‡j D”P MwZi
wbDUªb g›`xf~Z n‡q Zvcxq wbDUª‡b cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡`i ejv nq gWv‡iUi|
µvwš— ev mwÜ AvKvi (Critical size) t †ZRw¯Œq bgybvwU‡K †Mvj‡Ki AvKv‡i †bIqv nq, hv‡Z AvqZ‡bi
mv‡c‡¶ evB‡ii Z‡ji †¶Îdj Kg nq| bgybvi fi‡K Av‡M †_‡K wnmve Kiv GKwU b~¨bZg fi A‡c¶v †ewk
ivLv nq| k„•Lj wewµqv eRvq †i‡L wbDwK¬q wefvRb Pvwj‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ †ZRw¯Œq bgybv‡K †h b~¨bZg AvKv‡i
wb‡Z nq, Zv‡K mwÜ AvKvi ejv nq|
†Kvi t †Kv‡ii g‡a¨ wbDwK¬q wewµqv NUv‡bv nq| GB As‡k R¡vjvwb iW (Fuel rod), wbqš¿Y iW (control rod),
gWv‡iUi I Kzj¨v›U (Coolant) _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.8

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
1| wbDwK¬q wiA¨vKUi wK?
K. wbqwš¿Z wbDwK¬q wefvRb †_‡K Drcbœ Zvckw³‡K Zworkw³‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ Kivi Rb¨ Ggb e¨e¯’v
L. k„•Lj wbDwK¬q wewµqv NUv‡bv
M. †h c`v_© `ª“ZMwZm¤úbœ wbDUªb‡K g›`b NwU‡q Zvcxq wbDUª‡b cwiYZ K‡i
N. †hLv‡b wbDwK¬q wewµqv NUv‡bv nq
2| gWv‡iU‡ii KvR n‡jv-
K. †Kvi‡K VvÛv Kiv L. wbDwK¬q wewµqv NUv‡bv
M. wbDwK¬q kw³‡K Zvc kw³‡Z iƒcvš—i Kiv N. wbDUªb‡K g›`b NwU‡q Zvcxq wbDUª‡b cwiYZ Kiv

P~ovš— g~j¨vqb

1| wbDwK¬qvm GKwU abvZœK Zwor AvwnZ ‡MvjK| GwU Kvi gZev`?

K. iv`vi‡dvW© L. _gmb M. Wvëb N. †gvm‡j
2| f~wg Ae¯’v †_‡K †Kvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡K AvqwbZ Ki‡Z KZ kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq?
K. -13.6 eV L. 13.6 eV M. 27.2 J N. 13.6 J
3| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi n-Zg K¶c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi kw³i ivwkgvjv-
me 4 E
i. En  2 2 2
ii. En   n 2 E1 iii. En  21
8 0 n h n
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

4| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi me©wbgœ †KŠwYK fi‡eM-

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-355
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

h h h
K. h L. M. N.
2 2 
5. GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi B‡jKUªb PZz_© K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© wØZxq K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© A‡c¶v KZ¸Y †ewk?
K. wظY L. wZb¸Y M. Pvi¸Y N. cuvP¸Y
6. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi fi me‡P‡q Kg?
K. B‡jKUªb L. †cÖvUb M. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb N. wbDUªb
7. †ev‡ii nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy g‡W‡j GKwU B‡jKUªb †cÖvU‡bi Pviw`‡K Awbw`©ó Kvj a‡i Nyi‡Z cv‡i hw` Bnvi
c_ nqÑ
K. ‡h †Kv‡b e¨vmv‡a©i e„Ë L. µgn«vmgvb e¨vmv‡a©i e„Ë
M. Dce„ËvKvi N. Aby‡gvw`Z e¨vmv‡a©i e„Ë
8. 1u ev 1 amu f‡ii mgZzj¨ kw³ MeV G KZ n‡e?
K. 9.38 10 8 MeV L. 9.3110 2 Mev M. 9.38 10 3 MeV N. 9.38 10 6 MeV
9. GKwU cigvYyi fi M, cvigvYweK msL¨v Z, fimsL¨v A n‡j Gi fiΓwU n‡e-
K. M/A L. M/Z M. (A  Z)M n  AM p  M N. ZM P  ( A  Z )  M
10. wb‡Pi †Kvb wbDwK¬qv‡m †cÖvUb I wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb?
1 4 7 21
K. H L. He M. Li N. Al
1 2 3 13
11. GKwU DÏxß Ne22 wbDwK¬qvm `ywU -KYv I GKwU ARvbv wbDwK¬qv‡m ¶q nq| GB ARvbv wbDwK¬qvmwU nj-
K. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb L. ‡evib M. Kve©b N. Aw·‡Rb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
1| 15eV MwZkw³ m¤úbœ GKwU B‡jKUªb f~wg Ae¯’vq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡K AvNvZ K‡i wew¶ß nq Ges wKQy
MwZkw³ nvivq| D‡ËwRZ cigvYy n‡Z GKwU †dvUb wbM©Z n‡q 1.23eV Kvh©v‡c¶K wewkó avZzi Dci AvcwZZ
n‡j avZz †_‡K 11.52eV MwZkw³ m¤úbœ B‡jKUªb wbM©Z n‡jv| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi Avqbvqb kw³ 13.6eV |
K. †ev‡ii wØZxq ¯^xKvh©wU wjLyb|
L. _gm‡bi cigvYy g‡W‡ji e¨v_©Zv¸‡jv wjLyb
M. wew¶ß B‡jKUª‡bi †eM wbY©q Ki“b|
N. D‡ËwRZ cigvYy †_‡K KZ¸wj eY©vwj †iLv cvIqv m¤¢e? Avcbvi DËi MvwYwZK fv‡e we‡k­lY Ki“b|
2| 92 U Gi GKwU wbDK¬xq wewµqv bx‡P †`qv n‡jv|
235

