DiFFERENTIAL EaUATIONS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS

Evaluate the 391

390 following integrals using residue theor
eorem :
1-2z
EXERCISE 6.6 C:1zl= 1.5
2(2-1)(z-2) ,
functions: [Ans. 3ti]
of the following
Find the nature and location of the
singularities
|Ans. 2-0,4+aresimplepole 19. -4z+- dz. C:\zl=
2)(4+ z2)
1. [Ans.
Ans. z 0 , z = 2, are the isolated singularities
dz
20. ( 2 +4)2C:lz-il=2
Ans. z= oo is an essential singularity
21. d z , C:lz-1l=1
3.
Ans. z= 2nti is a simple pole (Ans. -27i]
4
dz
Ans. z=0 is an essential singularity] C:lzl=1.5.
5. ze/ +1) (z+4) [Ans. 0
Ans. z l is a pole of order 4
Z+4
z , C:lz+1-il=2.
(z-1)
of the following
functions and residue at each pole. Ans0-2
Determine poles 24. C:lzl=2.
[Ans. Res. f(1) = 1]
. f -(1-
F As nle-
Ans. Res. f-2)=. Res. f()=| 25. M d, C:lzl=1
8. f2) -1+) Ans.-4isinh
1-cos
9. fa)= (z - a)
An
Ans. Res. f(0) =-
- 3223) 2-2z
dz, C:1z-31=1. [Ans. 8ti)
10. f = z+1)Cazl1o.C:lzl=10.
Ans. 0
Ans. Res f(0)=
. 6.37. EVALUATION OF REAL DEFINITE INTEGRALS
points and show that Many important definite integrals can be evaluated by applying the residue theorem to properly
the function f(2) =
-hG - a t its singular chosen
12. Find the residues of integrals. The contours chosen will consist of straight lines and circular arcs. Some methods
are illustrated below.
the sum of the residues is zero.
13. Evaluate ?+22+5dz where C is the circle Type I. Integration round the unit circle of the type:
fcos 6, sin 8) d6
)Izl =1 Consider the integralf(cos 6, sin 8) d0, where the integral is a rational function of sin 9 and
(i) iz + 1 - il = 2
[Ans. (i) 0 (ii) -r(2
+ i) (ii) T(2 +
1)
iii) Iz + 1+il=2 cos 6.
Ans, 4ni(T
+ )] Substituting z =
e", so that dz=ie" d0 or
d8-
(sin 2 +cOs T2dz where C is the circle I zls5.
14. Evaluate(2-1 (2-2)
Ans. - and cos &=
L
15. Evaluate
4 Csizi=3
Ans. 4 ]
sin 8 . then
where C is the circle Izl = 2.
16. Evaluate tan z dz, nav
function
function w =
f(z). Can an analytic
17. Distinguish between the
zeros and poles of a
zeros and poles ?
 DiFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS
CoMPLEX ANALYSIS
393
392 oc) d. (say) Example 6.98. Use the complex variables technique to find the value of the integral
JJord.
rcom , )
sin -[
I the residues
the residues tho
theorem i.e.
I z I =
by using
unit circle
evaluated
C is the can be Solution. Let
where hand side
the right at its poles inside
The integral
on
sum of the
residue
of o:)
is the
oC:)d=2iZR°
where R
2+
sOLVED EXAMPLESS
Put e z so that e ( i d0) = dz or iz de= dz or d9
evaluate the following integral
calculus to
residue
6.97. Use
Example where Cdenotes the unit circle I zl= 1.
Solution. Le
2dz
de
The poles are given by putting the denominator equal to zero.
+4z+1 = 0
dô= E
writing " z,
=
e-2ie-
is the unit circle Iz I = 1
or 416-44t23-2t J
diz where c
The pole within the unit circle C is a simple pole at z= -2+ 3. Now we calculate the
residue at this pole.
Residue at (z=-2+/3) = lim +2-3)2
22 +2 -25) i (z+2-3)C+2+ 3)d
Poles of integrand are given by 2
2 S i t + 2 =0 lim
- 2 5 ) i( +2+3) i(-2+3+2+3)3
5it-25+16-5it3i Hence by Cauchy's residue theorem, we have
4
Only z lies inside c.
