Dive in English

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Dive in English
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‫دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی‬
‫واحد جیرفت‬
‫‪Dive‬‬
‫‪in‬‬
‫‪English‬‬
content
Lesson 1 .......................................................................................................... 1
Lesson 2 .......................................................................................................... 7
Lesson 3 ........................................................................................................ 14
Lesson 4 ........................................................................................................ 18
Lesson 5 ........................................................................................................ 24
Lesson 6 ........................................................................................................ 30
Lesson 7 ........................................................................................................ 36
Lesson 8 ........................................................................................................ 43
Lesson 9 ........................................................................................................ 49
Lesson 10 ...................................................................................................... 56
Lesson 11 ...................................................................................................... 62
Lesson 12 ...................................................................................................... 68
Lesson 13 ...................................................................................................... 72
Lesson 14 ...................................................................................................... 77
Lesson 15 ...................................................................................................... 80
500 Samples of Grammar Tests .................................................................... 81
Irregular verb .............................................................................................. 121
Mini Dictionary .......................................................................................... 130
Bibliography ............................................................................................... 145
Bioacousties is a field that probes the cacophony of sound emanating from
the animal kingdom. Using the equipment adapted from the sound recording
industry and the military, bioacousticians are learning how creatures use
sound in mating, socializing, and staking out territories. The work of Eugene
Morton of the National Zoological Park exemplifies the interests of scientists
in this field. He has shown that most animals warn others away with a harsh,
low-pitched growl. The reason seems to be that deep, low-frequency sound
suggests bigness, in the same way a bass drum sounds mightier than a snare
drum. Conversely, he has found that animals use high-pitched sounds to show
amiability or submissiveness. A pocket mouse, for example, signals
appeasement with a whining squeal. A rhinoceros rumbles when hostile, but
whistles when feeling friendly.
Morton and other scientists owe such findings to the sonograph, the device
that helped launch bioacoustics in the 1950s. Developed for use in creating
human voiceprints and submarine identification, the sonograph converts
sound waves in the atmosphere into electrical signals. The signals drive a
stylus, which makes a two-dimensional “picture” of sound on paper. Using
the sonograph, Morton has found that although a bird’s warning chirp and a
dog’s growl sound dissimilar, pictures of their sounds are much alike. Both
reveal a low overall frequency and broad bandwidth; the sonogram looks like
a thick, black bar. At the opposite end of the sound spectrum is the thin-lined
sonogram representing an animal’s friendly call, a high tone that makes the
producer seem smaller and unthreatening. Using sonograms and
sophisticated computers, bioacousticians are scrutinizing everything from
cricket chirps to lion roars to learn more about why an animal makes
particular sounds in particular situations.
2 Lesson 1
A. Choose the best answers:

1. What is the importance of the sonograph in bioacoustics?
a. It creates human voiceprints.
b. It sends electrical signals.
c. It helps scientists compare animal sounds.
d. It allows the identification of submarines.
2. The original purpose of sonographs was to …

a. identify submarines.
b. compare the sounds of birds and dogs.
c. warn threatening animals away.
d. learn more about how animals use sound.
3. What does a sonograph do?

a. It decreases the frequency of sounds.
b. It makes sounds louder so scientists can study them.
c. It creates sounds like animals make.
d. It makes a visual record of sounds.
4. According to the passage, what does research show about larger

animals?
a. They may make high pitched sounds to show they are in danger.
b. They may make low pitched sounds to show they feel friendly.
c. They may make high pitched sounds to show they feel friendly.
d. They may have difficulty making high-pitched sounds.
5. The research mentioned in the passage suggests that low-pitched

sounds made by an animal …
a. may mean the animal feels relaxed.
b. indicate the animal is bigger than a bird.
c. do not appear on a sonogram.
d. may mean the animal is giving a warning.
B. Answer the questions:

1. What is the bioacoastics?
2. What is use of sonograph?
3. What does sonograph do with the sound waves?
Dive in English 3
C. Choose the best answers:
1. “Industry” means:
a. cruel b. certain
c. unwise d. perseverance
2. “Warn” means:
a. fruitless b. weak
c. inform d. improper
3. “Situation” means:
a. dishonour b. infant
c. condition d. dead
4. “Launch” means:
a. bent b. learning
c. send out d. slow
5. “Hostile” means:
a. late b. justice
c. enemy d. confound
6. “Emanating” means:
a. fine b. employ
c. finish d. emit
7. “Territory” means:
a. zero b. zoom
c. zest d. zone
8. “Rumble” means:
a. ruffian b. rude
c. blade d. blare
9. “Kingdom” means:
a. readily b. real
c. readable d. realm
10. “Sophisticated” means:

a. clench b. clinch
c. clerk d. clever
4 Lesson 1
Grammar
B. Get
C. Have
D. Let
E. Help
In a causative sentence and structure, a person does not perform an action

directly. The person causes it to happen by forcing another person to do it.
A. Make
In active takes the bare infinitive:
He made me move my car.
In the passive it takes full infinitive:
I was made to move my car.
If the object is direct (something) we can use bare infinitive:
She made the car work.
If the object is indirect (some one) infinitive verb is used:
His mother made him take his medicine.
B. Get
If the object is direct (something) the verb that follow the object is a
participle (not verb):
Let’s get our car fixed first.
If the object is indirect (someone) the verb should be infinitive:
Let’s get him to go.
C. Have
If the object is direct (something) the word that follow it should be participle
(not verb):
I want to have this book renewed please.
If the object is indirect (someone) the verb is bare infinitive (finitive):
My English teacher had us give oral reports.
Dive in English 5
D. Let
The verb after the object, either direct or indirect, should be finitive. With
let, a person gives permission for another person to do it.
His mother let him go to school.
I am letting this machine cool.
E. Help
We can use either infinitive or finitive after the object. With help a person
assists another person to do it.
He is helping me type my paper.
He is helping me to type my paper.
Choose the best answers:
1. I can’t seem to make this dishwasher …….. .

a. runs b. to run c. ran d. run
2. I want to get the house ……… before winter.

a. painted b. to paint c. paint d. painting
3. Ali had a tooth …….. .

a. fill b. to fill c. filled d. filling
4. She made the baby …….. a nap.

a. taken b. took c. to take d. take
5. We will have to get someone …….. the phone right away.

a. fixed b. to fix c. fix d. fixing
6. I like the way you had the beautician …….. your hair.
a. do b. did c. done d. to do
7. Would you let us …….. your notes.

a. to borrow b. borrow c. borrowing d. borrowed
8. Professor didn’t make us …….. up our lab reports.

a. to type b. typed c. types d. type
9. He helped me …….. this job.

a. got b. gotten c. get d. getting
6 Lesson 1
10. Don’t let that ……… you.

a. bother b. to bother c. bothered d. bothering
11. Let’s get some of our money ……… for dollars.

a. exchanging b. to exchange c. exchange d. exchanged
12. They had their lawyer …….. their will.

a. changing b. to change c. changed d. change
13. Are you going to make your daughter …….. part time?
a. worked b. work c. to work d. working
14. Her husband helps her ……... the laundry.

a. to do b. doing c. does d. done
15. I make everyone ……… his share around the house.

a. do b. did c. does d. done
16. I made Kiarash …….. his room.

a. clean b. cleaned c. cleaning d. to clean
17. Sad movies make me …….. .

a. cry b. cried c. cries d. crying
18. I had the plumber …….. the leak.

a. repair b. repaired c. repairs d. repairing
19. I had my watch …… .

a. repair b. repaired c. repairs d. repairing
20. The students got the teacher …… class early.

a. dismiss b. to dismiss c. dismissing d. dismisses
Printers use the term broadside to refer to a large piece of paper printed on
one side. In military language, it means an attack with all one’s forces.
Dudley Randall invoked both these senses of the word when he established
the Broadside Press in 1965. Randall was a librarian and poet in Detroit when
he began the Press with his personal savings as a way to copyright the words
to his ballad about a 1963 racial incident in which Whites killed three Black
children. The poem was printed as a broadside.
“By creating the Broadside Press, the most successful poetry institution in
the history of African American literature, Randall created something that had
previously not existed in the United States-an organization that would
publish the works of Black poets,” explains Professor Melbe Boyd, a poet and
former Press editor. Historically, work by Black poets had been criticized for
emphasizing political issues and not using the traditional poetic forms of the
White literary establishment. Thus, Black poets had found it difficult to get
published.
Boyd is producing a film documentary that will present Randall’s
biography as well as his poetry. Randall served as general editor of the Press
from 1965 to 1977. In the mid-seventies, sky-rocketing printing costs and the
closing of many small bookstores to whom he had extended credit left the
Press in financial straits. Randall then sold the Press and slumped into a
depression, but in the 1980s, he revived community support for the Press
through the Broadside Poets Theater. Boyed hoped her documentary on
Randall will introduce more people to African American literature.
8 Lesson 2

1. According to the passage, the Broadside Press is most famous as a
publisher of …
a. criticism of traditional White poetry.
b. biographies of famous African American poets.
c. poetry written-by African Americans.
d. African American documentaries.
2. Who paid the costs to start the Press?
a. an organization of Black writers
b. Dudley Randall
c. Professor Boyd
d. many small bookstores
3. According to Professor Boyd, what significant change occurred
because of the Broadside Press?
a. Black poets returned to traditional poetic forms.
b. Historical works about African Americans began to appear in print.
c. The Black literary establishment began to emphasize political issues.
d. It became easier for Black poets to get their work in print.
4. What happened to the Broadside Press in the 1980s?
a. It was renamed the Broadside Poets Theater.
b. It moved into a different community.
c. It regained popular support.
d. It helped support small bookstores during a depression.
5. What did the Broadside Poets Theater do?
a. helped get support for the Broadside Press.
b. led Randall into a personal depression.
c. led the Broadside Press into financial difficulties.
d. supported many bookstores in the community.

1. What does mean “broadside”?
2. Who is Randall?
3. Who published the works of black poets before Randall?
Dive in English 9
1. “Introduce” means:
a. start b. artificial c. essential d. withdraw
2. “Refer” means:
a. image b. point c. imitate d. destroy
3. “Incident” means:
a. event b. reduce c. commit d. rudeness
4. “Organization” means:
a. cause b. form c. invention d. appoint
5. “Criticize” means:
a. complain b. believe c. pick d. bewilder
6. “Invoke” means:
a. appear b. appetite c. appease d. appeal
7. “Establish” means:
a. consult b. consume c. construct d. constitute
8. “Institution” means:
a. fountain b. foundation c. founder d. foul
9. “Present” means:
a. display b. displace c. disperse d. disprove
10. “Documentary” means:

a. author b. automatic c. authenticated d. autonomous
Prepositions: are words normally placed before nouns or pronouns. They
can be followed by verbs except after but and except the verb must be in
the gerund form.
A. In
B. On
C. At
10 Lesson 2
A. In
A. In can be used before:
a country a room
a town a forest
a village a wood
a square a field
a street a desert
and place which has boundaries or is enclosed.
1. In can be used with building, means inside only.
2. We can be in the sea, river, lake, swimming pool, and in here means
actually in the water:
The children are swimming in the river.
3. In can be an adverb:
Come in.
4. In British English in is used with the name of the street, but American say
on:
She lives in Rajaie Avenue.
She lives on Rajaie Avenue.
5. In is used with the softer and more hollow parts of the body surface:
She hit him in the eye/mouth/ribs.
6. In is used to talk about wounds:
He was wounded in the shoulder.
I have got a pain in my head.
7. The most common expression about parts of day:
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
8. It is used about longer periods:
weeks years
months centuries
seasons
9. When the surroundings are three dimensional:
in the field in the picture
in the wardrobe in the sky
in the bed in the Himalayas
in the long grass
in the car park
Dive in English 11
B. On:
1. days and dates:
On 12 March
On Christmas day
On Friday
On Friday morning
On Sunday night
On a cold afternoon
On a summer’s day
2. Surface:
on the ceiling
on the wall
on the table
on the lake
on the page
on Everest
3. It is used when something is touching or close to a line:
We live on small river.
4. It is used with the names of most parts of body surface:
She had blood on her forehead.
I bit him on jaw/ear/shoulder.
5. On is used to talk about public transport:
We had better get on the next plane.
6. On is used with word floor:
I live on the third floor.
7. On can be used for position and movement:
He was sitting on his case.
Snow fell on the hills.
His name is on the door.
He went on board ship.
8. It is used as an adverb:
Go on.
Come on.
12 Lesson 2
C. At:
1. It is used to give the time of an event, an appointment:
We have got to get up at six tomorrow.
I will meet you outside at a quarter to eight.
2. For the parts of the day:
I work best at night.
3. It is used to talk about the whole of the public holidays:
Are you going away at Easter?
4. At is used to talk about position at a point:
My house is at the third crossroads.
If you are at the North Pole, every direction is South.
5. With the name of group activities:
at a party at a lecture
at a meeting at a concert
at the match
6. After several verbs to indicate the target:
shoot at laugh at
throw at smile at
shout at arrive at
7. With some expressions:
at church at university
at school at college
at work
1. I don’t like going out …….. night.

a. to b. on c. in d. at
2. They got married …….. 12 March.

3. Ali left school …….. the age of 19.

a. by b. on c. in d. at
4. They got married …….. 1989.

a. in b. at c. on d. to
Dive in English 13
5. I learnt to drive …….. four weeks.

a. at b. on c. to d. in
6. Britain used to be …….. the edge of the world.

a. to b. in c. on d. at
7. Will you be here ……… the weekend.

a. to b. in c. on d. at
8. I will see you …….. the morning.

a. in b. at c. on d. to
9. I usually go out ………. Monday evenings.

a. at b. in c. on d. to
10. Ali is busy ……… the moment.

a. on b. to c. in d. at
11. Come on, supper is …….. the table.

12. We have got a nice little cottage …….. the river.

a. to b. at c. in d. on
13. She lives ……… number 73.

a. in b. to c. on d. at
14. I parked my car ……… the side of the road.

15. We give each other present ……… Christmas.

a. in b. to c. on d. at
I left my friend’s house shortly after seven. It was still too early for me to have
my evening meal, so I walked along the seafront for about an hour until I
began to feel hungry. By that time I was not far from a favourite restaurant of
mine, where I often went to eat two or three times a week. I knew the owner
well and frequently complimented him on his excellent cooking.
I went into the restaurant, which was already crowded, and ordered my
meal. While I was waiting for the soup to arrive, I looked around to see if I
knew anyone in the restaurant. It was then that I noticed that a man sitting at
a corner table near the door kept glancing in my direction, as if he knew me.
I certainly did not know him, for I never forget a face. The man had a
newspaper open in front of him, which he was pretending to read, though all
the while I could see that he was keeping an eye on me. When the waiter
brought my soup, the man was clearly puzzled by the familiar way in which
the waiter and I addressed each other. He became even more puzzled as time
went on and it grew more and more obvious that I was well known in the
restaurant. Eventually he got up and went into the kitchen. After a few
minutes he came out again, paid his bill and left without another glance in my
direction.
When I had finished and was about to pay my bill, I called the owner of the
restaurant over and asked him what the man had wanted. The owner was a
little embarrassed by my question and at first did not want to tell me. I
insisted. “Well,” he said, “that man was a detective.” “Really?” I said,
considerably surprised. “He was certainly very interested in me. But why?”
“He followed you here because he thought you were a man he was looking
for,” the owner of the restaurant said. “When he came into the kitchen, he
showed me a photograph of the wanted man. He certainly looked like you! Of
course, since we know you here, I was able to convince him that he had made
Dive in English 15
a mistake.” “It’s lucky I came to a restaurant where I am known,” I said,

“Otherwise I might have been arrested!”
A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:

-1. He left his friend’s house after midnight.
-2. He did know the owner well.
-3. The man was pretending to read a newspaper.
-4. He asked owner of restaurant about the man.
-5. The man was a famous actor.

1. Why was detective interested in him?
2. What did he order in the restaurant?
3. Did the detective have any picture of the wanted man?
1. “Favorite” means:
a. critical b. accurate c. absurd d. preferred
2. “Pay” means:
a. give b. understand c. break d. calm
3. “Surprised” means:
a. rule b. sweep c. swear d. wonder
4. “Embarrass” means:
a. ashamed b. emerge c. collect d. elope
5. “Glance” means:
a. death b. shadow c. ghost d. look
6. “Crowded” means:
a. populated b. trite c. empty d. terse
16 Lesson 3
7. “Puzzle” means:
a. confuse b. taciturn c. superficial d. vindicate
Grammar
Conditional Sentences: have two parts, the if clause and the main clause.
A. Conditional Sentence type 1:

Probable; The verb in the if clause is in the present tense; the verb in the main
clause is in the future simple.
If you study well, you will pass the examination.
B. Conditional Sentence type 2:

The verb in the if clause is in the past tense; the verb in the main clause is in
the conditional tense:
If I had a map, I would lend it to you.
1. When the supposition is contrary to known facts:
If I lived near my office I would be in time for work.
If I were you, I would plant some trees around the house.
2. When we don’t expect the action in the if clause to take place:
If a burglar came into my room at night, I would scream.
C. Conditional Sentences type 3:

the verb in the if clause is in the past perfect tense; the verb in the main clause
is in the perfect conditional:
If I had had money, I would have bought a car.
1. Could or might may be used instead of would:
If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.
2. Had can be placed first and the if omitted:

Had you obeyed orders this disaster would not have happened.
1. If he receives some money, he …….. to Jieroft.

a. go b. would go c. will go d. could go
Dive in English 17
2. If he went to Kerman, he might …….. a carpet.

a. bought b. buying c. will buy d. buy
3. If Ali had known you he would have …….. you.

a. greet b. greeting c. greeted d. to greet
4. If she …….. you, she would buy it.

a. is b. was c. were d. be
5. If I had had money, I would have …….. to Ardebil.

a. will travel b. travel c. travelled d. traveling
6. If we had taken the bus, we would have …….. safe.

a. be b. being c. been d. was
7. If I …….. rich, I might go to Tehran.

a. was b. were c. am d. been
8. If he doesn’t listen, I cannot …….. him.

a. will help b. would help c. help d. to help
9. If we …………. again, we could succeed.

a. try b. to try c. tried d. will try
10. If you ……… your letter, I can post it.

a. write b. wrote c. written d. will write
11. If you write the letter, I ……. it.

a. would b. post c. will post d. posted
12. If you ……. me, I would help you.

a. ask b. asked c. will ask d. would ask
13. If she ……. A bird, she would fly in the sky.

a. is b. be c. was d. were
14. If you studied, you …… the test.

a. pass b. will pass c. passed d. would pass
15. If she …… more, she would have passed the test.

a. has studied b. have studied c. had studied d. studied
Section 1
Sleep laboratories around the world are finding that an alarming number
of drivers on motorways may be falling asleep at the wheel. Although
researchers have difficulty in knowing for certain whether an accident has
been caused by sleepiness, it appears that a driver who is on the road between
4 am and 6 am is about 10 times as likely to have a sleep-related accident as
someone who is driving in the middle of the morning or early in the evening.
Some British police forces have become sufficiently concerned to launch
campaigns to alert the public to the danger. Leicestershire police, for example,
consider sleepiness to be the cause of 20 percent of accidents on motorways
and in the summer of 1990 ran a campaign with the slogan ‘Stay Awake, Stay
Alive’. Major motor manufacturers such as Ford and Renault are
investigating ways of incorporating sleepiness detectors and alarms into
their vehicles.
Section 2
However, British government bodies responsible for road safety have not
initiated any studies into the problem of sleepy drivers on motorways. The
Department of Transport claims that it is ‘aware of the problems’, but does
not regard it as a high-priority issue and is not planning to support any
relevant research apart from a general study on ‘driver behavior’. The
department has no figures on the number of accidents caused by driver
sleepiness and says it doubts whether reliable statistics can ever be obtained.
Section 3
Unfortunately, the issue is clouded by the fact that many motorway
accidents that might be caused by sleepiness are categorized under other
Dive in English 19
headings, such as ‘inattention’, ‘failed to look or see other vehicle’ and

‘misjudged speed/distance’. Figures collected in the 1970s by the Transport
and Road Research Laboratory list the cause of 20 percent of all road accidents
as ‘perceptual errors’. ‘Fatigue’ was specified in only 2 percent of cases. How-
ever, few investigators inquire further to discover just why a driver was not
attending, failed to look or made errors in perception. For various reasons,
including the fear of prosecution and possible difficulties with insurance
claims, drivers are reluctant to admit to falling asleep, but are more willing to
admit to ‘inattention’. When these rather vague responses are examined
thoroughly, sleepiness often emerges as the true culprit.
Section 4
Driving on a road as dull as a motorway exacerbates sleepiness in a driver
who is already sleepy. But how can we tell if an accident on a motorway has
been caused by sleepiness? There are some very strong pointers. If an
accident involves only vehicle, which runs off the road into the central crash
barrier, the embankment, a tree or a bridge, then sleepiness is likely to be the
cause, especially if there are no skid marks or other signs of braking. A driver
who is alert to an impending crash grips the steering wheel and suffers
different injuries from someone who is asleep and holding the steering wheel
loosely. This pattern of injury, combined with an absence of skid marks on
the road, also suggests that the driver was asleep in accidents where one
vehicle runs into the back of another, especially if it occurs where traffic is
light and vehicles are consequently well-spaced on the road. Under these
conditions, the driver’s ‘inattention’ must have been more than just
momentary.
A. Fill the blanks:

Recent research shows that a (Example) driving early in the morning is
more ______ be involved in an accident caused by _______ than a driver
driving during the middle of the morning or early evening. Police forces and
______ are trying to find ways to reduce the numbers of sleep-related
accidents. However, the government does not seem to be sufficiently worried
to invest in ______ and ______ the reliability of statistics. The statistics are
difficult to gather because motorway accidents are often ______ under
imprecise headings such as ‘inattention’, and investigators fail to ______ into
the reason for inattention – which may be sleepiness. Various ______ at the
20 Lesson 4
scene of an accident, for example lack of evidence of ______ or certain injury

patterns, reveal that sleep may have been the cause.