235
92 U  0 n1 56 Ba 141  36 Kr 92  30 n1  h
†`qv Av‡Q, 92 U 235 Gi fi = 235.0439u , 0 n1 Gi fi = 1.0087 u ,
56 Ba
141
Gi fi = 140.9139u , 36 Kr 92 Gi fi = 91.8973u |
K. wbDwK¬q wewµqv Kv‡K e‡j?
L. wbDwK¬qv‡m B‡jKUªb _v‡K bv wKš‘ wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K B‡jKUªb wbM©Z nq- Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
M| †ZRw¯Œq ¶‡qi miY m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wbDwK¬q wewµqvwUi mZ¨Zv hvPvB Ki“b|
N| cÖ`Ë DcvË †_‡K h -Gi gvb wbY©q m¤¢e wKbv MvwYwZK fv‡e hvPvB Ki“b|
msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ t
1| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i KYv we‡¶cY cix¶vq j¶¨e¯‘ wn‡m‡e Ab¨ avZzi cwie‡Z© †mvbv e¨env‡ii myweav wK?
2| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cix¶vq †Kv‡bv KYv A‡bK †ewk †Kv‡Y wew¶ß nq †Kb?
3| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj Øviv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi eY©vwji e¨vL¨v m¤¢e bq †Kb?

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-356
 c`v_©weÁvb 2q cÎ

4| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z GKwUgvÎ B‡jKUªb _v‡K| wKš‘ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eY©vwj‡Z eûmsL¨K †iLv cvIqv hvq| KviY
Kx?
5| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi kw³ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
6| cigvYy‡Z Ave× †h‡Kv‡bv B‡jKUª‡bi †gvU kw³ FYvZ¥K Gi KviY Kx?
7| wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K K¶c‡_i `~iZ¡ hZ ev‡o, B‡jKUª‡bi MwZkw³ ZZ K‡g wKš‘ †gvU kw³ e„w× cvq †Kb?
wek` DËi cÖkœt
1| _gm‡bi cigvYy g‡Wj wPÎmn eY©bv Ki“b|
2| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i Avjdv KYv we‡¶cb cix¶v eY©bv Ki“b|
3| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj eY©bv Ki“b| GB g‡W‡ji ÎywU¸‡jv wK wK?
4| iv`vi‡dvW© g‡W‡j nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi eY©vwj e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq †Kb e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
5| †ev‡ii cigvYy g‡W‡ji ¯^xKvh©¸‡jv wee„Z I e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
6| †ev‡ii cigvYy g‡Wj eY©bv Ki“b|
7| †ZRw¯ŒqZvi ¶q m~Î wee„Z I e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
8| †ZRw¯Œq ¶‡qi m~PKxq mgxKiYwU cÖwZcv`b Ki“b|
9| Aa©vqyi mv‡_ ¶q aªye‡Ki m¤cK© ¯’vcb Ki“b|
10| Mo Avqy Kv‡K e‡j? Mo Avqyi mv‡_ Aa©vqyi m¤cK© ¯’vcb Ki“b|
11| †`Lvb †h, hLb   t ZLb N  2.718 N 0
N0
12| †`Lvb †h, t  nT ZLb, N
2n
13| mwµqZv Kv‡K e‡j? †`Lvb †h, mwµqZv m~PKxq m~Î †g‡b P‡j|
14| †Kvb †ZRw¯µq †gŠ‡ji cigvYy msL¨v N0 n‡j †h †Kvb t mgq c‡i H †gŠ‡ji AwefvwRZ cigvYyi msL¨v
wbY©q Ki“b|
MvwYwZK mgm¨v t
1| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi 3q K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© I kw³ wbY©q Ki“b| DËi: 4.786 Å
2| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi 10g K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© I kw³ wbY©q Ki“b| cÖ_g K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© 0.53 Å| DËi: 53 Å
3| GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi cÖ_g K¶c‡_i kw³ – 13.6 eV| GKwU B‡jKUªb Z„Zxq K¶c_ †_‡K wØZxq
K¶c‡_ Mgb Ki‡j wbM©Z †dvU‡bi K¤cv¼ KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki“b| DËi: 4.56  10 14 Hz
4| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi wØZxq DÏxwcZ ¯—i †_‡K f~g¯—‡i B‡jKUª‡bi msµgY n‡j wbtm„Z wewKi‡Yi Zi½‰`N¨©
nq 1026Å | wiWevM© aª“e‡Ki gvb wbY©q Ki“b| DËi: 1.0965  10 7 m -1
5| nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi cvigvYweK eY©vwj‡Z GKwU eY©vwj‡iLvi Zi½‰`N¨© 4861Å | †Kvb `ywU †Kvqv›Ug ¯—‡ii g‡a¨
B‡jKUªb msµg‡Yi Rb¨ GB †iLvi DrcwË nq? DËi: PZz_© I wØZxq ¯—i
6| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi Z…Zxq †Kvqv›Uvg ¯—i I f~wg¯—‡ii g‡a¨ kw³i e¨eavb 12.1eV n‡j, f~wg¯—‡ii kw³
KZ n‡e †ei Ki“b| DËi:  13.61eV
7| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi †evi e¨vmva© 0.53Å n‡j, wØZxq †Kvqv›Uvg ¯—‡i B‡jKUªbwUi MwZ‡eM KZ?
e  1.6 10 19 C , me  9.1 10 31 kg DËi: 1.110 6 m s-1
8| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi cÖ_g †evi K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© 0.53Å n‡j cigvYywUi f~wg¯—‡ii kw³ eV GK‡K wbY©q
Ki“b| DËi:  13.6eV
9| D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’vq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi B‡jKUª‡bi kw³  0.54eV | †ev‡ii ZË¡ †_‡K GB Ae¯’vq B‡jKUª‡bi
†KŠwYK fi‡eM KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki“b| DËi: 5.29 10 34 Js -1