Jo 2+ cos = 2ni (sum of the residues within the contour)
Residue at the simple pole at z is
O
2
lin a-(-t+20J Example 6.99. Evaluate +bsin 6 > b .
lim 2(-2+2i) Fig. 6.47
d
Solution. Let a+b sin 8
Hence by Cauchy's residue theorem
I 2T x Sum of residues within the contour
Putz= dz =i e de or dô =
2i Am
sin
 EQUATIONS AND CoMPLEX CoMPLEX ANALYSIS
DirreRENTIAL ANALYSIN 395
dz
2iz
.
Now - p ) ( 1 -pz) has poles z =
l-p-p.

where C is I z l =1
2iz
when 0 <p< 1, z= >1 andz =p< |
has poles
f)b2iaz-b z =p lies inside Cthe circle I zi = 1
. :- b
and z lies outside C
Only the pole
lies ies inside C
-p(1-p) - 2Ri Res fp)- , p
Hence
form i-p-P the required result.
Resf
Example 6.101. Evaluate by contour
integration
L' Hospital's rule)
Solution. Let
Put z = e"
-P)+ 2ia
-B)+ 2ia-b d
RP S 2 . R P
Hence 2 +2iaz- b
where Cis the circle e: Izl= l and s2)=
i(22+5z+2)
4T.2 - The poles of gl2) are given by
2+ 5z + 2 0 .z =- and z = -2
the required result.
lies inside the circle C
d Residue of s(2)
Example 6.100. Evaluate
*2pcos
4
p?<p<1 at
z-
Solution. Let z =", dz = i e" de = iz de
so that d4 dz
1By Cauchy'sresidue theorem.
and Cos
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATiONS AND
COMPLEX ANAS
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
396
s()d 2niER°
= 2nix
Hence I= 397
Jf) da
=
=
2ti [Sum of residues
C of f(z) which lie within C1
I =
R.P.e(z)d* =
C or
J3+cos A48= 21i [Res. at z =
0 + Res. at z =
-3+2/2]
1+ sina
, using method of residues.
Example 6.102. Evaluate J 3+cos 2mi 1+6+ 12/2 +6i-4]
16-12/2
Solution.
6-125|=2-22
: = dz =
ie de or de =
Put iz
-2228-62)
(8-6-2)(8+62) -224+18/2-16/2-24)
sin 64-72
2m22
cos
Thus ltsin
3+ cOs 6 18 the required result.
dz
Example 6.103. Show by the method of
residues, that a do
where
sin +
Cis lzl=1, ie. a circle of radius unity and centre at the origin.
Solution. Let 2a d
cos 26 1-2 sin 0]
where f) = 2i-2
z( +6z +1) a do
Now f2) has poles z = 0, z = -3 22,z = -3 - 2N2. 24+1-cos 202a +1-cos Putting 20 = ¢
The polesz 0, z -3+2/2, lie inside C and
= =
the pole z = -3-2/2 lie outside C
Residue of f(2) at z = 0 is given by a do 2a do
u zf)
2a +1- +e*) 4a+2-(+)
0 ? +6z +1) 0 +6z +1
Similarly residue of f(2) at z =
-3+2/2 is given by Writing e =
z, e® (i dÙ) =
dz or zi dÙ) =
dz, do=
+ 3 - 2 2 ) fl) =
23+2/2 Lt 2+3-2/2)(1-2i2-)
Z9-3+2/2
z(? +62+1) where c is unit circle I z l = 1
+3-2/2)(1-2i-)
-34 2/2 z{z+3-2/2) (z+3+2v2)
dz
1-2iz- 1-2(-3+2)-(-3+22) 2-(4a2 +2)x+1
t-32/5 zlz
+3+2/2)-3+2/2)(-3+ 22+3+2v
=-16+12/2 +6i-4/2 dz
16-12/2 2a-(4a+2)1
VIII I
 COMPLEX ANALYSIS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND COMPLEX ANAY 401
400
dz - 2ix
- 16i TLe )Z=i
we have
residue theorem, Equating real parts, we have
Hence by Cauchy's
Fig. 6.50
fa)d= 2 i x Sum of residues within C.
cosax dx = nee or cOs ax dr =
d , r)
= 2nix 2
Example 6.107. Use the method of contour
integration to evaluate
Now.
l ds e,da-1
Solution. We can write
- -R1
d since z= Re",I dzl= Rd6
where C is the contour
consisting of semi-circle of radius R and centre at the
origin where radius
TtR which>
0 as R R Such that the semi-circle contains the poles of f() = Semi-circle C has the
(R2-13
boundary from -R to R (R > oo) on the real axis and upper half portion of semi-circle. Also
R relation (i) becomes
Hence making «,
8
3 Thus
16
cos ar dx, a2 0.