1. How many times are likely there sleep-related accidents during early
mornings?
2. Who is responsible for road safety in England?
3. Who collected the figures of accidents in 1970s?
1. “Inattention” means:
a. carefulness b. carelessness
c. refresh d. treat
2. “Slogan” means:
a. relax b. applicable
c. story d. motto
3. “Alarm” means:
a. repay b. aware
c. weaken d. relate
4. “Vague” means :
a. refuse b. dim
c. admire d. regard
5. “Reliable” means:
a. trustworthy b. abandon
c. leave d. fasten
6. “Dull” means:
a. dim b. dingy
c. din d. diminish
7. “Combine” means:
a. bless b. blind
c. blink d. blend
Dive in English 21
8. “Fail” means:
a. care b. caress
c. cargo d. car
9. “Fail” means:
a. unsteady b. unsuccessful
c. unstable d. unsound
10. “Launch” means:

a. begin b. beget
c. beg d. begrudge
Grammar
Verbs:
A. Verbs followed by infinitives
agree endeavor seem offer promise
arrange fail swear hope propose
consent learn undertake prefer wish
decide mean begin choose hate
deserve prove try forget fear
determine refuse continue desire love
He does not deserve to pass the course.
I agree to do that.
B. Verbs followed by gerunds
admit deny postpone mind
appreciate enjoy practice intend
avoid escape prevent regret
consider finish quit start
continue keep resist stop
delay miss understand remember
Ali had to postpone leaving the college.
He can’t resist buying every dress he sees.
22 Lesson 4
C. Verbs followed by finites

have hear would rather
help feel had better
let see observe
make watch smell
I would rather go by car.
Would you rather have tea?
I heard you sing at the concert.
Please let me study here.
1. Stop …….. .
a. to smoke b. smokes c. smoke d. smoking
2. He admitted …….. the money.

a. to steal b. steals c. stealing d. stole
3. Ali kept …….. me while I was speaking.

a. to interrupt b. interrupting c. interrupts d. interrupt
4. I enjoy …….. up early.

a. getting b. get c. got d. to get
5. They agreed ……. me some money.

a. lend b. lending c. lent d. to lend
6. I had better …….. now or I will be late.

a. to go b. going c. went d. go
7. How old were you when you learnt …….. ?

a. to drive b. drove c. driving d. drive
8. I had the barber ……… my hair.

a. to cut b. cutting c. cut d. cuts
9. Ali refused ……… me any money.

a. gave b. give c. to give d. giving
Dive in English 23
10. I watched the bird …….. its nest.

a. make b. made c. to make d. makes
11. I would rather …….. a bit later.

a. to eat b. eat c. ate d. eating
12. I will do shopping when I have finished …….. the flat.

a. cleaning b. clean c. to clean d. cleaned
13. It might rain. We had better …….. an umbrella.

a. to take b. took c. taking d. take
14. Did you feel the weather ……… .

a. to change b. changed c. changes d. change
15. As it was late, we decided …….. a taxi home.

a. take b. took c. taking d. to take
16. I hate …… money

a. borrow b. borrows c. borrowed d. borrowing
17. She prefers …….. together.

a. study b. studies c. studied d. studying
18. I began …… in the meeting.

a. to speak b. spoke c. speak d. speaks
19. She saw me ……. Out.

a. went b. goes c. to go d. go
20. She bids us ……. the house.

a. left b. leaves c. to leave d. leave
Botanists and biomedical scientists have been collecting evidence for decades
that tannins, compounds of plant origin that are found in tea and red wine,
can cause cancer of the esophagus, which is almost always fatal. In 1962,
they began to investigate a fivefold increase in the rate of cancer of the
esophagus among the Bantu of Africa from 1943 to 1953.
Soon after, they began to search for causes of the disease among the
inhabitants of Curacao and other Caribbean islands. Interviews with victims
and surviving relatives led them to suspect that something in the diet was
causing the cancer. Three of the dietary plants that they had collected
produced tumors in 100 percent of their experimental animals. The suspect
plants were all native teas with medicinal application. Although the plants
were not related botanically, the one thing they had in common was
condensed tannin.
Tannins, like caffeine and nicotine, serve plants as defenses against insects
and other predators. Tannins were found in the sorghum that serves both the
Bantu and the people of Curacao as a dietary staple. The botanists theorized
that a drought had been indirectly responsible for the cancer epidemic among
the Bantu, because it forced them to rely more on tannin-rich sorghum, which
is extremely drought resistant, after their other staple crops died out.
While studies have shown tannins produce liver cancer in lab animals,
human studies involving tannins so far have been only field observations,
under controlled conditions. Some scientists believe other factors, such as
smoking and drinking ethanol (beverage alcohol) also contribute to
esophageal cancer in humans.
Dive in English 25
1. According to the passage, where are tannins found?

a. in some plants like tea and sorghum
b. in animal tumors and liver cancers
c. in caffeine and nicotine
d. in human studies and field observations
2. According to the passage, in what way are tannins beneficial?

They …
a. give native teas medicinal applications.
b. serve as a dietary staple.
c. are very drought resistant.
d. protect plants against insects.
3. What do scientists think was the reason for the increase in

esophageal cancer among the Bantu?
a. They used too much caffeine and nicotine.
b. They drank too much tea and red wine.
c. Sorghum became a larger part of their diet.
d. They began smoking and drinking ethanol.
4. What did scientists observe about the native teas they collected in
the Caribbean?
a. They protected people from insects.
b. They caused tumors to grow in lab animals.
c. They were related botanically to sorghum.
d. They were also found among the Bantu.
5. When did the scientists begin to look for causes of esophageal cancer
in Curacao and the Caribbean?
a. shortly after 1962
b. shortly after 1953
c. between 1943 and 1953
d. between 1953 and 1962
B. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:

-1. There are so many evidences about reasons of cancer.
-2. Cancer of esophagus is not dangerous.
-3. Tannins is plants’ defense tool.
26 Lesson 5
-4. There are no other reasons for cancer but tannins.

-5. Scientists believe that something in diet can cause cancer.
1. “Fatal” means:
a. defend b. beg c. recommend d. mortal
2. “Investigate” means:
a. wonder b. proper c. explore d. benefit
3. “Drought” means:
a. empty b. dryness c. rock d. extreme
4. “Rely” means:
a. apply b. useful c. trust d. employ
5. “Survive” means:
a. support b. last c. noisy d. confuse
6. “Application” means:
a. requisite b. require c. reputed d. request
7. “Interview” means:
a. quail b. queue c. quaint d. questioning
Dive in English 27
Grammar
A. Simple Future Tense
B. Future Continous Tense
A. Simple Future Tense:

There is no future tense in modern English, but for convenience were often
use the term “future simple” to describe the form will/shall + bare infinitive:
I will fly tomorrow.
We shall write tonight.
1. Formerly will was kept for intention:
I will wait for you.
2. To express the speaker’s opinions about the future:
I am sure he will come back.
3. The future simple is used similarly for future habitual actions:
Spring will come again.
Birds will build nests.
4. Won’t can be used with all persons to express negative intention:
He won’t pay any money.
B. The Future Continuous Tense:

Like other continuous tenses it is normally used with a point in time and
expresses an action which starts before that time and probably continues after
it.
1. The future continuous used to express future without intention:
I will be helping him tomorrow.
2. This tense implies a deliberate future action:
I will be playing with him tomorrow.
3. This tense can be used to say that an action will be in continuous at a
particular moment in the future:
This time tomorrow I will be lying on a beach in Babolsar.
Don’t telephone after night, I will be having a dinner party.
28 Lesson 5
1. I ……... you next week.

a. see b. will see c. going to see d. seeing
2. We …….. them after dinner.

a. were helping b. helped c. will helping d. shall help
3. Our wedding party …….… tomorrow night.

a. being b. will being c. will be d. shall be
4. People ……… plans tonight.

a. shall make b. will making c. will make d. making
5. I will ……… 25 next week.

a. being b. been c. be d. was been
6. He …….. probably …….. late tomorrow night.

a. shall-been b. shall-be c. will-been d. will-be
7. I ……… this time tomorrow night.

a. shall work b. shall be working
c. shall working d. shall been worked
8. They will ……… his exam at this moment next week.

a. be take b. been take c. be taking d. been taking
9. They ……… French for one hour tonight.

a. shall been speaking b. will been spoken
c. shall be spoken d. will be speaking
10. Who……… piano for half an hour this evening?

a. shall-be playing b. will-be playing
c. shall-been played d. will-been played
11. We……… them until next month.

a. will visits b. shall visiting c. shall visit d. will visiting
12. I……… to the school at this time tomorrow.

a. shall going b. shall been going
c. will been going d. will be going
Dive in English 29
13. I……… my bike on Saturday.

a. shall has b. will has c. will have d. shall had
14. I……… examination at this moment next year.

a. shall taking b. will been taking
c. will be taking d. shall been taking
15. They……… English tomorrow night.

a. shall study b. shall studying c. will study d. will studying
High in the hills of the Dominican Republic, hundreds of narrow openings
tunnel into the world’s second richest source of amber. For scientists, the
ancient tree resin found in these tunnels brings a glimpse into the ancient life
in the West Indies through perfectly preserved prehistoric creatures. For
mine owners and miners it provides a steady source of income.
Gem-like in its rich shades of gold, orange, brown, and, rarely, blue, the
fossilized tree sap has been used as a decoration and good luck charm since
the Stone Age. The largest and most accessible source is the Baltic coast of
Northern Europe, where the resin is easily mined in shoreline deposits and
sometimes even washes up on beaches. Other deposits have been found in
Australia, China, and the Middle East. But it is in the dense subtropical hills
of the Dominican Republic that some of the most valuable amber samples,
those containing prehistoric insects are found.
Millions of years ago, trees from now-vanished forests produced a sticky
substance that slowly hardened into sparkling rocks. Often, the hardening
sap would drip onto an unlucky grasshopper or beetle, encasing it in a
premature tomb. Today a piece of amber with such contents is worth
thousands of dollars. However, not long ago, miners tossed out these pieces,
believing them to be flawed and worthless. The preservation of creatures in
amber is amazing. Scientists are able to cut the amber and expose the actual
structures of a prehistoric creature’s muscles, eyes, jaws, and nervous
systems.
Although amber supplies are declining in some areas of the world, it is
doubtful that the supplies will be depleted any time soon. New deposits are
always being discovered, guaranteeing a rich link to the past.
Dive in English 31
1. Where is amber found?

a. primarily in tropical regions.
b. in both tropical and moderate climates.
c. usually in hilly regions.
d. usually in forests.
2. According to the passage, amber has been used as a decoration

because…
a. it is extremely rare.
b. it contains prehistoric insects.
c. its color is similar to that of precious stones.
d. it is easy to form into various shapes.
3. Why did miners throw away pieces that contained beetles?

a. They thought they were unlucky.
b. They thought the exposed structures were harmful.
c. They were too hard to crack open.
d. They thought they were imperfect.
4. What is the easiest way to get amber?

a. mine it in tunnels
b. pick it up off a forest floor
c. pick it up along a shore
d. dig it out of insect nests
5. Why do some pieces of amber contain grasshoppers?

a. They were placed there to increase the value of the amber.
b. The grasshoppers lived in the tunnels where amber is found.
c. The grasshoppers liked to eat the sap.
d. The sticky resin trapped them.

1. Why are the ancient tree resin important for mine owners?
2. What are the uses of these colourful tree saps?
3. What is the difference between resin sap of Dominican and other
countries?
32 Lesson 6
1. “Link” means:
a. mourn b. relate
c. regret d. manner
2. “Narrow” means:
a. wide b. straitened
c. security d. corrupt
3. “Income” means:
a. error b. salary
c. crazy d. death
4. “Preservation” means:
a. arrival b. protection
c. signify d. hesitate
5. “Deplete” means:
a. increase b. promote
c. reduce d. break
6. “Rich” means:
a. afflict b. affinity
c. affirm d. affluent
7. “System” means:
a. ordeal b. order
c. orbital d. organization
8. “Value” means:
a. worship b. worth
c. wound d. worthless
9. “Premature” means:
a. undeserved b. undeveloped
c. underwater d. undervalue
10. “Sparkling” means:

a. flesh b. flashing
c. flex d. flattery
Dive in English 33
Grammar
A. Present Perfect Tense
B. Past Perfect Tense
C. Future Perfect Tense
A. Present Perfect Tense:

The present perfect is constructed with auxiliary verb have followed by the
past participle:
I have finished.
She has arrived.
1. This tense is used for actions and situations continuing up to present:
I have lived here since 1379.
We have known each other for a long time.
2. This tense is used for finished actions and events:
I can’t go on holiday because I have broken my leg.
I have been all over Kerman.
3. This tense used for past actions whose time is not definite:
I have read the books, but I don’t understand them.
Ali has had a bad car crash.
B. Past Perfect Tense:

This tense is formed with had and past participle:
I had worked there.
I had lost it.
1. This tense is the past equivalent of the present perfect:
When I arrived Ali had just left.
2. The past perfect is used after when when we wish to emphasize that first
action was completed before the second one started:
When he had shut the window, we opened the door of the cage.
3. This tense can be used with till-until-before to emphasize the comple-
tion:
He refused to go till he had seen all pictures.
4. Present perfect tenses in direct speech become past perfect tenses in
indirect speech provided the introductory verb is in the past tense:
He said, “I have been in Jieroft for five years.”
34 Lesson 6
He said that he had been in Jieroft for five years.
C. Future Perfect Tense:

Infinitive; it is used with a time expression beginning with by:
By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years.
1. It is used for an action which at a given future time will be in the past or
will just have finished.
Ali will have had his exam by 14 June.
2. It is used to say that something will have been completed by a certain time
in the future:
I will (shall) have been far from my home for several years next Sunday.
Choose the Best Answer:
1. I ……… all these by the end of today.

a. will has drink b. would drank
c. will have drunk d. would drinking
2. By the end of year I ……… $650.

a. shall save b. will have saved
c. have saved d. be saving
3. They say they ……… the stairs by Tuesday.

a. has finished b. will finish
c. be finishing d. will have finished
4. Ali ……… the breakfast by ten.

a. will have b. will have had
c. will has d. will has have
5. His mother ……… home by seven.

a. will has go b. will go
c. will have going d. will have gone
6. I …….. just …….. myself a glass of water when the phone rang.
a. have-pour b. had-poured
c. has-poured d. have-poured
Dive in English 35
7. She felt pretty upset because what I …….. .

a. had said b. have said
c. had say d. have say
8. When he ……… all my letters, I did some gardening.

a. has wrote b. had wrote
c. has written d. had written
9. I got a real shock when I ……… the box.

a. had opened b. have opened
c. opened d. will open
10. He wasn’t a stranger, I ……… him before.

a. meet b. met
c. have met d. had met
11. He …… just …… out.

a. has-go b. has-went
c. has-going d. has-gone
12. ……. you ……. my stamps?

a. Have-see b. Have-seeing
c. Have-saw d. Have-seen
13. We ……… 10 lessons so far.

a. has completed b. had completed
c. have completed d. had complete
14. Ali ……. recently …….. a letter to home.

a. have-write b. has-write
c. have written d. has written
15. She ……… since early this morning.

a. has waits b. had wait
c. has waited d. had waited
Fog occurs when moisture from the surface of the Earth evaporates; as this
evaporated moisture moves upward, it cools and condenses into the familiar
phenomenon of fog. Fog differs from clouds in that fog touches the surface
of the Earth, while clouds do not.
Of the two types of fog, advection fog occurs along the ocean coast or near
rivers and lakes. This type of fast-moving fog, which may cover vast areas,
occurs when the temperature of the wind blowing over a body of water
differs from the temperature of the body of water itself. This kind of fog can
occur when warm air moves over a cold surface of water; this commonly
occurs along the ocean coastline or along the shores of large lakes. Advection
fog can also occur when cooler air moves over the surface of warmer water;
this is very common in the winter in an area such as Florida, where the
temperature of the lakes is quite warm in relation to the temperature of the air.
Radiation fog, quite different from advection fog, is immobile, cloudlike
moisture generally found hovering over wintertime valleys. It occurs on clear
nights when the Earth’s warmth escapes into the upper atmosphere; the
ground gives off heat through radiation. As the land becomes cooler, the air
above it also becomes cooler. This cooler air is unable to hold as much water
vapor as it had when it was warmer; in this manner fog is created.
1. According to the passage, fog is formed when wetness in the air is

a. vaporized b. cooled
c. dampened d. heated
2. The word “familiar” in line 3 could best be replaced by

a. friendly b. confidential
c. common d. parental
Dive in English 37
3. According to the passage, advection fog is found

a. in valleys
b. in the ocean
c. near bodies of water
d. only in small, enclosed areas
4. The word “vast” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

a. immense b. flat
c. humid d. windy
5. In the passage, radiation fog is said to be

a. similar to advection fog
b. found in coastal areas
c. fast-moving
d. trapped moisture hanging over inland valleys
6. The word “immobile” in line 15 is closest in meaning to

a. unmotivated b. unsteady
c. variable d. unmoving
7. The pronoun “It” in line 16 refers to which of the following?

a. radiation fog b. advection fog
c. cloudlike moisture d. the Earth’s warmth
8. The word “manner” in last line could best be replaced by

a. politeness b. way
c. period of time d. example
9. According to the passage, which of the following statements about

fog is NOT true?
a. advection fog occurs when the cooled atmosphere meets with heat
from the Earth.
b. Advection fog generally moves quickly across vast areas of land.
c. Radiation fog often starts on clear nights.
d. Radiation fog is the type of fog that occurs in small valleys on clear
nights.
10. The author’s purpose in this passage is to

a. explain the different types of fogs.
b. describe where different types of fogs are found.
c. discuss advection fog.
d. give a scientific description of various types of precipitation.
38 Lesson 7

1. When does fog occur?
2. How does fog differ from clouds?
3. How is radiation of fog?
1. “Hold” means:
a. keep b. remote c. rigid d. release
2. “Escape” means:
a. flee b. damage c. approach d. stay
3. “Coast line” means:

a. shore b. adverse c. globe d. adventure
4. “Immobile” means:
a. bestow b. abuse c. fixed d. attraction
5. “Condense” means:
a. concrete b. compact c. combine d. console
6. “Quite” means:
a. noisy b. noiseless c. nominal d. nod
7. “Create” means:
a. bulb b. bug c. bulge d. build
8. “Evaporate” means:
a. deify b. dehydrate c. deity d. degrade
9. “Radiation” means:
a. bead b. beam c. bear d. beaker
10. “Temperature” means:

a. heat b. hear c. heart d. heap
Dive in English 39
Grammar
Nouns
A. Common Nouns: Woman-book-cat
B. Proper Nouns: Iran-Iraq-Ali
C. Abstract Nouns: Joy-fear-charity
D. Collective Nouns: Team-group-crowd
E. Masculine Nouns: Men-boys
F. Feminine Nouns: Women-girls
G. Neuter Nouns: Book-pen
A. Plural Forms:
1. the plural of a noun is usually made by adding s to the singular:
night → nights
house → houses
2. Nouns ending in o, ch, sh, ss, x form their plural by adding es:
brush → brushes
box → boxes
3. Nouns ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping
the y and adding ies:
baby → babies
fly → flies
lady → ladies
Nouns ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s:
boy → boys
day → days
guy → guys
4. Nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add ves:
calf → calves
wife → wives
wolf → wolves
loaf → loaves
leaf → leaves
40 Lesson 7
5. A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change:

foot → feet louse → lice
tooth → teeth man → men
woman → women mouse → mice
child → children ox → oxen
6. Names of some creatures do not change in plural:
fish sheep deer
pike salmon trout
7. Certain words are always plural:
Clothes police
Garments consisting of two parts:
pyjama trousers pants
Tools and instruments consisting of two parts:
glasses scissors binoculars scales
B. Uncountable nouns:
These nouns are always singular and are not used with a/ an
Bread Cream Gold Soap
Cloth Tea Oil Dust
Water Money Weather Help
Information Meat Coal Beauty
Democracy Oxygen Sugar Coffee
Jewelry Luck Light Blood
Steam Tennis Dew Smoke
Rain Fire Music Wind
C. Noun maker suffixes

-age = post = postage dote = dotage
-tion = explain = explanation describe = description
-sion = omit = omission
-ence = differ = difference recur = recurrence
-ist = geology = geologist piano = pianist
-or = visit = visitor sail = sailor act = actor
-ess = god = goddess lion = lines act = actress
-er = teach = teacher farm = farmer
-th = wide = width deep = depth
-ar = beg = beggar lie = liar
-hood = child = childhood
Dive in English 41
-ment = agree = agreement encourage = encouragement

-ment = agree = agreement encourage = encouragement
-ance = remember = remembrance
-ness = grateful = gratefulness kind = kindness
lovely = loveliness
-ette = kitchen = kitchenette
-ery = brave = bravery brew = brewery
milliner = millinery
-ee = employ = employee absent = absentee
-dom = king = kingdom official = officialdom
-y = arm = army deliver = delivery
-ure = press = pressure fail = failure
-al = deny = denial refuse = refusal
-ity = curious = curiosity tranquil = tranquility
-ism = human = humanism imperial = imperialism
Choose the best answer:
1. Ali is ……… .
a. teacher b. teachers
c. a teacher d. some teachers
2. Do you like some …….. ?

a. bread b. a bread c. breads d. -
3. Would you like an ………. ?

a. apple b. cars c. book d. eggs
4. He drank some ……….. .

a. water b. orange c. banana d. tomatoes
5. I am going to buy some ……… .

a. sheeps b. house c. fish d. brush
6. She drank some ……… .

a. toast b. coffees c. milks d. tea
7. We are having terrible ………. .

a. healthes b. weathers c. hairs d. weather
8. We need some ……… .

a. box b. pen c. house d. information
42 Lesson 7
9. He has beautiful ……… .

a. golds b. hair c. bloods d. soaps
10. I had to buy some ……… .

a. bread b. book c. pen d. pencil
11. I will meet some ……… .

a. man b. lady c. woman d. children
12. There are some ……… here.

a. flies b. furnitures c. boy d. traffics
13. Ali gave me some good ……… .

a. advice b. excitements c. advices d. bloods
14. These …….. are very hot.

a. day b. dies c. days d. dayes
15. Those ……… are very polite.

a. lad b. lady c. ladys d. ladies
Although Edgar Allan Poe is recognized as the originator of the mystery story
genre and as a master of the short story, literary critics and the general public
have debated the extent of both his genius and his madness since his death in
1849. Poe rose from destitute beginnings as an orphan to a childhood of
relative comfort when a wealthy businessman took him in. As a young man,
however, he descended through poverty and mental illness to an early death
at the age of forty. In his short career, he produced dozens of poems, stories,
and critical essays that reflect his brilliant creative intellect.
At twenty, Poe moved to Baltimore to live with his impoverished aunt and
her daughter, where he eventually married his fourteen-year-old cousin,
Virginia. Poe was obviously devoted to his young wife, and idealized images
of her cohich appear in many of his female characters. It is difficult to
suppose, however, that they had a close relationship, since she was many
years younger than he was and chronically ill with tuberculosis. Although
Poe wrote for various newspapers and magazines during this time, making
great strides in literary criticism and developing his short-story style, he
achieved no monetary success.
His sensitive personality and a hereditary tendency to neurosis contributed
to a tragic mental decline; however, this only seems to have reinforced the
brilliant imagery and fascinating morbidity that he achieved in his tales.
Many critics speculate that Poe also suffered from alcoholism and opium
addiction. The fantastical quality of his work earned him a devoted
posthumous following in France, but he was generally disparaged by his
American contemporaries.
44 Lesson 8
1. According to the passage, some of the women in Poe’s works were

inspired by his …
a. daughter b. mother
c. cousin d. aunt
2. What does the author claim strengthened the imagery of Poe’s

tales?
a. his mental deterioration.
b. his interest in literary criticism.
c. his alcoholism and opium addiction.
d. his posthumous following in France.
3. According to the author, critics disagree about …

a. Poe’s relationship with his wife.
b. the degree of Poe’s talent.
c. whether Poe was better as a critic than as a poet.
d. the meaning of the fantastic images in Poe’s works.
4. When Poe wrote for magazines, he …

a. became ill with tuberculosis.
b. became popular in France.
c. was financially successful.
d. improved his writing technique.
5. Just after Poe’s death, his reputation as a writer was better …

a. in France than in the U.S.
b. in the U.S. than in France.
c. than it is now.
d. amongst critics than the general public.