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-357
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

10| GKwU †cÖvUb I GKwU wbDUª‡bi fi h_vµ‡g 1.0073 u I 1.0087 u | hw` GKwU O16 wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi
15.990525 u nq, Z‡e GB wbDwK¬qv‡mi wbDwK¬qb cÖwZ eÜb kw³ wbY©q Ki“b|
DËi: 8.001MeV/A
11| GKwU wbDwK¬q‡bi Mo e¨vmva© 1.2 10 -15 m n‡j Ra 226 wbDwK¬qv‡mi e¨vmva© I wbDK¬xq NbZ¡ wbY©q
Ki“b| 1 u  1.66  10 -27 kg  DËi: 7.3 10 -15 m, 2.29 1017 kg m -3
12| †Kvb †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i ¶q aªye‡Ki gvb 0.00385s| Gi Aa©vqy KZ ? DËi: 180 s
13| GKwU †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy 5 N›Uv| Gi ¶q aª“e‡Ki gvb KZ ? DËi: 3.85  10 – 5 s – 1
14| †iwWqv‡gi Mo Avqy 2294 eQi| Gi ¶q aª“eK I Aa©vqy †ei Ki“b|
DËi: 4.36  10–4 Y–1; 1589.45Y
15| †Kvb GKwU †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy 10 w`b| KZ w`‡b H c`v‡_©i 75 % Ask ¶q n‡e? DËi: 20d
16| GK LÊ †iW‡bi 40 % ¶q n‡Z KZ mgq jvM‡e? †iW‡bi Aa©vqy 3.82 w`b| DËi: 2.82 d
17| †iW‡bi Aa©vqy 3.82 w`b| †iW‡bi †ZRw¯Œq aªye‡Ki gvb KZ Ges KZ w`b ci †iW‡bi cÖviw¤¢K gv‡bi 201
Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e? DËi: 0.181 d – 1; 16.54 d
18| †Kvb †ZRw¯¿q c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy 15 N›Uv| H e¯Zzi cÖviw¤¢K fi 4 gm n‡j 60 N›Uv ci KZUzKz Aewkó _vK‡e?
DËi: 0.25 gm
19| GK MÖvg †_vwiqvg †_‡K cÖwZ †m‡K‡Ê 4500 wU Avjdv KwYKv wbM©Z nq| GK MÖvg †_vwiqv‡g cigvYyi msL¨v
2.61  10 21 C n‡j †_vwiqv‡gi Aa©vqy KZ? DËi: 1.28  10 10 eQi
20| U 238 Gi Aa©vqy 4.5 109 y | †Kv‡bv †ZRw¯Œq bgybvq H †gŠ‡ji 1g _vK‡j, bgybvwUi mwµqZv Curie GK‡K
wbY©q Ki“b (A¨v‡fvMv‡Wªv msL¨v N  6.023 10 23 )| DËi: 3.34 10 7 C
1
21| Kve©b AvB‡mv‡U‡ci Aa©RxebKvj 1600y n‡j, KZ eQ‡i H Kve©‡bi cwigvY cÖv_wgK cwigv‡bi As‡k
16
cwiYZ n‡e? DËi: 18000y
DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
cvV-9.1 1. N 2. N
cvV- 9.2 1. M 2. N
cvV- 9.3 1. L 2. L
cvV- 9.4 1. N 2. K
cvV- 9.5 1. M 2. N
cvV- 9.6 1. M 2. K
cvV- 9.7 1. K 2. L
cvV- 9.8 1. K 2. N
P~ovš— g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
1.K 2.L 3.M 4.M 5.M 6.K 7.N 8.L 9.M 10.L 11.M

BDwbU 9 c„ôv-358