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    Lecture 31

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    Lecture 31

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    Lecture 31

    Uploaded by

    Maxi Brad

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9

    Computer Science 1001

    Lecture 31

    Lecture Outline

    • Exception handling

    – CS1001 Lecture 31 –
    Example: Raising exceptions

    class Circle(GeometricObject):
    def __init__(self, radius, color="red", filled=True):
    super().__init__(color,filled)
    self.setRadius(radius)

    def getRadius(self):
    return self.__radius

    def setRadius(self, radius):


    if radius < 0:
    raise RuntimeError("Negative radius.")
    else:
    self.__radius = radius

    def getArea(self):
    return math.pi*self.__radius**2

    def getDiameter(self):
    return 2*self.__radius

    def getPerimeter(self):
    return 2*math.pi*self.__radius

    def printCircle(self):
    print(self.__str__() + " radius: " + str(self.__radius))

    – CS1001 Lecture 31 – 1
    Accessing the exception object

    • The exception object can be accessed in the except


    clause:

    try:
    <body>
    except ExceptionType as ex:
    <handler>

    • Here, ex is a variable that has been assigned the


    exception object.

    • For example:

    from CircleWithException import Circle

    try:
    c1 = Circle(-1)
    print("c1’s area is",c1.getArea())
    except RuntimeError as ex:
    print("Invalid radius.",ex,end=" ")

    Output:

    Invalid radius. Negative radius.

    – CS1001 Lecture 31 – 2
    Exception handling advantages

    • It allows us to deal with errors without aborting


    execution.

    • It separates the detection of an error from the


    handling of the error.

    • A function can raise an exception to its caller and


    the caller can handle the exception.

    • Often the called function does not know how an


    error should be handled.

    • Many library functions raise exceptions. We can


    now use the try-except clause to handle these
    exceptions.

    – CS1001 Lecture 31 – 3
    Chain of function calls

    • Suppose we create our own exception types as


    follows:

    class Exception1(Exception):
    def __init__(self):
    print("Exception1 occurred")
    class Exception2(Exception):
    def __init__(self):
    print("Exception2 occurred")
    class Exception3(Exception):
    def __init__(self):
    print("Exception3 occurred")

    • We can use these exceptions to illustrate what


    happens in a chain of function calls:

    def main():
    try:
    function1()
    print("statement 1")
    except Exception1:
    print("exception handled in main")
    print("statement 2")

    – CS1001 Lecture 31 – 4
    def function1():
    try:
    function2()
    print("statement 3")
    except Exception2:
    print("exception handled in function1")
    print("statement 4")

    def function2():
    try:
    function3()
    print("statement 5")
    except Exception3:
    print("exception handled in function2")
    print("statement 6")

    def function3():
    # raise an Exception (1, 2, or 3)

    main()

    • If we raise Exception3 in function3():

    Exception3 occurred
    exception handled in function2
    statement 6
    statement 3
    statement 4
    statement 1
    statement 2

    – CS1001 Lecture 31 – 5
    • If we raise Exception2 in function3():
    Exception2 occurred
    exception handled in function1
    statement 4
    statement 1
    statement 2

    • If we raise Exception1 in function3():


    Exception1 occurred
    exception handled in main
    statement 2

    • If we were to insert a finally clause in


    function2():
    finally:
    print("finally clause of function2")

    raising an Exception1 in function3() would


    produce:
    Exception1 occurred
    finally clause of function2
    exception handled in main
    statement 2

    we see that the finally clause is executed prior to


    the return of function2().

    – CS1001 Lecture 31 – 6
    else and finally

    • Why would we use else? Why not just put the


    code from the else block in the try? Or after the
    try?

    • Consider:

    try:
    <code-that-can-throw-an-OSError>
    except OSError:
    <handle-the-OSError>
    else:
    <more-code-that-can-throw-an-OSerror>
    finally:
    <clean-up-code>

    • Here, we ensure that any exceptions thrown by


    <more-code-that-can-throw-an-OSError> are
    not caught in the except block.

    • Putting the else block code after the try will


    result in it always being executed (not just when
    no exceptions have been raised). It will also be
    executed after finally in this case.

    – CS1001 Lecture 31 – 7
    • The else provides a location where code is executed
    only if there are no exceptions in the try body; it
    is run before the finally block; and any exceptions
    raised here are not caught here.

    – CS1001 Lecture 31 – 8

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