Example 6.106. Evaluate by using contour integration method +1 To evaluate+we proceed as follows:
e Now 1 2ni sum of residues at thesingularpoints ofwithin C
Solution. Considerthe inegral Jfa)d. where ft)= taken round the +1
cose
-* to The singular points of fz)= are given by
circle I I R and the real axis from
C consisting of the upper half of a large z =
Poles of f3) are given by + =0
+1 =0 ie. = -1 ie. z = ti =-1 = cos t + i sin T
= cos (2kn + t) + i sin (2kt + t)
The only pole which lies within the contour is at z = i.
The residue of f2) a z = i cos (2km +T), sin
4
lim )e y 1,De'Moivre's theorem the singular points, ie.. roots
of z+ I 0 are given by putting
0, 2, 3 which are
(+1)
Hence by Cauchy's residue theorem, we have a cos+isin or 0.707 +0.707
(2) dz = 27u Sum of the residues
B cos4+isin or- -0707+0.707
 4
DIFFERENT
EQUATIONS AND COMPLEX ANA CoMPLEX ANALYSIS
= -0.707 0.707
402 cos
4
isin The residue (at z 2/) =
m74:2+1)(2+2i) (: - 2i)
n i s i n o - + 0 7 0 7 - 0 . 7 0 7
(2i)
lim
2 (2+ 1) (z + 2i) (4+)(2i +2i)
lie inside c.
and = theorem of residue
a= By
points only
four singular s ) d =2mi( Resf(i) + Res f(21)] = 2 i -
Out ofthe (-a)
Y)(t-8)
(-a)(z-B)(z-
at (C
= a) a
Now
residue of f() ie. ..)
(a-B)(a-Y)(a -8)
Hence by making R o , relation (i) becomes
of f(:) at (: = B)
Similarly
residue
(-)
-a)G- (t-)-8) (G-a)(ß-Y)B-5 sx)+lim J f)d =
Now R J c , f ) vanishes.
s 2ma-B) a-y)a-3"B-a)-1)G-85]
Forany point on Cg asI zl>»,f) = 0
-5 --6)|
lz
x dx
or
Example 6.109. Show that
+a +5Aa+)
the required answer.
Hence
where C is the semi-circle with boundaries from -R to +R (R )on the eal axis and upper
dr half of semi-circle as shown in the Fig. 6.52.
Example 6.108. Evaluate J-+1)+4)
Solution. We consider
Z=bI
dz
when C is the contour oonsisting of the semi-circle of radius Cg CA Z=a
2
R together with the part of the real axis from -R to +R.
The integral has simple poles at -R
2 ti, z =t2i z a-ai
Fig. 6.51
which z= i, 2i only lie inside C.
The residue (at z =
i) = lim (z- i) 2 z=-bi
(z+i)(z-i) (z +4)
22 Fig. 6.52
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ANO OMPLEX ANALyo COMPLEXX ANALYSIS
404 cos 20 405
B1-2p cos + pd , 0<p<1.
Ans 2p
I-p
Also
d Sum of the residues at z =
ai, bi]
= 27i
+a)+b?) 10.
semi-circle
1) (x + 4)
bi lie inside the
only a i , z
=
C.
lie inside the semi-circle
-bi do
.16
not
where as z = i ,
=
:
Res. flai)
L
= ia (
ia)2
+a*)(+b) iL
a (z + ia) (z* + b )
Now
.
Similarly Res. (bi)
cos X
d , a>b>0
d
e+b)
Hence
2
which is the required result.
-
x+2 dr
2a+b) +10x +9
EXERCISE 6.7
Evaluate the following integrals by using contour integration
+2 cos
where a> lbl.
sin
cos
4 3-4cos6
d
5.11-8COM
-2a uin 2 a sin 6 + 2 0 a < 1
A
7. s i n e wheTe ()<b<a.
a+b cos6 |Am-