1. What is E.A. Poe?
2. What did he produce?
3. What was his illness?
Dive in English 45
1. “Contemporaries” means:
a. irregular b. destructive c. determinate d. co-existing
2. “Recognize” means:
a. conclude b. uncrown c. decide d. known
3. “Destitute” means:
a. lose b. slight c. delay d. poor
4. “Image” means:
a. waste b. neglect c. sorrow d. picture
5. “Tendency” means:
a. accelerate b. dismiss c. happiness d. charm
6. “Master” means:
a. expose b. expert c. express d. explode
7. “Rose” means:
a. great b. grew c. greet d. grey
8. “Intellect” means:
a. clergy b. cleverness c. cleave d. clench
9. “Morbidity” means:
a. unpalatable b. unpleasant c. unpopular d. unplanned
10. “Speculate” means:

a. conserve b. consider c. consign d. consist
46 Lesson 8
Grammar
Articles: A. a/an
B. the
A. a/an:
1. a: before a word beginning with consonant
a book a university
a hat a boy
2. an: before words beginning with a vowel (a-o-u-i-e) or words beginning
with a mute h:
an apple an hour
an onion an uncle
an umbrella an orange
3. a/an: before a singular noun which is countable:
a flat a student
an ice cream an actor
4. a/an: with a noun complement:
It was an earthquake
5. a/an: in certain expressions of quantity:
a lot of a great deal a couple a dozen
B. The:
“The” is the same for singular and plural and for all genders:
the boy the nights
the girl the cars
the day the books
1. Before the object that is unique:
the earth the sky
the sea the stars
2. Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned
a second time:
His bike struck a door; there is the mark on the door.
Dive in English 47
3. Before superlative and ordinal numbers:

the best book
the first class
the most important point
the second person
4. Before certain proper names of seas, rivers, mountains, deserts:
The Alborzes
The Netherlands
The Atlantic
The Karoun
The Halil
The Jabalbrezes
5. Before names consisting of noun + of + noun:
The United States of America
The Gulf of Mexico
6. Before adjectives east /west /north /south + noun:
The North Pole
The East Indies
7. Before plural surnames:
The Alavies The Smiths
C. Omission of “the”:
1. Before abstract noun:
Men fear death.
2. After a noun in the possessive case:
The boy’s uncle.
3. Before names of meals:
The wedding dinner was held in his house.
4. Before names of games:
He plays football.
5. Before home, when it is used alone:
He is at home
Choose the best answer:
1. Ali bought …… pen and …… book.

a. a, an b. a, a c. -, an d. a, -
48 Lesson 8
2. She is …… nurse.
a. the b. an c. a d. -
3. He saw …… new umbrella.

4. He bought …… umbrella.
5. He studies in …… university.
6. We stayed in …… hotel. Sometimes we had dinner at …… hotel.

a. a-a b. a-the c. the-an d. an-the
7. There was …… man talking to …… woman outside my house.

a. a-a b. a-an c. the-the d. a-the
8. We looked up at all …… stars in …… sky.

a. a-a b. a-an c. the-the d. a-the
9. What time is …… lunch?

a. a b. an c. the d. -
10. …… Karoun is …… largest river in …… Iran.

a. a, a, a b. the, the, - c. the, the, the d. a, the, an
11. …… Persia is now called …… Iran.

a. the – the b. a – a c. the – a d. - - -
12. Her mother was born in …… Netherlands.

a. a b. the c. an d. -
13. …… Himalayas have been referred to as “…… roof of …… world”.

a. the – a – the b. the – the – the
c. the – the – a d. - - - - -
14. She can never do anything right …… first time.

15. They moved to ……. very quiet neighborhood.

The idea of transmitting information through light waves is far from new.
But only recently have scientists learned how to manipulate waves of light to
carry tremendous amounts of information at incredible speeds.
An optical fiber system consists of three basic parts: transmitting
equipment that transforms electric signals into light pulses, the optical fiber
itself, and receiving gear that acts as a light detector. The fiber is an incredibly
thin strand of pure glass usually made of silicon or other materials such as
germanium. The glass strand has two parts: a light-transmitting core and a
special glass coating that keeps the light from straying. The fiber, of which
there are several types suited for different kinds of tasks, is merely the
medium through which the light flows. An average cable, about the thickness
of a finger, might consist of about 75 fibers.
The light impulses are generated either by laser or light-emitting diode
(LED) equipment. If the signals have to travel far, they may be boosted at
certain points, just as electronic signals are. Lasers are better for long
distances because their signals travel far without the need for boosting, but
LEDs are more reliable and less expensive.
Much research is focused on creating better and less expensive light
sources. In that context, probably the prices of lasers and LEDs are going to
decline at a fast rate. With prices falling as the technological gains increase,
many experts agree that it’s only a matter of time before much of the nation’s
copper cable is replaced by fiber optics.

1. What is an important advantage of the optical fiber?
a. It transmits a great deal of information very quickly.
b. It can travel through light waves.
50 Lesson 9
c. Signals travelling through it don’t need to be boosted.

d. It is cheaper than lasers or LEDs.
2. What is the core’s function?

a. to boost signals b. to transform signals
c. to create signals d. to transmit signals
3. What is the function of the coating?

a. to keep the silicon pure
b. to detect light
c. to keep the impulses from escaping
d. to hold bundles of fibers together
4. Lasers are better than LEDs when ………

a. reliability is important.
b. signals must travel a long way.
c. costs must be kept low.
d. copper cable is not available.
5. The author of the passage predicts that in the future ………

a. impulses will be able to travel at a faster rate.
b. copper cable will replace fiber optics.
c. the system will become affordable and widely used.
d. the use of lasers and LEDs will decline.

1. How many parts are in an optical fiber system?
2. How light impulses are generated?
3. When did scientists learn how to manipulate waves of light for
carrying information?
1. “Manipulate” means:
a. many b. crush c. bravery d. handle
2. “Incredible” means:
a. unbelief b. advance c. grow d. blend
Dive in English 51
3. “Equipment” means:
a. tool b. balance c. honest d. furnish
4. “Core” means:
a. fat b. centre c. string d. body
5. “Rate” means:
a. approve b. raw c. degree d. row
6. “Special” means:
a. add b. attractive c. exclusive d. common
7. “Consist” means:
a. civilize b. teach c. country d. include
8. “Tremendous” means:
a. hole b. hold c. huge d. humble
Grammar
Adverbs:
A. Adverbs of manner
B. Adverbs of place
C. Adverbs of time
D. Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs:
An adverb tells us more about a verb. An adverb tells us in what way someone
does something or in what way something happens:
Ali drove carefully along the narrow road.
Speak quietly, please.
Many adverbs of manner and some adverbs of degree are formed by adding
ly to the corresponding adjectives:
slow → slowly
immediate → immediately
52 Lesson 9
A. Adverbs of manner:
1. They come after the verb:
She played well.
Or after the object when there is one:
They speak English well.
2. When we have verb + preposition + object, adverb can be either before
the preposition or after the object:
He looked at me suspiciously.
He looked suspiciously at me.
B. Adverbs of place:
Somewhere, here, everywhere, there, upstairs, …
1. If there is no object, usually placed after the verb:
He lives here.
They went away.
2. Adverbs of place come before adverbs of time:
He comes to class in the mornings.
He practices in class everyday.
C. Adverbs of time:
1. These are usually placed at the very beginning or at the end of the clause,
i.e. in front position or end position:
He came finally.
Finally he came.
Write today.
I will wait till tomorrow.
2. Before, early, immediately and late come at the end of the clause:
He came late.
I will go immediately.
3. Adverbs of time come after adverbs of place:
He came to class at 2 o’clock everyday last week.
The teacher has breakfast at home everyday.
Dive in English 53
D. Adverbs of frequency:
Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, ever,
rarely, never, once, twice, continually
1. After the simple tense of to be:
He is always in time for meals.
2. Before the simple tenses of all other verbs:
They sometimes stay up all night.
3. With compound tenses, they are placed after the first auxiliary:
He can never understand.
You have often been told not to do that.
Have you ever ridden a camel?
Never is chiefly used with an affirmative verb:
I have never had a better flight.
He never saw her again.
Ever means “at any time” and is chiefly used in the interrogative:
Has he ever marched in a demonstration?
Choose the answer:
1. He learns languages …….. .

a. quick b. good c. quickly d. perfect
2. I was disappointed that I did so ……. in the exam.

a. worse b. worst c. bad d. badly
3. I’m …….. sorry. I didn’t mean to push you.

a. well b. terrible c. terribly d. better
4. We received them …….. .

a. cold b. colder c. coldest d. coldly
5. She welcomed us …….. .

a. probably b. friendly c. hotly d. warmly
6. She …….. picked up all the bits of broken glass.

a. well b. carefully c. somehow d. badly
7. Can you see my key ……..?

a. down b. anywhere c. often d. everywhere
54 Lesson 9
8. We went …….. .
a. then-home b. home-then c. then-there d. home-there
9. He ……... remembers.
a. ever b. always c. in time d. doesn’t never
10. Ali is ……… .

a. there ever b. here now c. ever now d. now there
11. We ……. have lunch …….. ……... .

a. usually-at home-at noon b. always-at noon-at home
c. home-usually-at noon d. there-always-at noon
12. We …….. study in the …….. .

a. never-library b. here-always c. there-often d. ever-library
13. He …….. helps me …….. …….. .

a. seldom-at home-every week b. always-every day-here
c. often-here-there d. sometimes-now-at home
14. Does Ali …….. play piano …….. ……..?

a. never-here-at home b. sometimes-on Fridays-at home
c. ever-there-on Fridays d. rarely-now-here
15. I …….. walked out of …….. ……... .

a. angrily-the room-yesterday b. yesterday-the room-angrily
c. yesterday-angrily-the room d. angrily-yesterday-the room
16. The ship will arrive …….. , …….. .

a. here – there b. tomorrow – here
c. tomorrow – tonight d. here – tomorrow
17. He …….. speaks …….. , …….. .

a. in the class – never – slowly b. in the class – slowly – never
c. slowly – never – in the class d. never – slowly – in the class
18. He ……. comes …….. , ……. .

a. usually – here – every night b. here – every night – usually
c. every night – usually – here d. here – usually – every night
19. He went …… , ……. , ……. .

a. there – last night – carefully b. there – carefully – last night
c. carefully – there – last night d. last night – carefully – there
Dive in English 55
20. We came ……. , ……. , …… .

a. home – slowly – yesterday b. slowly – home – yesterday
c. home – yesterday – slowly d. slowly – yes
People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and
what cannot be eaten. If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you
would consider octopus a great delicacy. You would not be able to understand
why some people find it repulsive. On the other hand, your stomach would
turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat the normally accepted practice
in many northern countries. The sad truth is that most of us have been brought
up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.
No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden
snail. Cooked in oil, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world.
There are countless people, who ever since their early years, have learned to
associate snails with food. My friend, Robert, lives in a country where snails
are despised. As his flat is in a large town, he has no garden of his own. For
years he has been asking me to collect snails from my garden and take them
to him. The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a heavy
shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number
of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants. Acting on a sudden
impulse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to
Robert. Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little
gift. I left the bag in the hall and Robert and I went into the living-room where
we talked for a couple of hours. I had forgotten all about the snails when
Robert suddenly said that I must stay to dinner. Snails, would, of course, be
the main dish. I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out
of the room. To our dismay, we saw that there were snails every where: they
had escaped from the paper bag and had taken complete possession of the
hall! I have never been able to look at a snail since then.
Dive in English 57
A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:

-1. Everybody loves the common garden snail.
-2. Snails are a luxury in some parts of the world.
-3. In the dinner party snails were the main dish.
-4. The snails had escaped from paper bag in the garden.
-5. After the shower he found so many snails in his house.

1. Where did the writer put his paper bag?
2. In Robert’s village, how did they consider snails?
3. Did Robert’s flat have any garden?
4. What Robert has been asking from the writer for years?
1. “Luxury” means:
a. easy b. plain
c. richness d. ugly
2. “Frying” means:
a. drying b. cooking
c. boiling d. steaming
3. “Appealed” means:
a. approve b. annul
c. integrate d. appetite
4. “Stick” means:
a. attack b. stingy
c. steady d. attach
5. “Truth” means:
a. fire b. tyranny
c. typical d. fact
58 Lesson 10
6. “Delicacy” means:
a. delay b. elegance
c. elect d. delight
Grammar
A. Quantitative adjectives
B. Order of adjectives of quality
A. Quantitative adjectives:
1. Some/ any: are determiners. They are used with uncountable and plural
nouns:
I need some medicine.
Would you like some more water?
Some is generally used in affirmative sentences; any is used in questions and
negatives:
I want some books
Have you any pens?
I have not got any money.
2. few, a few: They are used with plural (countable) nouns. Few has rather
negative meanings. It suggests “not as many as one would like”. A few is
more positive:
There are a few eggs in the fridge.
His theory is difficult; few people understand it.
3. little, a little: little has negative meaning, but a little has positive
meaning. Both of them are used with uncountable (singular) nouns:
I have little money.
I have got a little milk, it will be enough for breakfast.
I speak a little Spanish.
4. Many, Much: are used often in questions and negative sentences. In
affirmative sentences they are not so common. Many is for countable
(plural) nouns but Much is for uncountable (singular) nouns:
How much milk have you got?
How many students are in the class?
Do you know many people?
He has not got many friends.
He drank much coffee.
Dive in English 59
5. A lot of, a lot: they are used in affirmative sentences with either countable
(plural) or uncountable (singular) nouns:
She talks a lot.
A lot of my friends are thinking emigrating.
B. Order of Adjectives:
Several variations are possible but a fairly usual order is as the following:
1. Quality words, general descriptions: good, bad, …
2. Size, height, length: big, tall, short, long, …
3. Age, temperature: old, new, hot, cold, …
4. Shape: round, square
5. Colour: green, yellow, black, …
6. Participle: neglected, coloured, watched, …
7. Origin, Location: Iranian, American, English, …
8. Religion: Islamic
9. Material: stone, brick, plastic
The first two good big old round yellow neglected Iranian
A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
bricky houses
8
A. Determiners (articles)
B. Ordinal numbers
C. Cardinal numbers
1. …….. of people at the party were friendly.

a. little b. much c. any d. some
2. Have ……. more to eat.

a. many b. few c. a few d. some
60 Lesson 10
3. We didn’t spend ……. money.

a. many b. much c. few d. some
4. Hurry up, we have got ……. time.

a. many b. few c. a few d. any
5. I last saw Ali …….. days ago.

a. a few b. a little c. little d. much
6. The village was very small. There were only ……. houses.
a. a few b. a little c. little d. much
7. He doesn’t speak much English. Only ……. words.

a. much b. any c. a little d. a few
8. She drinks …….. milk in the morning.

a. few b. many c. much d. a few
9. Did he make …….. mistakes?

a. a little b. much c. little d. many
10. Ali doesn’t drink …….. of milk in the morning.

a. a few b. few c. many d. a lot
11. It rained …….. during the night.

a. a few b. few c. many d. a little
12. ……. towns have such splendid trees.

a. any b. much c. little d. few
13. There are two ….…, ……., ……. cars there.

a. small-big-black b. big-old-black
c. old-small-big d. black-big-old
14. We have bought a/an ……., ……., ……. bucket.

a. red-new-old b. old-black-plastic
c. plastic-good-new d. new-good-red
15. The first two ……., ……., ……., ……. books are mine.
a. big-Persian-bad-new b. old-French-good-small
c. blue-small-good-English d. good-small-black-Persian
Dive in English 61
16. She is a ……. , …….. , ……. , ……… woman.

a. cheerful – efficient – overweight – young
b. young – overweight – efficient – cheerful
c. efficient – young – overweight – cheerful
d. overweight – cheerful – young – overweight
17. He is a ……. , …….. , …….., ……. man.

a. good – tall – old – white b. tall – old – white – good
c. old – good – tall – white d. white – good – old – tall
18. It is a …….. , ……. , ……. ,……. , …….. dish.

a. old – Iranian – iron – black – beautiful
b. iron – black – old – Iranian – beautiful
c. Iranian – beautiful – old – black – iron
d. beautiful – old – black – Iranian – iron
19. He is a very ……. , ……. , ……. man.

a. helpful – old – patient b. old – helpful – patient
c. helpful – patient – old d. patient – old – helpful
20. It is my …… , ……. , …… cutlery.

a. German – steel – polished b. steel – German – polished
c. polished – German – steel d. steel – German - polished
There are many causes of headaches, and most people suffer them at some
time or other. Although doctors have come a long way from the old days,
when headaches were ascribed to evil spirits and treatments ranged from
cutting out part of the skull to concoctions of cow brain and goat dung, they
are still not sure what sets off headaches.
The most significant advance has been the acceptance that they are not the
result of emotional stress. Until recently, many doctors thought that
imbalances in the body’s systems were to blame, but experts now believe it
is the brain itself. They point to malfunctioning chemicals, such as serotonin,
whose job it is to send messages to regulate the contraction and dilation of
blood vessels in the brain.
Monosodium glutamate, a flavor enhancer used in Chinese cooking, can cause
headaches in some people, as do many other common foods. Red wine, aged
cheese, coffee, chocolate, nuts, and preserved meats contain nitrates,
caffeine, and tyramine, chemicals that may produce pounding headaches.
Even though the exact culprit has yet to be found, there are plenty of
treatments for prevention or cure. Over-the-counter preparations such as
aspirin are fine for treating the occasional headache, but often exacerbate
severe cases. Beta blockers, usually used for lowering blood pressure, seem
to head off migraines. Antidepressants are effective, too. But doctors also
recommend non-drug treatments such as relaxation techniques, which can be
used in combination with medication and diet modification, to cut out foods
that cause attacks.
Dive in English 63
1. According to the passage, many years ago, one way doctors tried to
cure headaches was by …
a. praying to spirits.
b. sacrificing cows and goats.
c. operating on the patient’s head.
d. writing prescriptions.
2. It is no longer believed that headaches are caused by …

a. emotional stress.
b. malfunctioning of chemicals in the brain.
c. certain kinds of foods.
d. contraction and dilation of blood vessels.
3. According to the passage, doctors now believe that headaches are

related to …
a. imbalance in the body’s systems.
b. chemicals in the brain.
c. emotional stress.
d. high blood pressure.
4. According to the passage, beta blockers can be used to …

a. treat migraines. b. cause migraines.
c. contract blood vessels. d. treat depression.
5. According to the passage, severe headaches cannot be successfully

treated by …
a. beta blockers. b. aspirin
c. relaxation techniques. d. serotonin.

1. Which was one of the old ways of the headache treatments?
2. What was the most significant advance in its treatment?
3. What is the one of the best recommended ways for its treatment?
64 Lesson 11
1. “Cut out” means:

a. utilize b. start c. investigate d. stop
2. “Cause” means:
a. origin b. uncommon c. proverb d. injury
3. “Significant” means:
a. sky b. shut c. vital d. confuse
4. “Imbalance” means:
a. rareness b. unusual c. whole d. inequality
5. “Combination” means:
a. agreeable b. mixture d. enjoy d. observation
6. “Message” means:
a. nothing b. notify c. notice d. notion
7. “Modification” means:
a. chance b. chaos c. change d. chant
8. “Acceptance” means:
a. agony b. agile c. agreement d. agitate
9. “Relaxation” means:
a. earnest b. earn c. ease d. earth
10. “Preserved” means:

a. key b. keen c. kernel d. keep
Grammar
A. Comparative adjectives
B. Superlative adjectives
1. One-syllable adjectives form their comparative and superlative by er and
est to the positive form:
bright → brighter → brightest
Dive in English 65
2. Adjectives of two and three syllables form their comparative and

superlative by putting more, and most before positive:
interested → more interested → most interested
frightening → more frightening → most frightening
3. Those ending in ful or re usually take more and most:
doubtful → more doubtful → most doubtful
obscure → more obscure → most obscure
4. Those two syllables adjectives that ending in er, y, or ly usually add er,
est:
clever → cleverer → cleverest
pretty → prettier → prettiest
silly → sillier → silliest
5. Irregular adjectives:
bad worse worst
far farther farthest
far further furthest
good better best
little less least
many/much more most
old elder eldest
old older oldest
6. With comparatives we use than:
He makes fewer mistakes than you.
He is stronger than I expected.
It was more expensive than I thought.
7. Comparison of three or more people/things is expressed by the super-
lative with the … in:
This is the oldest theatre in Tehran.
It was the most worrying day he had ever spent.
He is the kindest man I have ever met.
1. ……... supplies will soon be available.

a. farther b. further c. farer d. far
2. He is …….. than me.

a. old b. oldest c. older d. elder
66 Lesson 11
3. He is the …….. .
a. old b. elder c. oldest d. more older
4. We will probably drive …….. than you do.

a. fast b. faster c. the fast d. fastest
5. You are the …….. person I have ever met.

a. annoying b. more annoying
c. most annoying d. much annoying
6. She is the …….. of her sisters.

a. nice b. nicer c. most nice d. nicest
7. Your accent is …….. than me.

a. more bad b. bad c. worst d. worse
8. That was the ……… meal I have had for a long time.
a. delicious b. more delicious
c. most delicious d. much delicious
9. The book you lent me was the ……… .

a. interesting b. much interesting
c. more interesting d. most interesting
10. Yesterday was …….. day of the year.

a. the hottest b. hotter than c. more hot d. most hot
11. It is one of …….. meals I have ever had.

a. the best b. well c. worse than d. bad
12. Her illness was ……… we at first thought.

a. serious b. the most serious
c. more serious than d. much serious
13. Ali has …….. money.

a. the most b. most c. least d. many
14. Ali works …….. me.

a. hard b. harder c. hardest d. harder than
15. Ali is …….. you.

a. less carefully b. less careful than
c. least careful d. the least careful
Dive in English 67
16. The fan is …… the one we had before.

a. the noisy b. the noisier c. the noisiest d. noisy
17. She earns much …….. money than her husband does.
a. little b. the least c. less d. least
18. It is …… to give than to receive.

a. good b. the best c. best d. better
19. He is by far ……. student in my class.

a. bad b. worst c. worse d. the worst
20. Some people are ……. than others.

a. reliable b. more reliable c. the reliablest d. reliabler
Kidnappers are rarely interested in animals, but they recently took
considerable interest in Mrs Eleanor Ramsay’s cat. Mrs Eleanor Ramsay, a
very wealthy old lady, has shared a flat with her cat, Rastus, for a great many
years. Rastus leads an orderly life. He usually takes a short walk in the
evenings and is always home by seven o’clock. One evening, however, he
failed to arrive. Mrs Ramsay got very worried. She looked everywhere for
him but could not find him.
Three days after Rastus’ disappearance, Mrs Ramsay received an
anonymous letter. The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would
be returned immediately if Mrs Ramsay paid a ransom of £1000. Mrs
Ramsay was instructed to place the money in a cardboard box and to leave
it outside her door. At first, she decided to go to the police, but fearing that
she would never see Rastus again-the letter had made that quite clear-she
changed her mind. She drew £1000 from her bank and followed the
kidnapper’s instructions. The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs
Ramsay was sure that the kidnapper would keep his word. Sure enough,
Rastus arrived punctually at seven o’clock that evening. He looked very well,
though he was rather thirsty, for he drank half a bottle of milk. The police
were astounded when Mrs Ramsay told them what she had done. She
explained that Rastus was very dear to her. Considering the amount she paid,
he was dear in more ways than one!
A. Answer the questions:

1. When did Mrs Ramsay receive an anonymous letter?
2. Where did she have to put the money?
3. How much did she draw from the bank?
Dive in English 69
4. Did she act on the kidnapper’s instructions or not?

5. When did Rastus return to Mrs Ramsay?

-1. Kidnappers are always interested in expensive pets.
-2. Mrs. Eleanor’s dog was very beautiful.
-3. She was very rich.
-4. She received a letter from a friend.
-5. The kidnapper took money and released the pet.
1. “Worry” means:
a. explain b. conclude c. fear d. beautify
2. “Instruction” means:
a. grace b. information c. avoid d. decay
3. “Punctual” means:
a. absolute b. firm c. false d. exact
4. “Share” means:
a. argue b. discuss c. divide d. deal
5. “Decide” means:
a. determine b. claim c. calm d. dear
6. “Considerable” means:
a. goat b. great c. guy d. giant
17. “Disappearance” means:

a. lose b. loose c. loaf d. lucid
70 Lesson 12
Grammar
Conjunctions: Either, Neither, So, Too.
1. We use neither and either when we are talking about two things:
Neither restaurant is expensive.
I didn’t like either restaurant.
Neither of us is married.
2. Neither and so can be used to introduce sentences in which we say that
people are the same as others that have just been mentioned. Inversion is
used:
My mother is ill this week, so is my sister.
I can’t speak French, neither can he.
3. Affirmative additions to affirmative remarks can be made by subject +
auxiliary + too or by so + auxiliary + subject, in that order. If repeated in
the addition:
Ali would enjoy a game and I would too.
Ali would enjoy a game and so would I.
4. Negative additions to negative remarks are made with neither + auxiliary
+ subject:
Ali hasn’t any spare time, neither have I.
I didn’t get much sleep last night, neither did he.
5. The additions can also be made with subject + negative auxiliary + either:
He didn’t like the book, I didn’t either.
They don’t mind the noise, we don’t either.
6. We use too and either at the end of sentence; and too is used after positive
verb and either is used after a negative verb:
I am happy, she is too.
She is not happy, I am not either.
1. I am tired, …….. is she.

a. so b. either c. neither d. too
2. We went to cinema last night, they did …….. .

3. I never eat meat, …….. did she.

Dive in English 71
4. I haven’t got a key, …….. have they.

5. I can’t cook, he can’t ……... .

6. I didn’t buy a newspaper, she didn’t …….. .

7. I went to bed late last night, he did …….. .

8. I know him very well, …….. does she.

9. I will be late tonight, …….. will they.

10. I want to go home now, …….. do they.

11. We don’t eat out, ……. do they.

a. either b. too c. so d. neither
12. I wash the dishes, they do …… .

13. She went to school, I did …… .

14. I did not like the lunch, She didn’t ……. .

15. I can have a porter carry my bag, …… can she.

Geologically, marble is simply limestone that has been recrystallized by heat
or pressure. Its different colors derive mostly from intermixture with other
minerals. Since Michelangelo’s day, no marble has been more highly prized
than the statuario of Carrara, Italy. It may or may not be the purest white
marble in the world, but the respect in which Carrara statuario outdoes any
other marble is its consistency-a scarcity of off-color veins, and a uniformity
of grain and crystals.
Within the past decade, however, after intensive quarrying over a span of
more than 2000 years, the known deposits of statuario at Carrara have all but
played out. Nowadays, a block of statuario is fought over by sculptors from
many countries.
Nevertheless, Carrara’s workmen continue to extract marble-less
esteemed than statuario but still of high quality-for the architectural market.
The quarries still bustle as they have since ancient times; only the techniques
have changed. In the days of the Romans, the blocks were separated from
their beds by means of wooden wedges that, soaked with water, expanded and
cracked the rock. From the 12th century through the 19th, the work was still
done mostly by hand, with metal wedges and hammers. Explosives were tried
from the 18th century on, but they tended to shatter and ruin the rock.
By 1895 a helicoidal wire had been invented for cutting the stone. As a
coolant and abrasive, a slurry or quartz sand and water was fed into cracks
where the wire was cutting; workers grew so skilled at the technique they
could gauge the proper slurry mixture by sound alone. To minimize
breakdown, continuous wire loops as much as a mile in length were strung
across the countryside. Only in the late 1970s did efficient diamond-studded
saws come into use.
Dive in English 73
1. What makes statuario so valued by sculptors?

a. It is unusually uniform in color and grain.
b. It has a variety of colorful veins.
c. It is recrystallized limestone.
d. It is the kind of marble Michelangelo preferred.
2. How is marble formed?

a. Limestone is mixed with other minerals.
b. Geological forces recrystallize limestone.
c. Veins, grains, and crystals are combined.
d. A slurry is mixed with heated limestone.
3. In Roman times, …
a. wooden wedges split the rock.
b. stone blocks were soaked in water.
c. beds expanded the rock.
d. beds separated the wedges.
4. One change that occurred in quarrying techniques in the 12th

century was that …
a. wooden wedges no longer were soaked with water.
b. a sand and water slurry was introduced.
c. wire cutting techniques were introduced.
d. metal wedges replaced wooden ones.
5. What was one purpose of the slurry?

a. to mix the sand and water.
b. to cut the wire in the cracks.
c. to wear down the stone.
d. to reduce the damage from explosives.

1. How is marble recrystallized?
2. Br 1895, what had been invented for cutting the stone?
3. What have been done for minimizing breakdown?
74 Lesson 13
1. “Pure” means:
a. energy b. king c. active d. perfect
2. “Extract” means:
a. capable b. wealth c. draw d. strength
3. “Ancient” means:
a. competeness b. support c. influence d. antique
4. “Minimize” means:
a. express b. position c. lessen d. increase
5. “Explosive” means:
a. possess b. constructable c. occupy d. blastable
6. “Deposit” means:
a. accurate b. accustomed c. accuse d. accumulation
7. “Separate” means:
a. detain b. detail c. detective d. detached
8. “Invent” means:
a. crease b. credit c. creamy d. create
9. “Slurry” means:
a. made b. mad c. maid d. mud
10. “Continuous” means:

a. endorse b. endeavor c. endure d. endless
Grammar
A. So
B. Such
C. Enough
D. Too
Dive in English 75
1. So is used without a noun and such with an adjective with a noun. So

can be used with an adverb:
He is so intelligent.
It was such a stupid story.
He speaks so quickly.
2. So and such make the meaning of the adjective stronger:
It is a lovely day. It is so warm.
We enjoyed our holiday. We had such a good time.
I was so tired that I went to bed at seven o’clock.
It was such lovely weather that we spent the whole day in the garden.
3. Enough can be used after adjectives and adverbs:
You won’t pass examination if you don’t work hard enough.
He can’t get married yet. He is not old enough.
4. Enough can be used before nouns:
I’d like to go on holiday but I haven’t got enough money.
Some of us had to sit on the floor because there weren’t enough chairs
5. Too is used before adjective:
Let’s get a taxi. It’s too far to walk.
6. After enough and too, for someone/something can be used:
He wasn’t experienced enough for the job.
7. Enough is used before a pronoun:
We didn’t buy enough of them.
8. Enough can be used as the complement of the verb be, when the subject
is a pronoun:
There is enough milk.
9. Too can be followed by an infinitive structure:
He is too old to work.
It is too late for the shops to be open.
1. I can’t drink this coffee. It is …….. hot.

a. such b. too c. enough d. so
2. It was …….. good book that I couldn’t put it down.

76 Lesson 13
3. Hurry up! Don’t walk …….. slowly.

4. I worked …….. hard, I made myself ill.

5. I never read …….. nice book.

6. Do you think I have got enough qualifications …….. for the job?
a. apply b. applying c. to apply d. applied
7. Try this jacket on and see if it is too big …….. you.

a. to b. for c. from d. at
8. I can’t wear this coat in winter. It is not warm …….. .

9. Nobody can move the piano. It was …….. heavy.

10. I like them. They are …….. nice people.

11. Ali is ……. Lazy that he can’t leave house on time.

12. I had ……… much work that I came home late.

13. She is ……. an old lady that she can’t walk fast.
14. The tea is ……. hot for her to drink.

15. The tea is cold …… to drink .

A little more than a hundred years ago, a number of European scholars began
to record stories being told in peasant cottages and compile them into the first
great collections of European folk tales. Written evidence exists to prove that
the folk tales they recorded existed long before then, though. Collections of
sermons from the 12th to the 15th century show that medieval preachers
knew of some of the same stories as those recorded by the 19th century
folklorists.
The collections of folk tales made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
provide a rare opportunity to make contact with the illiterate masses who
have disappeared into the past without leaving a trace. To reject folk tales as
historical evidence because they cannot be dated and situated with precision
like other historical documents is to turn one’s back on one of the few points
of entry into the previous centuries. But to attempt to penetrate that world is
to face a daunting set of obstacles, the greatest of which is the impossibility
of listening in on the story tellers. No matter how accurate they may be, the
versions of the tales recorded in writing cannot convey the effects that the
storytellers must have used to bring the stories to life: the dramatic pauses, the
sly glances, the use of gestures to set scenes, and the use of sounds to
punctuate actions. All of those devices shaped the meaning of the tales, and
all of them elude the historian. He cannot be sure that the limp and lifeless text
he holds between the covers of a book provides an accurate account of the
performance that took place in earlier times.
78 Lesson 14
1. The author believes that written versions of folk tales…

a. changed dramatically from the 19th to the 20th century.
b. are valid historical documents.
c. show how illiterate the masses were before the 19th century.
d. should be rejected as historical evidence.
2. What problem of folk tale collections does the author discuss?

a. There is no way to tell which version of a story is the original version.
b. They contain historical inaccuracies.
c. They are used as historical evidence.
d. They don’t preserve the original performance style of the storytellers.
3. The author’s main purpose in this passage is to …

a. criticize historians who use folk tales as historical documents.
b. argue that folk tales are authentic historical documents.
c. convince readers that modern versions of folk tales are probably not
the same as the originals.
d. explain why historians must study the illiterate masses of the past.
4. According to the passage, peasant folklore was recorded by …

a. 19th century folklorists.
b. 19th century preachers.
c. historians in the 12th to 15th centuries.
d. 19th century peasants.
5. The author talks about “limp and lifeless” texts because …

a. the original texts have been damaged.
b. the texts do not reveal how the storytellers presented their folk tales.
c. some of the texts are no longer relevant to historians.
d. the texts provide an accurate account of life in earlier times.

1. What do collections of sermons show?
2. How can versions of tales have more effect?
3. What was the rare opportunity that collections of folk tales made?
Dive in English 79
1. “Penetrate” means:
a. confuse b. puzzle c. enter d. worry
2. “Gesture” means:
a. false b. endure c. everlasting d. signal
3. “Obstacle” means:
a. barrier b. lawful c. leave d. liberty
4. “Peasant” means:
a. tolerance b. rustic c. citizen d. president
5. “Performance” means:
a. accomplish b. constant c. individual d. perfume
6. “Illiterate” means:
a. unworthy b. uneducated c. unfamiliarity d. unreadable
7. “Convey” means:
a. crooked b. cover c. council d. carry
A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of
gravity. Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star
can be distinguished, they generally appear as one star. The gravitational
pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around
the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, the mass of its stars can be
determined: the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass,
and the strength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines
the orbital pattern of the binary.
Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space.
It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a
binary star. The empty space is known as a “black hole”, a star with such
strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Although the
existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has
been around for about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierre
Simon de Laplace first proposed the concept at the end of the eighteenth
century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the last few
decades. However, currently the theory is unproven, black holes can only be
potentially identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as
happens when a potential black hole is part of a binary star; they of course
cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the star’s
powerful gravity.

1. A binary star could best be described as
a. stars that have been forced apart
b. a star with a strong gravitational force
c. two stars pulled together by gravity
d. a large number of attached stars
Dive in English 81
2. The word “distinguished” in line 3 is closest in meaning to …….. .

a. renowned b. tied c. celebrated d. differentiated
3. According to the passage, what happens as a result of the gravita-

tional force between the stars?
a. One star circles the other.
b. The mass of the binary star increases.
c. A black hole is destroyed.
d. The gravitational force decreases.
4. The word “proportion” in line 7 is closest in meaning to which of

the following?
a. Contrast b. Ratio c. Inversion d. Force
5. According to the passage, what is a “black hole”?

a. An empty space around which nothing orbits
b. A star with close to zero gravity
c. A star whose gravitational force blocks the passage of light
d. An empty space so far away that no light can reach it
6. Which of the following statements about black holes is NOT sup-

ported by the passage?
a. A black hole can have a star orbiting around it.
b. A binary star can be composed of a black hole and a visible star.
c. All empty space contains black holes.
d. The gravitational pull of a black hole is strong.
7. The word “get” in line 12 could best be replaced by

a. pass b. sink c. jump d. see
8. Which of the following is implied in the passage about the theory of

black holes?
a. No reputable scientists believe it.
b. It has only recently been hypothesized.
c. At least some scientists find it credible.
d. Scientists are hoping to see a black hole in order to prove the theory.
9. The word “intense” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

a. brilliant b. intermittent c. bright d. strong
10. This passage would probably be assigned reading in a course on

a. botany b. astrophysics c. geology d. astrology
82 Lesson 15

-1. A binary star is a star that is held by the force of gravity.
-2. The mass of stars can be determined by orbital patterns.
-3. There are some stars that orbit around an empty space.
-4. Pierre Simon is a European scientist.
-5. Any light can escape the black hole.
1. “Suppose” means:
a. prosperity b. pain c. permit d. propose
2. “Interest” means:
a. aim b. alert c. attract d. aggravate
3. “Empty” means:
a. hollow b. hurry c. help d. heaven
4. “Existence” means:
a. base b. bar c. banish d. being
5. “Distinguish” means:
a. differentiate b. deform c. disorder d. distance
6. “Decades” means:
a. twenty years b. ten years c. thirty years d. forty years
7. “Suggest” means:
a. offer b. deny c. reply d. delay
500 Samples
of
Grammar Tests
1. They ... usually ... at the weekends in this office.
a) don’t/works b) don’t/work
c) doesn’t/work d) doesn’t/works
2. The cleaning woman ... here in the mornings.

a) come b) comes c) is coming d) coming
3. It ... very hot last summer.

a) is b) had c) was d) have
4. No, there ... many people in the club.

a) wasn’t b) weren’t c) were no d) was no
5. Your father's car is parked just ... the corner.

a) by b) into c) in d) on
6. Look, I think there is something ... the water.

a) in b) on c) at d) into
7. We ... to have any coffee today.

a) aren’t going b) are going c) don’t go d) go not
8. What did he say? ... to rain tonight?

a) Is it going b) Does it c) Is it d) Going
9. Do you see that girl on the right? That is ...

a) Amanda’s sister b) sister’s Amanda
c) the Amanda’s sister d) the sister’s Amanda
10. Those four boys over there, are...

a) the Brown’s boys b) the boys’ Brown
c) the Browns’ boys d) the boys’ Browns
11. Susan and Carol are going to the cinema with ... friends.
a) her b) its c) their d) hers
12. Look at that! ... has done it?

a) When b) What c) Who d) Why
84 500 Samples of Grammar Tests
13. ... Mary ... tennis on Saturdays?

a) Does/plays b) Does/play c) Do/play d) Do/play
14. My father ... drink wine with his meals.

a) does b) doesn’t c) do d) don’t
15. He ... a drink with his friends every evening.

a) has b) have c) is having d) takes
16. Little Jimmy always ... football on Sunday mornings.

a) going to play b) is playing c) plays d) play
17. ... there any wine in the glass?

a) Had b) Have c) Was d) Were
18. “What ... there in the garage?” “There were many things.”
a) was b) were c) is d) are
19. ... you in the U.S.A. in 1990?

a) Was b) Had c) Are d) Were
20. Where ... your little daughter yesterday?

a) are b) was c) were d) is
21. It’s ... 8.30. It’s too late to go out.

a) for b) during c) since d) already
22. It’s only 9.30. Are you in bed ...?

a) still b) already c) since d) yet
23. Alison, you’d like to go on this trip, ... you?

a) didn’t b) wouldn’t c) would d) won’t
24. My grandmother died at the ... 89.

a) years of b) years c) age d) age of
25. Christine, ... the children come here, will you?

a) you let b) let you c)let d)tell
26. Marian, ... a look at those sweaters!

a) have you b) let you have c) you have d) have
Dive in English 85
27. Their house is ... from the main road.

a) the farther b) farther than c) the farthest d) farthest
28. Our football team is ... yours.

a) the better b) better than c) best than d) the best
29. My sister... out to the cinema with Henry.

a) has taken b) was taken c) is taken d) is going
30. That wall clock ... in 1880.

a) will be made b) is made c) was made d) made
31. He... understand the problem if you explained it to him.

a) will b) shall c) should d) would
32. What... happen if we didn’t go to work?

a) will b) must c) may d) would
33. They have to leave early! At what time do they ... leave?
a) have b) have to c) must d) must to
34. The local Council ... do something about those houses!

a) must b) had c) have d) had
35. This pullover is too big. I want a ... one.

a) most small b) more small c) smaller d) smallest
36. All these children are nice, but ours are ...
a) nicer than b) nicest c) the nicest d) the nicer
37. By the end of the year I will ... twenty books.

a) have written b) be write c) had written d) writing
38. We ... by nine o’clock tomorrow night.

a) will have finished b) will finished
c) finish d) end
39. He was a total stranger to us. We... him before.

a) had never seen b) have never seen
c) had never saw d) have never saw
40. The supermarket was open. They ... earlier than usual.
a) had open b) had opened c) was open d) open
41. Look at those men! Yes, they are ... we saw earlier.
a) the ones whom b) the ones who
c) whom d) whose
42. Is that book ... you wanted to buy?

a) the one that b) the one who c) that who d) what
43. ... money is this, boys? It’s mine.

a) What b)Who c) Whose d) Whom
44. Look at those boys, Mary. ... one is your brother?

a) What b)Who c)That d) Which
45. Where is Brent? He ... to the bank.

a) is going b) has gone c) is gone d) has going
46. How long ... waiting for Robert?

a) has she been b) she has been
c) she is been d) she was
47. ... to escape from the fire?

a) Was he able b) Could he c) He was able d) He could
48. I ... feel something unusual when I got there.

a) will be able b) can c) was able d) could
49. She ... the kitchen when I went to see your sister.
a) was painting b) was to paint c) painting d) painted
50. We were going to play cards when you ... us.

a) phone b) was phoning c) is phoning d) phoned
51. It ... very often in winter in this country.

a) is snowing b) is going to snow
c) snows d) snow
52. Where's the champagne, Dad? We ... the bottle now.

a) are to open b) are going to open
c) opened d) open
53. There is ... milk in the jug that it’s going to overflow.
a) so many b) so c) so much d) as
Dive in English 87
54. I didn’t know your flat was ... big!

a) so much b) so many c) so d) as
55. Children, ... with that ball in the corridor.

a) you don’t play b) don’t play
c) play not d) play no
56. Elizabeth, ... down next to me.

a) you sit b) sit you c) sit d) sits
57. Come on boys, let’s ... some work!

a) make b) do c) made d) did
58. Why don’t you ... an effort and get up?

a) do b) make c) made d) did
59. I think he ... be the best in his class this year.

a) shall b) will c) shan’t d) doesn’t
60. All these people went ... train.

a) on b) on the c) by d) in the
61. After ... a match of tennis, we went for a walk. 11.

a) to play b) play c) played d) playing
62. 3.45 is ...

a) a quarter to four b) a quarter to three
c) forty five to four d) forty five past three
63. Which one is the correct sentence?

a) Played the children? b) Did the children play?
c) Did the children played? d) Did play the children?
64. Did the old man ... down the stairs?

a) falling b) to fall c)fell d)fall
65. She arrived ... the office very late.

a) at b) in c) on d) to
66. They have just arrived ... London this morning.

a) on b) in c) at d) to
67. “Where’s the lamp?” “It’s ... the corner of the room”.
a) on b) in c) at d) to
68. There was an old woman ... the gate.

a) in b) at c) on d) into
69. He ... to telephone us today. He'll phone tomorrow.

a) isn’t going b) isn’t go c) does not d) isn’t
70. When ... to play football? 20.

a) they are going b) are they going
c) do they go d) they go
71. This is the ..., isn't it?

a) boys’ the ball b) boys’ ball
c) balls’ boys d) ball’s boys
72. Those two bicycles are ... bicycles.

a) the girls’ b) the girls’s c) girls’ the d) girls’
73. There are ... students in this school.

a) many b) much c) a lot d) lots
74. Those are the children and that is ... school.

a) his b) their c) its d) it’s
75. Johnny, ... you ... TV every day?

a) does/watches b) does/watch
c) do/watches d) do/watch
76. What ... you do on Sunday mornings?

a) does b) do c) doesn’t d) don’t
77. Our children often ... with their dog in the park.
a) playing b) plays c) are playing d) play
78. We never ... wine for dinner.

a) are going to drink b) are drinking
c) drinks d) drink
79. Were there many glasses on the table? No, there ... any.
a) hadn’t b) weren’t c) wasn’t d) was no
Dive in English 89
80. We haven’t seen the new film ...

a) still b) already c) for d) yet
81. It’s 10.30 in the morning and Jimmy is ... in bed.

a) still b) already c) since d) yet
82. You don’t like carrots, ... you?

a) do b) did c) like d) are
83. You’ll come to the party tonight, ... ?

a) won’t you b) you will c) don’t you d) will you
84. ... be sensible about this business.

a) Let we be b) Let’s c) We let be d) Let we
85. Robert, ... the children to stop doing that.

a) let b) tell c) say d) let’s
86. I think that his book was ... of all.

a) the best b) the better c) better than d) best than
87. Your homework is ..., Johnson.

a) the most bad b) worse than c) baddest d) the worst
88. The picture on TV is ... by millions of children.

a) gone to be seen b) gone to be seeing
c) going to be seeing d) going to be seen
89. “Stevenson scored a goal.” “Yes, a goal ... by Stevenson”.

a) is scored b) will be scored c) was scored d) scored
90. My sister ... be mad if I lost her books.

a) would b) should c) would to d) must
91. If I were you, I... go running today. It’s pouring down.

a) won’t b) wouldn’t c) didn’t d) couldn’t
92. When you come to Spain again you ... come to see us.
a) must b) must to c) must that d) must what
93. Come on, lads. We ... win this match!

a) must to b) must that c) have d) must
94. What a pity she lives so far. I wish she lived ...
a) nearest b) nearer c) more near d) most near
95. My bicycle is very nice, but that one is ...

a) the nicest b) more nice c) nicer d) more nicer
96. By the time Dr. Watson comes, I will ... all the medicines.
a) have took b) have taken c) be taken d) be took
97. By the time they get to the cinema, the film will
a) have already started b) already started
c) be start d) be started
98. They haven’t come to the party. They ... gone somewhere else.
a) have b) had c) has d) are
99. I didn’t recognize Marian. She ... so much!

a) have changed b) had changed
c) have change d) had change
100. This cruise is ... I wanted to go on.

a) the one who b) the one that
c) that which d) what
101. This pudding is very good! Yes, it is a ...

a) pudding of rice b) rice pudding
c) rice pie d) cake rice
102. Your wife doesn’t agree with ... you said.

a) what b) whose c) which d) who
103. Dr. Reed’s lecture, ... we enjoyed so much, ended at nine.

a) which b) who c) whose d) whom
104. They usually ... to the disco on Saturdays.

a) are going b) going c) gone d) go
105. Your brother ... that he’s going to sell his computer.
a) tell b) say c) told d) said
106. There were ... people in that room!

a) so much b) so many c) so d) as
Dive in English 91
107. We ... fish for ages.

a) haven’t eaten b) didn’t eat
c) didn’t ate d) don’t eat
108. We ... a holiday for twenty years. Next year we’ll take one.
a) haven’t taken b) have taken
c) hadn’t taken d) hadn’t
109. I’m afraid I ... go to the cinema this evening.

a) won’t be able b) can
c) can’t d) could
110. If you give me some money I ... to go shopping.

a) can b) could c) will be able d) will can
111. She was cleaning her teeth when the phone ...
a) was going to ring b) was ringing
c) rang d) ring
112. They ... football when it started to rain.

a) were playing b) are playing
c) played d) play
113. That boy always ... trouble in his class.

a) is making b) is going to make
c) makes d) make
114. Betty, ... all the beer!

a) drink not b) don’t drink c) drink no d) no drink
115. “Is it going to rain?” “I ...”

a) don’t think so b) don’t think
c) think not d) think no
116. My sister has been ... the shopping this morning.

a) do b) doing c) making d) made
117. Mrs Robinson ... me a favour last week.

a) do b) made c) make d) did
118. Do you think that you ... finish your exam in time?
a) will b) shall c) would d) should
119. We’ll probably go to Bristo l... train.

a) on b) in c) in the d) by
120. He finished ... his book last June.

a) writing b) to write c) to writing d) write
121. 11.45 is ...

a) a quarter to eleven b) a quarter to twelve
c) forty five to twelve d) forty five past eleven
122. My poor child, where ...?

a) fell you b) did fall you c) you fell d) did you fall
123. What did you ... last night?

a) do b) did c) to do d) doing
124. Is John there? No, he hasn’t arrived ... home yet.

a) - b) in c) on d) at
125. The liner arrived ... New York ten hours late.
a) to b) in c) on d) at
126. Does your sister take sugar ... her tea?

a) in b) on c) at d) into
127. The Browns ... to eat fish today.

a) aren’t going b) are going not c) don’t go d) not go
128. ... fish tonight, Mum?

a) Are we going to have b) We are going
c) Do we are going to have d) Are we go to have
129. Is that ...?

a) Richard’s computer b) computer’s Richard
c) the Richard’s computer d) the computer’s Richard
130. There are ... people here this morning.

a) lot of b) lots of c) much d) a lot
131. Our cousin Henry has ... friends in town.

a) much b) a lot c) any d) many
Dive in English 93
... your sister ... on Saturdays?

a) Does/cooks b) Do/cook c) Does/cook d) Do/cooks
132. Your sister, Jennifer, ... do anything on Sundays.

a) does b) doesn’t c) don’t d) -
133. Your parents are ... on holiday, aren’t they?

a) still b) yet c) for d) since
134. They haven’t had anything to eat ... weeks.

a) during b) for c) since d) already
135. She hasn’t gone to the banks yet, ... she?

a) are b) hasn’t c) has d) does
136. Susie can help us, ... she?

a) can b) can’t c) won’t d) doesn’t
137. You must ... your mother know about that.

a) let b)tell c) you let d) say
138. O.K., boys. ... do something more exciting today!

a) Let you b) Let’s c) Let we d) We let
139. That woman isn’t... she looks.

a) as young so b) so young so c) as young as d) so young
140. Lionel’s exam was ... mine.

a) worse than b) the worst c) worst than d) badly
141. That old man ... the pint of beer in one go.
a) is going to be drunk b) will drink
c) will by drunk by d) is drunk by
142. This work ... by my father next month.

a) is done b) did c) will be done d) was done
143. What ... you do if someone punched you on the nose?

a) will b) would c) should d) shall
144. This old wooden house ... burn easily if there was a fire.
a) shall b) would c) did d) must
145. Boys, you ... shout like that!

a) mustn’t what b) mustn’t to
c) mustn’t that d) mustn’t
146. Why do you ... go to school on Saturday?

a) has to b) must c) have to d) have
147. There was a big crowd. It was ... than ever.

a) crowdest b) more crowded
c) most crowded d) crowder
148. My detergent washes much ... than that.

a) more white b) more whiter c) most white d) whiter
149. I don't think Mummy will ... lunch by now.

a) have cooked b) has cooked c) has cook d) have cook
150. By eight-thirty they will ... dinner.

a) have finished b) be finished
c) had finished d) finished
151. When we went to see the Johnsons, they ... dinner.

a) had already finished b) had already finish
c) have already finished d) already had finished
152. There was a blue van near the gate and a car ... nearby.
a) had stop b) had stopped c) has stopped d) has stop
153. Efficient policemen are ... catch criminals.

a) the ones whom b) those whom
c) those who d) what
154. Those hooligans are ... came last night.

a) the ones whom b) those that
c) the ones who d) whose
155. Did you go to the bank? ... did you speak to?
a) What b) Whose c) Which d) Whom
156. If Mr. Johnson wasn’t there, ... ?

a) at whom did you see b) whom saw you
c) who see you d) whom did you see
Dive in English 95
157. Have you all ... your breakfast?

a) have b) had c) having d) has
158. What ... doing all these months?

a) have been you b) did you do
c) have you been d) you been
159. I ... feel any pain after the massage last night.
a) I am not able b) couldn’t
c) wasn’t able d) can
160. ... your sister cook before she took these cooking lessons?
a) Can b) Could c) Will can d) Were able
161. We ... dinner when the Robinsons arrived.

a) had b) were having c) are having d) have
162. I was ... the news on TV when the baby began to scream.
a) watching b) watched c) going to look d) to watch
163. Our children always ... carols on Christmas eve.

a) are going to sing b) are singing
c) sing d) singing
164. My friends ... football every Saturday afternoon.

a) are going to play b) play
c) are playing d) playing
165. Why don’t you ... us a story tonight, Dad?

166. Jimmy, what did your maths teacher ... you?

167. Betsy, ... this tin of asparagus for me, will you?
a) you open b) not open c) open d) open you
168. Please, Anthony, ... smoking, will you!

a) you stop b) stop you c) stop d) stop of
169. This man is a cabinetmaker. He ... his own furniture.

a) makes b) does c) is doing d) make
170. When are you going to ... that journey?

a) do b) make c) made d) doing
171. Most likely they ... come tonight.

a) shan’t b) won’t c) don’t d) aren’t
172. I’m afraid they... arrive in time for the meeting

a) won’t b) will c) don’t d) wouldn’t
173. I won’t be able to do it without ... a reference book.

a) to use b) using c) use d) to using
174. I don’t think he has any intention of ... it to us.

a) to give b) give c) to giving d) giving
175. What ... last night, Christopher?

a) you did b) did you do c) did do you d) did you
176. Did your friend ... the tennis match?

a) lost b) to lose c) losing d) lose
177. I’m afraid the plane is going to arrive ... Madrid very late.
a) to b) in c) on d) at
178. Has Angela ... for that new job.

a) applied b) applyied c) applyed d) aplied
179. We have to turn right ... the next traffic lights.

a) in b) on c) at d) by
180. This is a factory ... tools.

a) for to make b) for making
c) to make d) for make
181. There’s a dirty spot ... the ceiling.

a) on b) in c) at d) into
182. What ... to do next Saturday night?

a) is she go b) is she going
c) does she go d) goes she
183. What ... going to do this afternoon?

a) they are b) are they c) do they are d) they
Dive in English 97
184. ... are white.

a) The dog’s legs b) Dog’s the legs
c) The legs’ dog d) Legs’ the dog
185 “Is that your ... school?” “No, it isn’t”.

a) children’s b) childrens’s c) childrens’ d) children
186. How often ... you ... to London on business?

a) do/goes b) does/go c) does/goes d) do/go
187. Your father ... work very much, does he?

a) doesn’t b) does c) do d) don’t
188. I never ... wine with my meals.

a) drink b) don’t drink c) am drinking d) drinks
189. My father ... us pocket money every Saturday.

a) is giving b) gives c) never gives d) give
190. There ... many wooden houses last century.

a) was b) were c) have been d) had
191. That place is not very safe ... the night.

a) still b) yet c) for d) during
192. I haven’t seen your sister Barbara ... ages.

a) during b) since c) for d) ago
193. They won’t play yet, ... they?

a) won’t b) will c) would d) do
194. You go to the Costa Brava every year, ... you?

a) don’t b) won’t c) go d) aren’t
195. Please, Deborah, ... on the radio yet.

a) you don’t turn b) don’t turn
c) not turn d) turn
196. Your boyfriend is waiting for you. I don’t care, ... wait.
a) let he b) you let him c) you let he d) let him
197. My work is much ... than yours.

a) worst b) baddest c) badder d) worse
198. I don’t think this winter is ... last winter.

a) as cold as b) as cold c) so cold d) colder
199. The firemen said that the fire ... a cigarette end.
a) was caused by b) was caused for
c) is caused d) caused
200. This book was ... my great-grandfather.

a) written to b) written by c) write by d) wrote by
201. If Andrew asked you to marry him, what ... you say?
a) would b) should c)will d) shall
202. If a hooligan entered the shop with a knife, what... you do?
a) will b) would c) did d) should
203. Young Albert wasn't feeling well. He ... leave early.

a) has to b) had to c) must d) must to
204. We will ... start early tomorrow morning.

a) have to b) must c) must to d) have
205. This car is expensive, but that one is the ... of all.
a) expensivest b) expensiver
c) more expensive d) most expensive
206. That girl is pretty. She is ... than her friends.

a) more prettier b) more pretty
c) prettiest d) prettier
207. By the end of the course we will ... a lot of things.

a) had learnt b) have learnt c) have learn d) had learn
208. We’ll be back by eight. They ... by then.

a) will have finished b) have will finished
c) will had finish d) will be finished
209. When we arrived at the theatre the play ...

a) had already begun b) has already begun
c) already had begun d) had already began
210. The Bristol train is ... goes so fast.

a) that which b) the one that c) the one who d) what
Dive in English 99
211. I prefer small cars, especially ... don’t go too fast.

a) the ones whom b) those who
c) those which d) whose
212. ... is this book? It’s Christine’s.

a) What b) Whose c) Which d)Whom
213. I ... old Mr. Brook for ages. He must be ill.

a) haven’t see b) haven’t seen c) didn’t see d) don’t see
214. I ... to the cinema for years.

a) haven’t be b) haven’t been c) didn’t be d) don’t be
215. The driver ... remember much about the accident.

a) can’t b) wasn’t able c) could d) can
216. Constable Peters ran after the thief but he ... to catch him.
a) wasn’t able b) was able
c) could d) couldn’t
217. The car broke down when I was ... at a hundred miles an hour.
a) driving b) going c) doing d) making
218. When the accident happened he ... too fast.

a) was making b) was driving c) was doing d) drove
219. I never ... letters. I hate writing.

a) am writing b) am going to write
c) writing d) write
220. Don’t disturb your father, he ... an interesting book.

a) is reading b) is to read c) reads d) read
221. What is that old woman ...?

a) tell b) saying c) say d) telling
222. Don’t ... your parents anything yet.

223. “Is it raining?” “Yes, Mum. ...”

a) I am afraid that yes b) I am afraid so
c) I fear that yes d) I am fear so
224. Those boys are ... too much noise.

a) doing b) making c) make d) done
225. You have to ... this exercise at home.

a) do b) make c) did d) have
226. ... we ... basketball, boys?

a) Shall/played b) Will/played c) Shall/play d) Will/play
227. Do you think that ... win the football pools next week?
a) you will b) will you c) you would d) would you
228. We aren’t interested in ... that old piece of furniture.

a) to buy b) buy c) to buying d) buying
229. She loves ... a good horse early in the morning.

a) riding b) rides c) ride d) to riding
230. Well, George, ... the film?

a) liked you b) did you like c) did you liked d) did like you
231. When did the cat ... the milk?

a) drink b) drank c) drunk d) has drunk
232. She ... half his birthday cake, and now she’s sick.
a) eat b) ate c) eaten d) eating
233. We haven’t ... that old trick yet.

a) tryed b) tryied c) tryd d) tried
234. |Where is the article?” “It’s ... the front page”.

a) at b) into c) in d) on
235. Look, Mum, there is someone swimming ... the river.

a) at b) on c) in d) into
236. Darling, ... to make some coffee?

a) are you going b) you are going
c) do you go d) you are
237. How ... going to make that journey? By train?

a) do you b) you are c) are you d) you
Dive in English 101
238. Which is the proper way to say this?

a) The legs of the chair b) The chair's legs
c) The legs' chair d) Legs' the chair
239. “... do you listen to the radio?” “Usually in the mornings”.

a) Why b) When c) Where d) How
240. ... your brother Christian ... chess?

a) Does/play b) Does/plays c) Do/plays d) Do/play
241. ... Mr. Bronson ... on Saturdays?

a) Does/work b) Do/work c) Does/works d) Do/works
242. The Robinsons always ... to Switzerland to ski.

a) are going b) goes c) go d) gone
243. Children always ... a lot of things when they play.

a) are breaking b) breaks
c) break d) broken
244. Phillip, haven’t you got up ...?

a) still b) since c) for d) yet
245. I haven’t seen my husband ... two months.

a) for b) during c) since d) ago
246. Martha’s in the U.S.A., ... she?

a) doesn’t b) isn’t c) aren’t d) hasn’t
247. She doesn’t speak English, ... she?

a) doesn’t b) will c) does d) did
248. Olivia is still sleeping. Well, ... sleep.

a) you let her b) let her c) let you d) let she
249. All right, boys. ... forget what he told us today.

a) Don’t let us b) Let’s not
c) Let’s no d) Don’t we
250. I think little Jenny ... today. She can go to school.

a) seem better b) looks better c) seems best d) looks best
251. The man I saw was not ... that one.

a) as tall so b) so tall so c) so tall as d) so tall
252. The boy scouts ... the missing girl.

a) was found by b) was found by
c) found d) founded
253. This translation will ... at home by all the class.

a) be doing b) have done c) do d) be done
254. If we invited him, we ... have to invite his wife too.

a) should b) will c) shall d) would
255. ... you like to buy that new car for Christmas?
a) Would b) Shall c) Should d)Will
256. Daddy may ... go on business to New York next week.

a) has to b) have to c) must d) must to
257. The goods ... be in Birmingham by the end of the month.

a) has to b) must c) will must d) must to
258. The problem wasn't difficult. It was the ... in the exam.
a) most easy b) more easy c) easiest d) easier
259. Little Jimmy is very clever. He’s ... than his friends.
a) intelligenter b) more intelligent
c) most intelligent d) intelligentest
260. By the time you finish reading that article I'll ... the tea.
a) have made b) had made c) had make d) have make
261. Next month we ... married for 25 years.

a) will have be b) will have been
c) will be d) have been
262. She was nervous because she ... before.

a) has never worked b) has never work
c) had never worked d) had never work
263. The large mansion was very quiet. Everyone ... to bed.
a) has gone b) is going c) had gone d) was going
Dive in English 103
264. That mountain is ... on which we live.

a) the one b) that c) what d) whose
265. “That’s a cheap table!” “Yes, it is a ...”.

a) table of plastic b) plastical table
c) table plastic d) plastic table
266. That is the house ... roof was blown off by the wind.
a) what b) whose c) which d) whom
267. You have cuts and bruises all over your body.... last night?
a) What does happen b) What happened
c) What did you happen d) What did happened
268. How many times ... to South America?

a) have you been b) you have been
c) have you gone d) you have gone
269. Who ... told you all that, Jimmy?

a) have b) had c) has d) is
270. I don’t know if they ... to arrive in time for the meeting.
a) will be able b) can’t c) couldn’t d) don’t can
271. I looked for my books everywhere, but I ... find them.

a) didn’t can b) didn’t could c) couldn’t d) wasn’t able
272. Hilda ... a nice dress at the party last night.

a) wear b) wore c) worn d) is to wear
273. When the phone ... I was having a shower.

a) rings b) was ringing c) is ringing d) rang
274. Mr. Thompson ... some letters this afternoon.

a) is going to dictate b) dictates
c) is to dictating d) dictate
275. Who ... the coffee in this place? It’s terrible!

a) makes b) is making c) does d) is doing
276. I’ll ... the children when I see them.

a) tell b)told c) say d) said
277. I’m afraid that is what he ...

278. All right, children, ... with me!

a) you come b) come you c) comes d) come
279. The baby is asleep, so ... a noise.

a) doesn’t make b) don’t make
c) doesn’t do d) don’t do
280. These two boys haven’t ... their homework.

a) done b) made c) doing d) making
281. Diana didn’t ... her homework properly.

a) do b) make c) did d) made
282. When ... you repair your typewriter? It doesn’t work.

a) shall b) do c) will d) won’t
283. Will they go ... train? No, they’ll go ... foot.

a) by/by b) by/on c) on/by d) on/on
284. 10.20 is ...

a) twenty past ten b) ten past twenty
c) twenty to ten d) ten to twenty
285. That’s the advantage of ... a rich father.

a) to have b) having c) to having d) have
286. What about the new secretary? ... very hard?

a) Worked she b) Did she work
c) Did work she d) Works she
287. What ... last Saturday night?

a) you did b) did you did c) did you d) did you do
288. I ... that man by the river last night.

a) saw b) see c) seen d) have seen
289. The boss had already arrived ... the office.

a) in b) at c) on d) to
Dive in English 105
290. Where does Sandra live? She lives ... Scotland.

a) at b) on c) over d) in
291. There was an old man ... the window.

a) at b) on c) in d) over
292. They ... to watch that programme on TV.

a) go b) are going c) went d) don't go
293. When ... the Carters going to go on holiday?

a) do b) are c) does d) are they
294. Which is the correct sentence?

a) The kitchen’s door is open b) The door of the kitchen is open
c) The door’s kitchen is open d) Door’s the kitchen is open
295. We don’t usually say, “the car of my father”, but ...

a) my car’s father b) my father’s car
c) cars my father d) the car’s my father
296. We don’t eat ... fish in this house.

a) many b) a lot c) much d) some
297. There were ... people at the concert last night.

a) a lot of b) a lot c) much d) lots
298. Our children ... tea for breakfast.

a) don’t drinks b) don’t drink
c) doesn’t drink d) doesn't drinks
299. Timothy never ... with his little sister.

a) play b) is playing c) plays d) playing
300. I only ... beer when the weathers hot.

a) drink b) drinks c) am drinking d) drinking
301. What! Are you ... doing your homework?

a) still b) yet c) for d) since
302. I haven’t seen my girlfriend ... October.

a) during b) since c) for d) still
303. There were a lot of people, ... there?

a) were b) weren’t c) aren’t d) hasn’t
304. You aren’t very clever, ... you?

a) aren’t b) are c) do d) have
305. Christine is already doing it. All right, ... do it!

a) you let her b) let her c) let you d) let she
306. Doris, take these letters and ... them, please.

a) let you type b) type you c) you type d) type
307. Daniel’s is bad, but Brian’s is ...

a) much worst b) more worse c) much worse d) worst
308. “Fat” Maggie is not ... she used to be.

a) as fat as b) so fat so c) as fat so d) so fat than
309. This car ... by our champion in the Grand Prix next week.
a) will be driven b) will drive
c) is driven d) has driven
310. Was the bulb ... those schoolchildren?

a) broken for b) broken by c) broke by d) broke for
311. What ... you do if you lost your passport?

a) should b) would c) shall d) will
312. If I were you, I ... go by plane.

a) wouldn’t b) shouldn’t c) may not d) won’t
313. Do you ... do military service in the U.K.?

a) has to b) have to c) must d) must to
314. I’m afraid you will ... give it to them.

a) have to b) must c) must d) have
315. What was the ... event in your life?

a) happiest b) happier c) more happy d) most happy
316. Lesson 15 in the math book is the ...

a) more difficult b) most difficult
c) difficulter d) difficultest
Dive in English 107
317. By the time the Smiths come we will ... the coffee.
a) have made b) have make c) had made d) had make
318. By the time you finish eating the soup I'll ... my dessert.
a) have finish b) have finished c) have finish d) finish
319. I went at six o’clock in the morning. I ... so early.

a) had never gone b) had never been
c) has never gone d) am never going
320. Agatha was afraid because she ... there before.

a) had never been b) had never being
c) has never being d) has never been
321. That trumpet is made of brass. It is a ...

a) trumpet brass b) brass trumpet
c) trumpet’s brass d) brass’ trumpet
322. Those horses are ... you like, aren’t they?

a) the ones who b) the ones that
c) those who d) those whom
323. Did you hear ... the teacher said?

a) what b) whose c) which d) whom
324. That is the boy ... dog is so clever.

a) that b) which c) whom d) whose
325. “Where’s your mother?” “She ... to the swimming pool”.

a) has been b) is gone c) has gone d) is going
326. “Has she done what you told her?” “No, she ... it yet”.
a) haven’t done b) hasn’t done
c) didn’t do d) didn’t
327. “... you do that for us, please?” “Yes, of course”.

a) Will be able b) Could c) Must d) Do can
328. “Did he escape from the enemy?” “Yes, he ... to escape”.

a) will be able b) did can c) was able d) could
329. They ... a photo when I was on the podium.

a) were taken b) had taken c) are taking d) took
330. When your mother came I ... the violin.

a) was playing b) am playing c) played d) play
331. My father usually ... some wine with his meals.

a) is going to have b) is having
c) having d) has
332. He earns so much money that he ... a new car every year.
a) is going to buy b) is buying
c) buys d) bought
333. What did your mother ... yesterday?

334. I don’t know if it’s true, but this is what he ...

a) tell b) said c) told d) say
335. Daddy, ... that, please.

a) don’t you do b) you don’t do
c) don’t do d) don’t
336. “Will they come to our party?” “Well, I ...”.

a) hope that yes b) think that yes
c) hope yes d) hope so
337. “What did you ... last night?” “We went to the theatre”.
a) do b) make c) did d) made
338. Your mother ... that cake last night.

339. I think they are going to Santiago ... foot.

a) by b) in c) on d) at
340. “What ... next year?” “I’ll go to university.”

a) do you do b) will you do c) did you do d) you'll do
341. I love ... in the country in the mornings.

a) to walking b) walking c) I walk d) walk
342. Before ... out I wrote a note and left it in the hall.
a) to going b) going c) to go d) go
Dive in English 109
343. Which sentence is correct?

a) Played you the game? b) Did you play the game?
c) Did play you the game? d) Did played the game you?
344. “When ... that to you?” “Last night, on my way home”.

a) did they did b) did they do
c) did they d) they did
345. We were late because we ... the wrong train.

a) take b) took c) taking d) taken
346. I’m worried because the boys haven’t arrived ... home yet.
a) to b) in c) at d) on
347. There were thousands of people ... the concert.

348. Our house is the green one ... the left.

a) into b) in c) at d) on
349. Today we ... to have dinner at seven.

a) are going b) going c) go d) got
350. Your mother ... to prepare something to eat.

a) is going b) is go c) goes d) go
351. “What’s the colour of the car?” “Well, ... is green”.

a) my father’s car b) the car’s my father
c) the father’s my car d) my car’s father
352. That woman over there, is ...

a) Jean’s mother b) mother’s Jean
c) Jean’s the mother d) mother’s the Jean
353. She doesn’t have ... good ideas.

a) much b) lots c) many d) some
354. There's ... of coffee in the coffee machine.

a) many b) much c) a lot of d) lots
355. My mother says that she ... TV in the afternoon.

a) doesn’t watches b) doesn’t watch
c) don’t watch d) don’t watches
356. “Were there many girls in your class?” “Yes, there ... a lot”.
a) had b) were c) was d) have
357. ... there a cigarette end in the ashtray?

a) Have b) Had c) Was d) Were
358. Was it... snowing when you left?

a) still b) yet c) during d) for
359. I met many interesting people ... my stay there.

a) during b) since c) for d) at
360. You don’t mind if she comes, ... you?

a) don’t b) aren’t c) do d) mind
361. You weren't at the concert, ... you?

a) were b) are c) have d) do
362. ... forget that we have an appointment!

a) Don’t let we b) Let’s not
c) Let we not d) Let we
363. “We have to read these instructions!” “Well, ... read them.”
a) we let’s b) let’s c) we let us d) let’s we
364. This car is very good, but ours is ...

a) much better b) more better
c) much best d) much best
365. That restaurant will be ... this one here.

a) so good as b) as good as c) so good so d) as good so
366. “Jim scored a goal” in the passive is: “A goal ... Jim”.
a) scored b) was scored by c) is scored d) has scored
367. All these cakes were ... Marian. She was all morning in the kitchen.
a) made by b) made for c) make by d) make for
368. What ... you do if you failed your driving test?

a) will b) should c) would d) shall
369. If a film star asked you, ... you marry him/her?

a) will b) would c) shall d) should
Dive in English 111
370. The weather was bad and she ... stay at home.
a) has to b) had to c) must d) must to
371. You ... speak with your mouth full.

a) mustn’t that b) mustn’t c) don’t have d) don’t have
372. Which is the ... masterpiece that you have ever seen?
a) beautifuller b) beautifullest
c) more beautiful d) most beautiful
373. This picture is the ... in the museum.

a) larger b) largest c) most large d) the larger
374. By the end of the week I’ll ... all the money.
a) have spend b) have spent c) had spend d) had spent
375. By this time tomorrow the great event ...

a) will have started b) will start
c) have started d) be starting
376. This exam was very easy. I ... such an easy exam!
a) had never seen b) had never saw
c) never see d) never saw
377. He looked around the town. There were four pubs now. They ...
another one.
a) have opened b) had opened
c) had open d) have open
378. “Can I have some glasses for the wine” “Well, this is a...”
a) glass’s wine b) wine’s glass
c) glass wine d) wine glass
379. Those athletes are ... are going to run in the marathon.
a) the ones which b) the ones who
c) those whom d) whose
380. “I like that girl!” “... one?”

a) whose b) which c) whom d) who
381. Did you hear ... the teacher said?

a) what b) that c) who d) which
382. They say that in the Sahara it ... for ages.

a) haven’t rained b) hasn’t rained
c) didn’t rain d) doesn’t rain
383. “Have you ever been to America?” “No, I’ve never ... there”.
a) being b) been c) gone d) going
384. Children, ... you make your own beds today?

a) do you can b) will you can c) be able d) can
385. Ronald, ... speak Spanish when you lived in Spain?

a) could you b) were you able c) did you can d) can you
386. When Jean was making the beds she ... a lamp.
a) break b) was breaking c) broken d) broke
387. Grandfather fell off the chair when he ... a light bulb.
a) was changing b) changes
c) changed d) changing
388. My son always ... very hard when he has an exam.

a) is going to study b) is studying
c) studies d) study
389. I ... to work every day at eight.

a) go b) am going c) going d) gone
390. What are you going to ... in the interview?

a) tell b)told c) say d) saying
391. What did your mother ... you when she found out?
a) tell b) say c) said d) told
392. All right, Jenny. ... some tea, will you?

a) Do b) Make c) You make d) You do
393. “Do you think you’ll be able to do it?” “I think ...”

a) that yes b) yes c) so d) if
394. You have ... seven mistakes in the dictation.

a) make b) made c) did d) done
Dive in English 113
395. My sister ... the ironing at the moment.

a) does b) is doing c) is making d) makes
396. We’ll probably go ... train.

a) on b) in c) in the d) by
397. What ... on Saturday nights?

a) do you do b) does you do c) do you d) you do
398. 3.50 is ...

a) ten to four b) ten to three c) fifty past three d) fifty to four
399. You have finished ... very early today, haven’t you?
a) to work b) working c) of working d) of work
400. ... to school last Saturday?

a) Did the children go b) Went the children
c) Did the children went d) Did go the children
401. What did your sister... during her Easter holiday?

a) did b) do c) make d) doing
402. Have you ... the whole cake, Jimmy?

a) ate b) eat c) eaten d) eating
403. “Where is the wine?” “... the bottle, of course.”

a) Into b) In c) On d) At
404. The policeman was standing ... the corner.

a) on b) in c) over d) into
405. When ... going to come to see us?

a) are you b) you are c) do you d) you’re
406. I ... to have a piece of toast.

a) do b) am going c) are going d) go
407. That building over there, is ...

a) the children's school b) the school's children
c) the children's the school d) the school's the children
408. That woman over there, is ...

a) Richard’s mother b) mother’s Richard
c) Richard’s the mother d) the Richard’s mother
409. “... does Louise go to school?” “By bus.”

a) Who b) How c) When d) Where
410. “... do you play cards?” “We usually play in the evenings.”
a) How b) Who c) When d) Where
411. My father ... any work at the weekend.

a) doesn’t do b) doesn’t c) don’t do d) does
412. Children ... to school on Sundays.

a) don’t go b) doesn’t go c) don’t goes d) not go
413. “Shirley, ... you cold?” “Yes, Mum, I’m very cold”.
a) have b) is c) are d) has
414. Lucy ... to her parents nearly every week.

a) write b) writes c) is writing d) writing
415. ... there many people in Europe last century?

a) Were b) Was c) Is d) Are
416. Bill and I ... here.

a) are b) we are c) am d) have
417. Jane is in front of Tom, so Tom is ... Jane.

a) next to b) near c) behind d) back
418. Judith is tall and ... , too.

a) Jim’s b) Jim is c) Jim has d) Jim are
419. These pens are ...

a) Pat b) Pat’s c) from d) of Pat
420. Which sentence is the correct one?

a) Is that big table brown? b) Is brown that big table?
c) That big table is brown? d) That is brown big table?
421. My sister, Mary, has got ...

a) some friend b) a friends c) any friends d) no friends
Dive in English 115
422. She hasn’t bought ... yet.

a) any books b) any book c) some books d) some book
423. How is your father? Well, ...

a) he is very tall b) he is very well, thanks
c) he is very good d) that’s him, over there
424. We live ... the second floor.

a) at b) in c) on d) from
425. Are they still here? Haven’t they gone ...?

a) still b) yet c) for d) during
426. I haven’t smoked a cigarette ... ages.

427. She doesn’t like coffee, ... she?

a) does b) doesn’t c) likes d) has
428. He doesn’t come to Spain every year, ... he?

a) has b) does c) doesn’t d) is
429. Come on, boys, ... play with you today.

a) let I b) you let me c) let me d) leave me
430. Here comes that silly boy. ... to him!

a) Speak not b) Don’t let you speak
c) Don’t speak d) You don’t speak
431. This car is fast, but not ... that one.

a) so fast as b) so fast so c) as faster as d) faster
432. Getting married to you is ... thing I have ever done.

a) better than b) the better c) the goodest d) the best
433. These exercises will ... these girls.

a) be doing by b) be done by
c) be made by d) is done by
434. Many plays were ... Shakespeare.

a) written by b) write by c) written for d) wrote for
435. If I were you, I... wear pyjamas at a wedding.

a) wouldn’t b) shouldn’t c) didn’t d) won’t
436. If I were older, I ... marry her.

a) would b) should c) did d) will
437. My father has ... to start wearing glasses.

a) had b) have c) be d) been
438. Your mother will ... go shopping early.

a) have to b) must c) must that d) have
439. Which is the ... town in Spain?

a) most large b) more large c) largest d) larger
440. This table is much ... than ours.

a) more long b) more longer c) longest d) longer
441. By 12 o’clock on Sunday she will ... dinner. 11.

a) have made b) have done c) has doing d) has made
442. By the time they start we ...

a) will have finished b) will finish 12.
c) be finished d) have finished
443. We went to Morocco for our holidays. We ... there before. 13.
a) had never be b) have never been
c) have never be d) had never been
444. Vivien didn’t recognize her husband. He ... 14.changed a lot.

a) had b) has c) will have d) is
445. This bottle is made especially for water. Yes, it’s 15. a ...
a) water’s bottle b) bottle water
c) water bottle d) bottle’s water
446. Are those the girls? Yes, those are ... I told you about.
a) the ones that b) the ones which
c) those which d) that
447. That is the man ... she got married to.

a) which b) whose c) who d) that
Dive in English 117
448. And this is ... the teacher said.

a) what b) which c)that d) the what
449. Where is little Sylvia? She ... to school.

a) is going b) has going c) is gone d) has gone
450. Darling, ... I have some more tea, please?

a) do can b) can c) will be able d) must
451. Why don’t you come with us? Because I ...

a) can’t b) don’t can c) couldn’t d) can not
452. She ... a beautiful horse when I saw her.

a) was riding b) rode c) rides d) ridden
453. My sister took this picture when I ...

a) wasn’t looking b) didn’t look
c) don’t look d) am looking
454. My brother, Leslie, ... very hard for this exam.

a) study b) studies c) is studying d) studys
455. We ... this afternoon at five.

a) are going b) going c) gone d) go
456. ... me what is worrying you.

a) Say b) You say c) You tell d)Tell
457. Darling, ... the boys I want to see them.

a) you say b) say c) you tell d) tell
458. Will that old woman come with you? Well, I...
a) don’t hope so b) don’t hope
c) hope not d) hope no
459. Betty, ... so many things. I haven’t got enough money.

a) don’t buy b) buy c) not buy d) buy not
460. Mrs. Harrison, have you ... the tea yet?

a) done b) made c) did d) make
461. When are you going to ... this exercise?

462. When do you think ... arrive?

a) will they b) they'll c) they are d) would
463. The classes ... on the 2nd of October.

a) shall begin b) will begin c) begins d) beginning
464. And that is the reason for ... early.

a) to come b) coming c) to coming d) come
465. We are interested in ... about the natives.

a) learning b) to learning c) to learn d) learn
466. Which is the correct sentence?

a) Did the Rangers win? b) Won the Rangers?
c) Did win the Rangers? d) Did the Rangers won?
467. Why did you ... me that?

a) tell b)told c) say d) said
468. Where is the label? It is ... the bottle.

a) into b) in c) on d) at
469. It's written ... the top of the page.

470. When ... the children going to finish the exercise?

a) do b) are c) is d) have
471. When ... going to let you know?

a) do they b) they are c) are they d) are
472. These books here are the ...

a) girls’ books b) girls’s books c) books’ girls d) books’s girls
473. Mary’s got a cat! Yes, ...

a) Mary’s the cat is here b) The Mary’s cat is here
c) Mary’s cat is here d) The Mary’s the cat is here
474. There is ... water in this bottle.

a) a lot b) a lot of c) lots d) much
475. “... don’t you go and play?” “Because I’m studying.”

a) When b) Why c) When d) Who
Dive in English 119
476. What ... you usually ... for lunch?

a) do/have b) does/have c) do/has d) does/has
477. Parents ... a lot of patience with their children.

a) are having b) have c) has d) had
478. I ... cold today!

a) have much b) have very c) am much d) am very
479. There ... any milk in the fridge.

a) was no b) were no c) wasn’t d) weren’t
480. ... there many people at the meeting?

a) Was b) Were c) Had d) Have
481. She’s been typing letters ... 9 o’clock.

a) still b) during c) since d) for
482. She went for a walk ... the tea break.

483. You wanted to come with me, ... you?

a) do b) did c) didn’t d) aren’t
484. You have been to London before, ...you?

a) don't b) haven’t c) have d) aren’t
485. “He’s going to try to do it in his own way.” “OK, ... try it.”
a) let he b) let him c) tell him d) tell he
486. “She is coming to see us!” “All right, ... come!”

a) you let her b) let you her c) let her d) let she
487. Our house is ... away than yours.

a) farer b) farther c) more far d) most far
488. You can all drink ... you want.

a) so much as b) so much so c) as much so d) as much as
489. That cat is going to ... a lorry.

a) be killed by b) be killed for
c) have killed by d) have killed for
490. If you leave your bicycle there, it ... stolen.

a) will be b) was c) has been d) is
491. If I spent my money like that, I ... be ruined.

a) could b) will c) would d) should
492. If I were you, I ... go to the meeting.

a) wouldn’t b) shouldn’t c) didn’t d) won’t
493. If you want to come with me, you ... get up very early.
a) have b) have to c) must to d) should
494. I’m afraid it’s very late, we ... go.

a) have that b) must c) must to d) have
495. That restaurant is cheap, but this one is ...

a) cheapest b) cheaper c) more cheap d) most cheap
496. This blonde is ... than her friend.

a) more beautiful b) beautifuler
c) most beautiful d) beautifiilest
497. By June I’ll ... writing this book for two years.
a) have be b) have been c) had be d) had been
498. We ... the car by August.

a) will have paid b) will pay
c) have paid d) will have pay
499. She fell off her bike. She ... like thatbefore.
a) have never fallen b) have never fell
c) had never fallen d) had never fell
500. My old mates were no longer living there. They

a) have leave b) have left c) had leave d) had left
Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle ‫فارسي‬
abide abode-abided abode-abided ‫تحمل كردن‬
arise arose arisen ‫ طلوع كردن‬،‫ سرزدن‬،‫روي دادن‬
awake awoke awake-awoke ‫بيدار شدن‬
be was-were been ‫بودن‬
bear bore borne-born ‫متولد شدن‬
beat beat beaten ‫زدن‬
become became become ‫شدن‬
befall befell befallen ‫اتفاق افتادن‬
beget begot begotten ‫هستي بخشيدن‬
begin began begun ‫شروع كردن‬
behold beheld beheld ‫نگاه كردن‬
bend bent bent-bended ‫خم شدن‬
bereave bereaved-bereft bereaved-bereft ‫محروم كردن‬
beseech besought besought ‫ التماس كردن‬-‫تنها‬
beset beset beset ‫احاطه كردن‬
bet bet-betted bet-betted ‫شرط بستن‬
betake betook betaken ‫پناه بردن‬
bethink bethought bethought ‫باز انديشدن‬
bid bade-bid bidden-bid ‫امر كردن‬
bide bode-bided bided ‫تحمل كردن‬
bind bound bound ‫پيوند دادن‬
bite bit bitten-bit ‫گاز گرفتن‬
bleed bled bled ‫خونريزي كردن‬
blend blended-blent blended-blent ‫مخلوط كردن‬
122 Irregular Verbs
bless blessed-blest blessed-blest ‫بركت دادن‬

blow blew blown ‫ وزيدن‬،‫دميدن‬
break broke broken ‫شكستن‬
breed bred bred ‫پرورش دادن‬
bring brought brought ‫آوردن‬
broadcast broadcast-broadcasted broadcast-broadcasted ‫پخش كردن‬
build built built ‫ساختن‬
burn burnt-burned burnt-burned ‫سوزاندن‬
buy bought bought ‫خريدن‬
cast cast cast ‫پرتاب كردن‬
catch caught caught ‫گرفتن‬
chide chid chidden-chid ‫سرزنش كردن‬
choose chose chosen ‫انتخاب‬
cleave clove-cleft cloven-cleft ‫ تقسيم كردن‬،‫شكافتن‬
cling clung clung ‫چسبيدن‬
clothe clothed clothed ‫پوشيدن‬
come came come ‫آمدن‬
cost cost cost ‫هزينه و قيمت داشتن‬
creep crept crept ‫خزيدن‬
crow crowed crowed ‫ بانگ خروس‬-‫آواز‬
cut cut cut ‫بريدن‬
dare dared dared ‫جرأت داشتن‬
deal dealt dealt ‫برخورد كردن‬
dig dug dug ‫كندن – حفاري كردن‬
dive dived(US)dove dived ‫شيرجه زدن‬
do did done ‫انجام دادن‬
draw drew drawn ‫ترسيم كردن‬
dream dreamed-dreamt dreamed-dreamt ‫رويا ديدن‬
drink drank drunk ‫نوشيدن‬
drive drove driven ‫رانندگي‬
dwell dwelt dwelt ‫سكونت‬
eat ate eaten ‫خوردن‬
Dive in English 123
fall fell fallen ‫افتادن‬

feed fed fed ‫غذا دادن‬
feel felt felt ‫احساس كردن‬
fight fought fought ‫جنگيدن‬
find found found ‫پيدا كردن‬
flee fled fled ‫فرار كردن‬
fling flung flung ‫پرتاب كردن‬
fly flew flown ‫پرواز كردن‬
forbear forbore forborne ‫خودداري كردن‬
forbid forbade, forbad forbidden ‫ممنوع بودن‬
forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted ‫پيشبيني كردن‬
foreknow foreknew foreknown ‫از پيش دانستن‬
foresee foresaw foreseen ‫پيشبيني كردن‬
foretell foretold foretold ‫پيشگويي كردن‬
forget forgot forgotten ‫فراموش كردن‬
forgive forgave forgiven ‫عفو كردن‬
forsake forsook forsaken ‫رها كردن‬
forswear forswore forsworn ‫كنار گذاشتن‬
freeze froze frozen ‫يخ زدن‬
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid ‫انكار كردن‬
get got got,(US)gotten ‫گرفتن‬
gild gilded, gilt gilded ‫زراندود كردن‬
gird girded, girt girded, girt ‫در بر گرفتن‬
give gave given ‫دادن‬
go went gone ‫رفتن‬
grave graved graven, graved ‫كنده كاري كردن‬
grind ground ground ‫آسياب كردن‬
grow grew grown ‫ رشد كردن‬،‫ پرورش دادن‬،‫كاشتن‬
hamstring hamstringed, hamstrung hamstringed, hamstrung
‫از كار انداختن‬
hang hung, hanged hung, hanged ‫آويزان كردن‬
have had had ‫داشتن‬
124 Irregular Verbs
hear heard heard ‫شنيدن‬

heave heaved, hove heaved, hove ‫به زحمت بلند شدن‬
hew hewed hewed, hewn ‫ قطع كردن‬،‫بريدن‬
hide hid hidden, hid ‫مخفي كردن‬
hit hit hit ‫زدن‬
hold held held ‫ برگزار كردن‬،‫نگهداشتن‬
hurt hurt hurt ‫صدمه زدن‬
inlay inlaid inlaid ‫خاتم كاري‬
keep kept kept ‫نگهداشتن‬
kneel knelt knelt ‫به زانو درآمدن‬
knit knitted, knit knitted, knit ‫ بهمبستن‬،‫بافتن‬
know knew known ‫شناختن‬
lade laded laden ‫پركردن‬
lay laid laid ‫ گذاشتن‬،‫خوابيدن‬
lead led led ‫هدايت كردن‬
lean leant, leaned leant, leaned ‫تكيه دادن‬
leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped ‫جنبيدن‬
learn learnt, learned learnt, learned ‫يادگرفتن‬
leave left left ‫ترك كردن‬
lend lent lent ‫قرض دادن‬
let let let ‫اجازه دادن‬
lie lay lain ‫دروغ گفتن‬
light lighted, lit lighted, lit ‫روشن كردن‬
lose lost lost ‫گم كردن‬
make made made ‫ساختن‬
mean meant meant ‫ معني داشتن‬،‫منظور داشتن‬
meet met met ‫مالقات كردن‬
melt melted melted, molten ‫ذوب شدن‬
miscast miscast miscast ‫مناسب نقش نبودن‬
misdeal misdealt misdealt ‫ بد آمدن‬،‫بد دادن‬
misgive misgave misgiven ‫ترديد داشتن‬
mislay mislaid mislaid ‫ گم كردن‬،‫گم و گور كردن‬
Dive in English 125
mislead misled misled ‫گمراه كردن‬

misspell misspelt misspelt ‫غلط نوشتن‬
misspend misspent misspent ‫هدر دادن‬
mistake mistook mistaken ‫اشتباه كردن‬
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood ‫سوء تفاهم‬
mow mowed mown, (US) mowed ‫چمن زدن‬
outbid outbade, outbid outbidden, outbid ‫بيشتر پيشنهاد دادن‬
outdo outdid outdone ‫ پيشي گرفتن‬،‫سبقت گرفتن‬
outgo outwent outgone ‫بيرون رفتن‬
outgrow outgrew outgrown ‫بزرگتر شدن‬
outride outrode outridden ‫بهتر راندن‬
outrun outran outrun ‫بهتر دويدن‬
outshine outshone outshone ‫بيشتر درخشيدن‬
overbear overbore overborne ‫از پا درآوردن‬
overcast overcast overcast ‫ گرفته بودن‬،‫پوشاندن‬
overcome overcame overcome ‫غلبه كردن‬
overdo overdid overdone ‫افراط كردن‬
overhang overhung overhung ‫ آويزان بودن‬،‫معلق بودن‬
overhear overheard overheard ‫ شنيدن‬،‫اتفاقي گوش دادن‬
overlay overlaid overlaid ‫روكش كردن‬
overleap overleapt, overleaped overleapt, overleaped ‫پريدن از روي‬
overlie overlay overlain
‫ خفه كردن‬،‫روي(چيزي) قرار گرفتن‬
override overrode overridden ‫ناديده گرفتن‬
overrun overran overrun ‫تصرف كردن‬
oversee oversaw overseen ‫نظارت كردن‬
overset overset overset ‫بر هم زدن‬
overshoot overshot overshot ‫فراتر رفتن‬
oversleep overslept overslept ‫خواب ماندن‬
overtake overtook overtaken ‫سبقت كردن‬
overthrow overthrew overthrown ‫سر نگون كردن‬
overwork overworked overworked, overwrought
‫كار زياد كردن‬
126 Irregular Verbs
partake partook partaken ‫شريك شدن‬

pay paid paid ‫پرداخت كردن‬
prove proved proved, proven ‫اثبات كردن‬
put put put ‫قرار دادن‬
read read/red/ read/red/ ‫خواندن‬
rebind rebound rebound ‫دوباره صحافي كردن‬
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt ‫بازسازي كردن‬
recast recast recast ‫مشكل تازه دادن‬
redo redid redone ‫دوباره انجام دادن‬
relay relaid relaid ‫دوباره روكش كردن‬
remake remade remade ‫دوباره ساختن فيلم‬
rend rent rent ‫اجازه دادن‬
repay repaid repaid ‫بازپرداخت كردن‬
rerun reran rerun ‫دوباره نشان دادن‬
reset reset reset ‫دوباره جا انداختن‬
retell retold retold ‫بازگو كردن‬
rewrite rewrote rewritten ‫بازنويسي‬
rid rid, ridden rid, ridden ‫ رها ساختن‬،‫خالص كردن‬
ride rode ridden ‫راندن‬
ring rang rung ‫زنگ زدن‬
rise rose risen ‫باال آمدن‬
rive rived riven, rived ‫تركيدن‬، ‫جدا كردن‬، ‫شكافتن‬
run ran run ‫دويدن‬
saw sawed sawn, (sawed) ‫اره كردن‬
say said said ‫گفتن‬
see saw seen ‫ديدن‬
seek sought sought ‫جستجو كردن‬
sell sold sold ‫فروختن‬
send sent sent ‫فرستادن‬
set set set ‫ايجاد كردن‬
sew sewed sewn, sewed ‫دوختن‬
shake shook shaken ‫تكان دادن‬
Dive in English 127
shave shaved shaved, shaven ‫اصالح كردن‬

shear sheared shorn, sheared ‫پشم گوسفندان را چيدن‬
shed shed shed ‫ برگ ريختن‬،‫از دست دادن‬
shine shone shone ‫درخشيدن‬
shoe shod shod ‫نعل زدن‬
shoot shot shot ‫تيراندازي كردن‬
show showed shown, showed ‫نشان دادن‬
shred shredded shredded ‫ريز ريز كردن‬
shrink shrank, shrunk shrunk, shrunken
‫ كوچك شدن‬،‫منقبض شدن‬
shrive shrove, shived shriven, shrived ‫اعتراف را شنيدن‬
sing sang sung ‫آواز خواندن‬
sink sank sunk, sunken ‫غرق شدن‬
sit sat sat ‫نشستن‬
slay slew slain ‫كشتن‬
sleep slep slept ‫خوابيدن‬
slide slid slid, slidden ‫ليز خوردن‬
sling slung slung ‫ بستن‬،‫آويزان كردن‬
slink slunk slunk ‫جيم شدن‬
slit slit slit ‫شكاف و درز دادن‬
smell smelt, smelled smelt, smelled ‫بوئيدن‬
smite smote smitten ‫محكم زدن‬
sow sowed sown, sowed ‫بذر پاشيدن‬
speak spoke spoken ‫صحبت كردن‬
speed sped, speeded sped, speeded ‫سرعت داشتن‬
spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled ‫هجي كردن‬
spend spent spent ‫صرف كردن‬
spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled ‫ سر ريز كردن‬،‫سر رفتن‬
spin spun spun ‫چرخاندن‬
split split split ‫ خرد كردن‬،‫تكه تكه كردن‬
spoil spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled ‫لوث كردن‬
spread spread spread ‫گسترش دادن‬
128 Irregular Verbs
spring sprang sprung ‫جهيدن‬

stand stood stood ‫ايستادن‬
stave staved, stove staved, stove ‫ خرد كردن‬،‫شكستن‬
steal stole stolen ‫سرقت كردن‬
stick stuck stuck ‫فرو كردن‬
sting stung stung ‫ نيش زدن‬،‫گزيدن‬
stink stank, stunk stunk ‫بوي بد دادن‬
strew strewed strewn, strewed ‫ ريختن‬،‫پائيدن‬
stride strode stridden ‫قدم بلند برداشتن‬
strike struck struck, stricken ‫ضربه زدن‬
string strung strung ‫ رشته كردن‬،‫زه انداختن‬
strive strove striven ‫تالش كردن‬
sunburn sunburned, sunburnt sunburned, sunburnt
‫آفتاب سوخته شدن‬
swear swore sworn ‫قسم خوردن‬
sweep swept swept ‫جارو كردن‬
swell swelled swollen, swelled ‫ورم كردن‬
swim swam swum ‫شنا كردن‬
swing swung swung ‫تاب خوردن‬
take took taken ‫گرفتن‬
teach taught taught ‫تدريس كردن‬
tear tore torn ‫پاره كردن‬
tell told told ‫گفتن‬
think thought thought ‫فكر كردن‬
thrive throve, thrived thriven, thrived ‫رشد كردن‬
throw threw thrown ‫پرتاب كردن‬
thrust thrust thrust ‫هل دادن‬
tread trod trodden, trod ‫راه رفتن‬
unbend unbent unbent ‫صاف شدن‬
unbind unbound unbound ‫آزاد كردن‬
underbid underbid underbid ‫زير قيمت پيشنهاد دادن‬
undergo underwent undergone ‫قرار گرفتن – روي دادن‬
Dive in English 129
understand understood understood ‫فهميدن‬

undertake undertook undertaken ‫تحمل كردن‬
undo undid undone ‫باز كردن‬
upset upset upset ‫واژگون كردن‬
wake woke, waked woken, waked ‫بيدار شدن‬
waylay waylaid waylaid ‫كمين كردن‬
wear wore worn ‫پوشيدن‬
weave wove woven, wove ‫بافتن‬
wed wedded wedded, wed ‫ازدواج كردن‬
weep wept wept ‫گريه كردن‬
win won won ‫برنده شدن‬
withhold withheld withheld ‫دربر گرفتن‬
withstand withstood withstood ‫ مضايقه كردن‬،‫دريغ كردن‬
wring wrung wrung ‫ فشار دادن‬،‫پيچاندن‬
write wrote written ‫نوشتن‬
Amusement = mirth ‫تفريح‬
A Ancient = aged ‫باستاني‬
Absorb = engross ‫جذب كردن‬
Anonymous = unidentified ‫گمنام‬
Accelerator = speed ‫شتاب دهنده؛ پدال گاز‬
Anxiety = worry ‫اضطراب‬
Acceptance = agreement ‫پذيرش‬
Anxious = agitated ‫مضطرب‬
Accident = crash ‫تصادف‬
Appeal = charm ‫كشش‬
Accurate = authentic ‫صحيح‬
Appeasement = calm ‫ آرامبخشي‬،‫تسكين‬
Add = put together ‫اضافه كردن‬
Appetite = desire ‫اشتها‬
Addition = expansion ‫اضافه‬
Applicatin = implement ‫درخواست كار‬
Adhesive = sticky ‫چسبنده‬
Appreciate = applaud ‫ قدرداني‬،‫تمجيد‬
Admire = applaud ‫تحسين كردن‬
Appreciation = cherish ‫سپاسگزاري‬
Admit = accept ‫پذيرفتن‬
Approach = system ‫روش‬
Adopt = choose ‫ انتخاب‬،‫اختيار‬
Appropriate = suitable ‫مناسب‬
Advantage = benefit ‫امتياز‬
Approximation = estimate ‫تقريب؛ برآورد‬
Advocation = endorse ‫تمجيد‬
Argument = conflict ‫بحث‬
Advise = instruct ‫نصيحت كردن‬
Arrest = capture ‫دستگيركردن‬
Agenda = schedule
Arrive = enter ‫رسيدن‬
‫ برنامه كار‬،‫دستور جلسه‬
Articulate = intelligible ‫محاسبه كردن‬
Aggregate = intensify ‫ تجاوز‬- ‫تشديد‬
Ascribe = prescribe ‫تجويز كردن‬
Alarming = alert ‫ وحشتناك‬،‫نگران كننده‬
Assess = consider ‫ارزيابي كردن‬
Alertness = active ‫هوشياري‬
Associate = combine ‫ربط دادن‬
Amber = ‫كهربا‬
Assume = imagine ‫تصوركردن‬
Amount = quantity ‫مقدار‬
Dive in English 131
Astound = amaze ‫حيران بودن‬ C

Attack = assault ‫حمله كردن‬ Cacophony = atonality ‫بدصدايي‬
Attempt = effort ‫تالش‬ Cancer = tumor ‫سرطان‬
Attract = fascinate ‫جذب كردن‬ Capacity = competence ‫گنجايش‬
Available = obtainable ‫موجود بودن‬ Card board = paste board ‫ جعبه‬،‫تخته‬
Avenue = street ‫كوچه؛ خيابان‬ Care = attention ‫مراقبت‬
Awakening = conscious ‫بيداري‬ Carefully = alertly ‫با دقت‬

Case = occurrence ‫مورد‬
B Cause = stimulus ‫باعث‬

Backward = retrograde ‫ عقب‬،‫به عقب‬ Change = modification ‫تغيير‬
Ballad = poem ‫چكامه‬ Checklist = list ‫ليست‬
Bandwidth = connect ‫ارتباط‬ Chocolate = candy ‫شكالت‬
Bilingual = two languages ‫دو زبانه‬ Choking = block ‫خفه شدن‬
Blank = empty ‫خالي؛ سفيد‬ Citizenship = dweller ‫شهروندي‬
Boost = reinforce ‫تقويت كردن‬ Civilization = urbanity ‫تمدن‬
Botanist = ‫گياهشناس‬ Claim = insist on ‫ادعا‬
Bother = annoyance ‫زحمت‬ Climb = ascent ‫صعود كردن‬
Bottom = base ‫پايين؛ ته‬ Coastline = shore ‫خط ساحلي‬
Brain = mind ‫مغز‬ Colleague = associate ‫همكار‬
Bread = loaf ‫نان‬ Collect = accumulate ‫جمعآوري‬
Break = rest ‫شكستن؛ استراحت‬ Collection = set ‫مجموعه‬
Brew = blend ‫پيدايش‬ Collision = crash ‫تصادف‬
Bright = blaze ‫ دل انگيز‬- ‫روشن‬ Combination = alloy ‫تركيب‬
Broadside = extensive ‫از پهلو‬ Combine = mix ‫تركيب كردن‬
Build = construct ‫ساختن‬ Comfort = relief ‫راحتي‬
Bury = entomb ‫دفن كردن‬ Comfortable = relaxing ‫راحت‬
Bush = plant ‫بوته‬ Community = colony ‫اجتماع‬
Business = affair ‫ كار‬،‫شغل‬ Compare = contrast ‫مقايسه كردن‬
132 Mini Dictionary
Compass = ‫قطب نما‬ Contributor = benefactor ‫همكار‬

Complain = lament ‫شكايت كردن‬ Controversy = argument ‫ جدل‬،‫بحث‬
Complete = full ‫كامل‬ Convey = deliver ‫انتقال دادن‬
Compose = compile ‫ نوشتن‬-‫ساختن‬ Convince = assure ‫متقاعد كردن‬
Compound = complex ‫ پيچيده‬- ‫تركيب‬ Cooperation = assistance ‫ تعاون‬،‫همكاري‬
Concentrate = focus ‫تمركز‬ Copyright = legal right ‫حق تاليف‬
Concept = idea ‫مفهوم‬ Core = center ‫هسته‬
Conclusion = deduction ‫نتيجهگيري‬ Cost = expenditure ‫هزينه‬
Concrete = actual ‫واقعي‬ Count = calculate ‫محاسبه‬
Condense = thicken ‫متراكم‬ Counter measure = revenge ‫اقدام متقابل‬
Condition = state ‫شرط؛ (در جمع) شرايط‬ Country = canton ‫ روستا‬،‫كشور‬
Confident = certain ‫مطمئن‬ Countryside = greenbelt ‫ييالق‬
Confine = constrain ‫محدود كردن‬ Cover = wrapper ‫ پوشش‬،‫جلد‬
Conform = agree ‫تاكيد كردن‬ Crack = break ‫ترك‬
Connection = attach ‫ارتباط‬ Crash = clash ‫شكستن‬
Consider = contemplate ‫درنظرگرفتن‬ Create = construct ‫خلق كردن‬
Considerable = worthwhile ‫قابل مالحظه‬ Creature = being ‫موجود‬
Consist = contain ‫شامل بودن‬ Critic = analyst ‫منتقد‬
Consumer = user ‫مصرف كننده‬ Critical = captious ‫بحراني؛ حياتي‬
Consumerism = using culture Criticize = complain ‫انتقاد كردن‬
‫فرهنگ مصرف‬
Crowd = bunch ‫جمعيت‬
Consumption = usage ‫مصرف‬
Cultural = civilized ‫فرهنگي‬
Contact = connection ‫تماس‬
Culture = civilization ‫فرهنگ‬
Contain = enclose ‫حاوي بودن‬
Cupboard = cabinet ‫قفسه‬
Contemporary = coexistent ‫معاصر‬
Cure = therapy ‫درمان‬
Content = ingredient ‫محتوي؛ راضي‬
Currently = flow ‫جاري‬
Continuous = ceaseless ‫ادامه‬
Cut out = omit ‫ بريدن‬،‫حذف كردن‬
Contribute = bestow ‫همكاري‬
Cynical = pessimistic ‫بدبين؛ كنايهگو‬
Dive in English 133
D Detector = researcher ‫جستجوگر‬

Danger = crisis ‫خطر‬ Deter = daunt ‫منع كردن‬
Dangerous = hazardous ‫خطرناك‬ Detergent = washing powder ‫پاك كننده‬
Data = information ‫اطالعات‬ Determine = decide ‫تعيين كردن‬
Deaf = unable to hear ‫كر‬ Develop = advance ‫ توسعه‬،‫گسترش‬
Deal = encounter ‫برخورد كردن‬ Developing = progressing ‫درحال توسعه‬
Death = demise ‫مرگ‬ Die = pass away ‫مردن‬
Decade = ten years ‫دهه‬ Diet = nourishment ‫رژيم غذايي‬
Decide = judge ‫تصميم گرفتن‬ Dietary = nutrition ‫ غذايي‬،‫رژيم غذايي‬
Decline = reduction ‫كاهش‬ Differ = vary ‫تفاوت داشتن‬
Decoration = adornment ‫تزئين‬ Different = oppose ‫متفاوت‬
Defect = blemish ‫شكست‬ Difficult = complex ‫مشكل‬
Defense = protection ‫دفاع‬ Difficulty = adversity ‫ مشكل‬،‫دشواري‬
Deficiency = insufficient ‫اختالل‬ Dim = blurred ‫تيره‬
Defoliate = falling of leaves
Direction = approach ‫مسير‬
‫برگزدايي كردن‬
Directly = straightly ً‫مستقيما‬
Delicacy = fragility ‫ظرافت‬
Disabuse = clarify
Delight = pleasure ‫لذت‬ ‫ از اشتباه درآوردن‬،‫رفع شبه كردن‬
Denounce = accuse ‫متهم كردن‬ Disappear = vanish ‫ناپديد شدن‬
Dense = compact ‫متراكم‬ Disappearance = invisible ‫ناپديد شدن‬
Dependent = connected with‫فاميل؛ وابسته‬ Disease = ailment ‫بيماري‬
Deplete = consume ‫كاهش دادن‬ Disparage = belittle
Deposit = advance payment ‫ تحقير كردن‬،‫كوچك شمردن‬
‫ پيش پرداخت‬،‫سپرده‬ Disparity = difference ‫ تفاوت‬،‫نابرابري‬
Depression = despair ‫افسردگي‬ Display = show ‫نمايش‬
Descend = incline ‫سقوط‬ Disprove = reject ‫ردكردن‬
Designer = architect ‫طراح‬ Dissimilar = different ‫متفاوت‬
Despise = deride ‫تحقير كردن‬ Distance = isolation ‫فاصله‬
Destitute = needy ‫فقير‬ Distinguish = discriminate
134 Mini Dictionary
‫ تشخيص دادن‬،‫تمايز دادن‬ Emphasis = stress ‫تأكيد‬

Disturb = interrupt ‫مزاحم شدن؛ برهم زدن‬ Empty = blank ‫خالي‬
Document = certificate ‫ مدرك‬،‫سند‬ Encourage = advocate ‫تشويق‬
Documentary = authenticated ‫مستند‬ End = extreme ‫انتها‬
Doubtful = cynical ‫مشكوك‬ Enough = sufficient ‫كافي‬
Doubtlessly = certain ‫بي ترديد‬ Enquire = demand ‫پرسيدن‬
Drain = pipe ‫فاضالب‬ Entire = complete ‫كامل‬
Drop = descent ‫چكيدن‬ Entitle = call ‫ نام نهادن‬،‫ناميدن‬
Drought = lack of raining ‫خشكسالي‬ Epidemic = spreading ‫شايع‬
Due to = because of ‫به علت‬ Epidemiologist = pathologist
‫آسيب شناس‬
Dull = slow ‫كند‬
Equipment = instrument ‫تجهيزات‬
Dung = manure ‫فضوالت‬
Equivalent = parallel ‫مساوي‬
Escape = filt ‫فرار‬
E
Early = first ‫اوليه‬ Especially = particularly ‫خصوصأ‬
Easily = untroubledly ‫به آساني‬ Establish = constitute ‫ايجاد كردن‬
Eccentric = aberrant ‫عجيب و غريب‬ Establishment = composition ‫ايجاد‬
Effect = impact ‫تأثير‬ Ethical = fair ‫اخالقي‬
Effective = capable ‫مؤثر‬ Ethnic = cultural ‫نژادي‬
Electrical = battery operated ‫برقي‬ Evaporate = dehydrate ‫تبخير‬
Electronic = synthesized ‫الكترونيكي‬ Eventually = finally ‫سرانجام‬
Emanating = proceed ‫ساطع‬ Evidence = certification ‫شواهد‬
Embankment = dam ‫ ديواره‬،‫خاكريز‬ Evolutionary = changing ‫ تحولي‬،‫تكاملي‬
Embarrass = shame ‫ناراحت كردن‬ Exacerbate = intensive
‫خشمگين كردن؛ تشديد كردن‬
Emerge = appear ‫پديدار شدن‬
Exactly = accurately ً‫دقيقا‬
Emigrant = refugee ‫مهاجر‬
Examine = analyse ‫امتحان كردن‬
Emitting = discharge ‫دفع كردن‬
Excellent = admirable ‫عالي‬
Emotionally = roman ‫از نظر عاطفي‬
Exceptionally = exclusive
Dive in English 135
‫(بهطور) استثنائي‬ Flaw = error ‫اشتباه‬

Excite = agitate ‫به هيجان آوردن‬ Float = glide ‫شناور شدن‬
Excitement = enthusiasm ‫هيجان‬ Flowing = current ‫جاري بودن‬
Exhibition = expo ‫نمايشگاه‬ Focus = concentrate ‫متمركز كردن‬
Existence = being ‫ هستي‬،‫وجود‬ Foggy = blurred ‫مه آلود‬
Expand = amplify ‫گسترش‬ Force = power ‫نيرو؛ اجبار‬
Expect = await ‫انتظار داشتن‬ Forest = woods ‫جنگل‬
Expectancy = eager ‫انتظار‬ Fossilize = ancient
‫ فسيل شدن‬،‫سنگواره شدن‬
Expensive = costly ‫گران‬
Found = inaugurate ‫پايهريزي كردن‬
Experience = observation ‫تجربه‬
Freeze = chill ‫يخ زدن‬
Explain = clarify ‫توضيح دادن‬
Frying = cook ‫سرخ كردن‬
Explorer = survey ‫جستجوگر‬
Furry = hairy ‫ پرز‬،‫كرك‬
Explosive = dangerous ‫قابل انفجار‬
Extensive = broad ‫گسترده‬
Extend = expanse ‫گسترش دادن‬
G
Gaoler = jailer ‫زندانبان‬
Extra = additional ‫اضافي‬
General = common ‫كلي‬
Extract = essence ‫خالصه‬
Generate = breed ‫توليد كردن‬
Generation = race ‫نسل‬
F
Gesture = indication ‫حركت سر و دست‬
Fail = unsuccessful ‫شكست خوردن‬
Gift = present ‫هديه‬
Faintly = slightly ‫جزئي‬
Glance = glimpse ‫نگاه‬
Falling = crash ‫افتادن‬
Glaze = shine ‫برق انداختن‬
Famous = celebrated ‫مشهور‬
Glimpse = squint ‫نگاه كوتاه‬
Fatal = lethal ‫مهلك‬
Graduate = get a degree ‫فارغ التحصيل‬
Favourite = beloved ‫موردعالقه‬
Greet = salute ‫سالم كردن‬
Fee = charge ‫هزينه‬
Grip = grasp ‫گرفتن‬
Fire-brigade = fire service ‫آتش نشاني‬
Ground = earth ‫زمين‬
Firmly = rigidly ‫محكم‬
Guaranteeing = warranty ‫ضمانت‬
136 Mini Dictionary
Guest = caller ‫مهمان‬ Illogical = absurd ‫غيرمنطقي‬

Gust = wind ‫(باد) وزش تند‬ Image = picture ‫تصور‬
Imagine = dream
‫خيال كردن كه؛ تصور كردن‬
H
Habit = custom ‫عادت‬ Imbalance = unequal ‫عدم تعادل‬
Hammer = strike ‫چكش‬ Immediately = at once ‫بالفاصله‬
Handicap = paralyzed ‫معلول‬ Immensely = plenty ‫ فراوان‬،‫بياندازه‬
Harassment = harvest ‫برداشت‬ Immigrant = refugee ‫مهاجر‬
Hardening = reinforce ‫سخت شدن‬ Immobile = stable ‫ثابت‬
Harvest = crop ‫برداشت محصول‬ Immortal = eternal ‫ جاودان‬،‫ابدي‬
Hasty = abrupt ‫عجله‬ Impair = weaken
‫ كاهش دادن‬،‫تضعيف كردن‬
Helicoidal = maze ‫مارپيچي‬
Impend = threat ‫تهديد كردن‬
Hesitation = doubt ‫ترديد‬
Impending = approach ‫در شرف وقوع‬
Hitherto = so far ‫ تاكنون‬،‫تا به حال‬
Impoverish = weaken ‫تحليل بردن‬
Hold = keep ‫نگه داشتن‬
Imprecise = inaccurate ‫غير دقيق‬
Hostile = enemy ‫(مربوط به) دشمن‬
Imprison = sentence ‫زنداني كردن‬
House = home ‫خانه‬
Impulse = move ‫حركت؛ غريزه؛ تمايل‬
Huge = gigantic ‫عظيم‬
Inability = impotent ‫عدم توانايي‬
Humble = modest ‫متواضع‬
Inadvertently = unknowingly
Hurry = haste ‫عجله‬
ً‫ سهوا‬،‫ندانسته‬
Inattention = careless ‫عدم توجه‬
I Inauspicious = jinx ‫ شوم‬،‫بديمن‬
Idealism = best ‫آرمانگرايي‬
Incident = accident ‫حادثه‬
Identical = equivalent ‫مشخص‬
Include = contain ‫شامل شدن‬
Identify = distinguish ‫شناسايي كردن‬
Increase = promote ‫افزايش‬
Identifying = introducing ‫شناسايي‬
Incredible = impossible ‫باورنكردني‬
Ignore = neglect ‫ اعتنا نكردن‬،‫ناديده گرفتن‬
Incredibly = unlikely ‫بهطور باورنكردني‬
Illiterate = uneducated ‫بيسواد‬
Income = earning ‫درآمد‬
Dive in English 137
Incorporating = combine ‫ادغام‬ Involving = contain ‫مستلزم‬

Individual = personal ‫فرد‬ Issue = subject ‫موضوع‬
Industry = business ‫صنعت‬
Influence = effect ‫تأثير‬ J
Join = link ‫پيوستن‬
Ingredient = material ‫(در جمع) تركيبات‬
Jump = leap ‫پريدن‬
Initiate = begin ‫آغاز كردن‬
Insist = persist ‫اصرار كردن‬
Instantaneous = immediate ‫ فوري‬،‫آني‬ K
Kicking = boot ‫لگدزدن‬
Institution = firm ‫مؤسسه‬
Kidnapper = capture ‫ بچه دزد‬،‫آدمربا‬
Institutional = organizational ‫سازماني‬
Kingdom = realm ‫پادشاهي‬
Instruct = teach ‫آموزش دادن‬
Intake = get ‫جذب‬
L
Intellect = wisdom ‫ هوش‬،‫عقل‬ Landlady = hostess ‫خانم صاحب خانه‬
Intelligent = wise ‫هوشمند‬ Lane = way ‫خط‬
Intract = function ‫عملكرد‬ Language = tongue ‫زبان‬
Interest = attention ‫عالقه‬ Large = big ‫بزرگ‬
Intermixture = combination ‫تركيب‬ Larynx = throat ‫حنجره‬
Intersperse = spread ‫ پخش كردن‬،‫پراكندن‬ Laugh = chuckle ‫خنده‬
Interview = questioning ‫مصاحبه‬ Launch = initiate ‫پرتاب؛ شروع‬
Introduce = announce ‫معرفي كردن‬ Leading = distinct ‫مهم؛ پيشتاز‬
Invent = construct ‫اختراع كردن‬ Leather = skin ‫چرم‬
Investigate = search ‫تحقيق كردن‬ Length = distance ‫طول‬
Investigating = research ‫تحقيق‬ Leptin = material ‫ماده‬
Investigation = survey Level = degree ‫سطح‬
‫ مطالعه‬،‫ بررسي‬،‫تحقيق‬
Limestone ‫سنگ آهك‬
Investigator = scholar ‫محقق‬
Limit = boundary ‫محدوديت‬
Invitation = summon ‫دعوت‬
Link = connect ‫متصل شدن‬
Invoke = appeal ‫ياري خواستن از؛ القا كردن‬
Local = regional ‫محلي‬
138 Mini Dictionary
Loll = lean ‫لم دادن؛ آويزان بودن‬ Measuring = ration ‫مخصوص اندازهگيري‬
Lower = decrease ‫پائين‬ Merchant = tradesman ‫بازرگان‬
Lucky = successful ‫خوش شانس‬ Messenger = postman ‫پيام رسان‬
Luggage = baggage ‫بار؛ وسايل‬ Metabolism = ‫سوخت و ساز بدن‬
Luxury = affluence ‫مجلل؛ لوكس‬ Midnight = ‫نيمه شب‬
Military = army ‫نظامي‬
M Mineral = ore ‫معدني‬
Madness = crazy ‫ جنون‬،‫ديوانگي‬
Minimize = reduce ‫حداقل‬
Magazine = journal ‫مجله‬
Minister = secretary ‫وزير‬
Magic = miraculous ‫جادو‬
Misjudging = misinterpret ‫اشتباه فهميدن‬
Maintain = keep ‫حفظ كردن‬
Misperceive = misunderstand ‫اشتباه‬
Major = main ‫اصلي‬
Mistake = worn ‫اشتباه‬
Manage = run ‫مديريت كردن‬
Mistaken = error ‫اشتباه‬
Management = administration ‫مديريت‬
Mixing = combine ‫تركيب‬
Managerial = directory ‫مديريتي‬
Modification = change ‫تغيير‬
Manipulate = manage
Moisture = damp ‫رطوبت‬
‫ماهرانه عمل كردن؛ فريب دادن‬
Moment = instant ‫لحظه‬
Manoeuvre = handle ‫مانور‬
Mood = attitude ‫حالت‬
Manual = handle ‫دستي‬
Morbidity = unpleasant ‫حالت بيمارگونه‬
Manufacturer = producer ‫توليد كننده‬
Mosque = ‫مسجد‬
March = parade ‫راه رفتن‬
Multiply = double ‫ضرب كردن‬
Marry = wed ‫ازدواج كردن‬
Mystery = enigma ‫راز‬
Mass = group ‫توده‬
Myth = legend ‫اسطوره‬
Massage = rub ‫ماساژ دادن؛ ماساژ‬
Master = boss ‫استاد‬
N
Material = substance ‫ماده؛ موضوع‬
Narrow = constricted ‫باريك‬
Mathematician = ‫رياضيدان‬
Nation = civilization ‫ملت‬
Maze = confusion ‫سردرگمي‬
Neighboring = adjacent ‫همسايه‬
Meal = food ‫غذا‬
Dive in English 139
Nervous = anxious ‫(مربوط به) اعصاب‬ Pay = income ‫پرداخت‬

Nervously = fearfully ‫با حالت نگراني‬ Peak = apex ‫باال؛ اوج‬
Nonsense = absurdity ‫ ياوه‬،‫پوچ‬ Peasant = rustic ‫روستايي‬
Normal = ordinary ‫عادي‬ Penetrate = get through ‫نفوذ كردن‬
Nowadays = todays ‫امروزه‬ Percent = rate ‫درصد‬
Performance = accomplishment ‫اجرا‬
O Period = phase ‫دوره‬
Objective = goal ‫هدف‬
Personal = individual ‫شخصي‬
Obstacle = barricade ‫مانع‬
Pessimistic = cynical ‫بدبين‬
Obtain = acquire ‫كسب كردن‬
Piece = section ‫تكه‬
Occupation = job ‫شغل‬
Pillow = bloster ‫متكا‬
Occupy = dwell - in ‫اشغال كردن‬
Place = zoon ‫مكان‬
Odd = strange ‫ عدد فرد‬- ‫عجيب‬
Plenty = excess ‫فراواني‬
Offer = propose ‫پيشنهاد‬
Poet = lyricist ‫شاعر‬
Opportunity = chance ‫فرصت‬
Point = indicate ‫ اشاره‬- ‫نقطه‬
Opposite = contradictory ‫مخالف‬
Pointer = arrow ‫چوب اشاره؛ عقربه‬
Oppressive = harsh ‫سخت‬
Political = diplomatic ‫سياسي‬
Orderly = methodical ‫معمولي؛ منظم‬
Politician = administrative ‫سياستمدار‬
Organization = arrangement ‫سازمان دهي‬
Pollution = contaminate ‫آلودگي‬
Overweight = fatty ‫اضافه وزن‬
Pool = natatorium ‫استخر‬
Owner = holder ‫صاحب‬
Poorest = broke ‫فقيرترين‬
Population = citizenry ‫جمعيت‬
P Possession = belongings ‫مالكيت‬
Pack = box ‫بسته بندي‬
Posthumous = after death ‫بعدازمرگ‬
Pair = couple ‫جفت‬
Potential = capable ‫بالقوه‬
Parcel = bundle
‫بسته‬ Poverty = beggary ‫فقر‬
Parents = begetter ‫والدين‬ Praise = acclaim ‫تمجيد‬
Particular = specific ‫خاص‬ Preacher = cleric ‫واعظ‬

140 Mini Dictionary
Preclude = avoid ‫مانع شدن‬ Proof = evidence ‫اثبات‬

Predict = forecast ‫پيش بيني‬ Proportion = rate ‫نسبت‬
Predispose = make ready Prove = certify ‫اثبات‬
‫ آماده كردن‬،‫متمايل كردن‬
Public = civic ‫ همگاني؛ دولتي‬،‫عمومي‬
Prefer = favour ‫ترجيح‬
Publish = print ‫چاپ كردن‬
Prehistoric = ancient ‫ماقبل تاريخ‬
Punctual = good ‫خوش قول‬
Premature = under loped ‫ناقص‬
Pure = unalloyed ‫خالص‬
Premise = preface ‫مقدمه‬
Purpose = intention ‫هدف‬
Present = now ‫حاضر‬
Puzzle = riddle ‫گيج كردن؛ معما‬
Preservation = conservation ‫حفظ‬
Preserve = reserve ‫حفظ كردن‬
Q
President = boss ‫رئيس‬ Query = question ‫ پرسش‬،‫سؤال‬
Pressure = stress ‫فشار‬ Quiet = inaudible ‫ساكت‬
Prestigious = celebrated ‫آبرومند‬
Pretending = deceive ‫تظاهر‬ R
Previous = preceding ‫قبلي‬ Radiation = beam ‫بازتاب‬
Previously = precedingly ‫قبالً؛ قبل‬ Ransom = blackmail ‫ ديه‬،‫باج‬
Primary = basic ‫اوليه‬ Rate = pace ‫ نسبت‬،‫درصد‬
Primitive = aboriginal ‫ابتدايي؛ اوليه‬ Ravenous = greedy ‫ شكمو‬،‫حريص‬
Printing = lettering ‫چاپ‬ Reaction = response ‫واكنش‬
Prisoner = active ‫زنداني‬ Recognition = indentify ‫شناسايي‬
Probably = likely ‫احتمال‬ Recognize = diagnose ‫شناسايي كردن‬
Problem = trouble ‫مشكل‬ Recreation = amusement ‫تفريح؛ تجديد قوا‬
Proceed = advance ‫قبلي‬ Recrystallize = ‫بلورسازي‬
Process = procedure ‫فرايند‬ Recycling = reclaim ‫بازيافت‬
Produce = create ‫توليد‬ Reduce = decrease ‫كاهش دادن‬
Product = yield ‫محصول‬ Refer = point ‫رجوع كردن‬
Professional = skilful ‫حرفهاي‬ Regard = consider ‫درنظر گرفتن‬

Dive in English 141
Regime = government ‫حكومت‬ Response = reply ‫واكنش‬

Region = realm ‫منطقه‬ Responsible = manager ‫مسئول‬
Regional = territory ‫ناحيهاي‬ Result = conclusion ‫نتيجه‬
Regularly = orderly ‫منظم‬ Reveal = display ‫آشكار كردن‬
Reinforce = strength ‫تقويت كردن‬ Review = reconsideration ‫بررسي‬
Reject = refuse ‫نپذيرفتن‬ Reward = prize ‫جايزه‬
Relationship = connection ‫ارتباط‬ Rich = opulent ‫ثروتمند‬
Relative = dependence ‫مربوط‬ Risk = jeopardize ‫خطر‬
Relaxation = resting ‫استراحت‬ Roam = stroll ‫گردش‬
Reliable = efficient ‫مطمئن‬ Roar = shout ‫غرش‬
Relieve = alleviate ‫ تسكين دادن‬،‫آرام كردن‬ Rob = steal ‫به سرقت بردن‬
Religion = divinity ‫دين‬ Rose = ‫ گل سرخ‬،‫رز‬
Reluctantly = unwilling ‫با بي ميلي‬ Rudiments = essentials ‫اوليه‬
Rely = depend on ‫اطمينان داشتن‬ Ruin = destruction ‫خرابي؛ خراب كردن‬
Remain = survive ‫باقي ماندن‬
Remarkably = wonderfully S
‫شايان ذكر است كه‬ Safe = secure ‫در امان‬
Repeat = reproduce ‫تكرار كردن‬ Safety = immunity ‫امنيت‬
Replace = restore ‫جايگزين كردن‬ Sail = voyage ‫كشتي راني كردن‬
Reply = respond ‫پاسخ‬ Satisfaction = content ‫رضايت‬
Represent = show ‫نشان دادن‬ Satisfying = please ‫رضايتبخش‬
Repulsive = abhorrent ‫نفرتانگيز‬ Scholar = expert ‫دانشمند‬
Require = need ‫نياز داشتن‬ Scope = field ‫حوزه‬
Research = survey ‫تحقيق‬ Scrutinize = analyse ‫بهدقت بررسي كردن‬
Researcher = scholar ‫محقق‬ Sculpture = statue ‫مجسمه‬
Resident = dweller ‫ساكن‬ Seal = affirm ‫مهر‬
Resin = rosin ‫رزين‬ Section = division ‫بخش‬
Resistant = unyielding ‫مقاوم‬ Separate = apart ‫جدا‬
142 Mini Dictionary
Sermon = preach ‫موعظه‬ Solution = resolution ‫راه حل‬

Settle = home in ‫سكونت گزيدن‬ Sonography = sound recording
‫صدانگاري‬
Shadowy = dim ‫سايهدار؛ مبهم‬
Sophisticate = wise ‫عاقل‬
Share = distribute ‫سهم‬
Soporific = boring ‫خوابآور؛ خسته كننده‬
Shift = switch ‫تغيير‬
Sound = voice ‫صدا‬
Shock = distress ‫شوكه شدن‬
Space = gap ‫فضا‬
Shop = boutique ‫مغازه‬
Sparkling = flashing ‫جرقه‬
Shore = coast ‫ساحل‬
Special = noteworthy ‫خاص‬
Shoreline = bank ‫خط ساحلي‬
Speculate = meditate ‫تفكر كردن‬
Shortcoming = lack ‫كمبود‬
Spill = overturn ‫ريختن‬
Siesta = nap ‫خواب بعد از ظهر‬
Spouse = partner ‫همسر‬
Sigh = breath ‫آه‬
Staff = workers ‫پرسنل‬
Sign = symptom ‫عالمت‬
Startling = shake ‫شروع‬
Signal = message ‫ سيگنال‬،‫پيام‬
Steady = uninterrupted ‫باثبات‬
Significant = worthwhile ‫مهم‬
Stick = paste ‫چسبيدن‬
Silly = stupid ‫احمق‬
Stiff = tight ‫محكم‬
Situation = circumstances ‫شرايط‬
Stimulation = arousing ‫تحريك‬
Sleepless = insomniac ‫بيخوابي‬
Store = shop ‫مغازه؛ انبار‬
Slightly = scarcely ‫كمي‬
Strange = grotesque ‫عجيب‬
Slim = slender ‫الغر‬
Structure = organization ‫ساختار‬
Slogan = motto ‫شعار‬
Substance = fabric ‫ماده‬
Snail = escargot ‫حلزون‬
Substantially = basically ً‫اساسا‬
Snare = trap ‫دام‬
Subtropical = hot area ‫گرمسيري‬
Soak = submerge ‫جذب كردن‬
Socialize = get together Succeeding = following ‫بعدي‬
‫ اجتماعي‬- ‫با جامعه آشنا شدن؛ رفتوآمد كردن‬ Successful = victorious ‫موفق‬
Soft = smooth ‫نرم‬ Sudden = abrupt ‫ناگهان‬
Solace = comfort ‫آرامش دادن؛ آرامش‬ Suffer = agonize ‫رنج بردن‬
Dive in English 143
Sufficiently = adequate ‫به اندازة كافي‬ Threaten = menace ‫تهديد كردن‬

Suggest = recommend ‫پيشنهاد كردن‬ Thrifty = economic ‫ مقتصد‬،‫صرفهجو‬
Suit = satisfy ‫مناسب بودن‬ Throat = gullet ‫گلو‬
Supply = feed ‫فراهم ساختن‬ Touch = contact ‫لمس‬
Support = protect ‫حمايت‬ Tranquilliser = calm ‫آرام بخش‬
Suppose = assume ‫گمان كردن‬ Transition = modification ‫انتقال؛ تغيير‬
Surface = covering ‫سطح‬ Translate = interpret ‫ترجمه كردن‬
Surprise = shocked ‫حادثة شگفت انگيز‬ Transmit = convey ‫انتقال دادن‬
Survive = outlive ‫زنده ماندن‬ Travel = trip ‫مسافرت كردن‬
Suspect = untrustworthy ‫مشكوك‬ Treatment = heal ‫درمان‬
Suspend = dangle ‫معلق‬ Tremendous = huge ‫عظيم‬
Statistics = data ‫آمار‬ Trifling = dabbling ‫ بياهميت‬،‫كوچك‬
Swallow = guzzle ‫بلعيدن‬ Trouble = adversity ‫مشكل‬
Sweet = honeyed ‫شيرين‬ Truth = reality ‫حقيقت‬
Switch on = start ‫روشن كردن‬ Tuberculosis = lung illness ‫سل‬
System = network ‫سيستم‬ Tutor = teach ‫درس دادن به؛ راهنمايي كردن‬
T U
Task = assignment ‫وظيفه‬ Unacceptable = forbidden ‫غيرقابل پذيرش‬
Tearful = weeping ‫گريان؛ اشكآلود‬ Unconcern = careless ‫بياعتنايي‬
Temper = fury ‫عصبانيت‬ Understand = apprehend ‫فهميدن‬
Temperature = heat ‫دما‬ Undress = take off ‫در آوردن لباس‬
Tend = tendency ‫تمايل داشتن‬ Unfortunately = unluckily ‫متأسفانه‬
Tendency = bias ‫ميل‬ Unlucky = hapless ‫بدشانس‬
Territory = region ‫قلمرو‬ Unnoticed = uncared
‫بدون جلب توجه ديگران‬
Theory = hypothesis ‫فرضيه‬
Untouched = safe ‫ بركنار‬،‫مصون‬
Thirsty = arid ‫تشنه‬
Useful = beneficial ‫مفيد‬
Thread = fibre ‫ نخ‬،‫ريسمان‬
Useless = futile ‫بي فايده‬
144 Mini Dictionary
V Volunteer = be willing ‫داوطلب‬

Vacant = hollow ‫خالي‬ Vulnerable = helpless ‫آسيبپذير‬
Vague = diffuse ‫مبهم‬
Vaguely = confused ‫بهطور مبهمي‬ W
Valuable = precious ‫ارزشمند‬ Warning = alarm ‫ اخطار‬،‫هشدار‬
Vanish = disappear ‫ناپديد شدن‬ Wear = dressed ‫پوشيدن‬
Variation = different ‫تنوع‬ Weight = heavy ‫وزن‬
Vascular = vessel ‫ رگي‬،‫عروقي‬ Whistle = blow ‫سوت‬
Vehicle = car ‫وسيله‬ Wide = broad ‫عريض‬
Version = edition ‫نسخه‬ Wondering = admiration ‫حيران‬
Victim = sufferer ‫قرباني‬ Worry = anxious ‫نگران بودن؛ نگراني‬
Voice = sound ‫صدا‬ Worth = quality ‫ارزش‬

1. Aronson, Trudy, (2007). English Grammar Digest. Prentice Hall.
2. Azar, B. Schrampfer, (2004). Understanding and Using English Grammar.

Longman Press.
3. Croft, K. (2008). Reading and Word Study. New Jersey. Prentic– Hall.
4. Greenall, S. (2002). Effective Reading. Cambridge University Press.
5. Haines, Simon (2007). New First Certificate. Oxford University Press.
6. Hopkins, Diana, (2007). Grammar for IELTS. Cambridge University.
7. Lester, Mark, (2009). The Big Book of English Verbs. Mc GrawHill.
8. Markstein, L. (2007). Developing Readign Skills: Advanced. Massachusetts

New Bury House
9. Neuman, D.M. (2008). English Grammar for Proficiency. Surry Thomas Nelson
and Sons limited.
10. Pishkar, Kian(2015).English And You. Tehran Ranama Press.
11. Pishkar, Kian(2012).A Touch with English,7th edition. Tehran, Rahnama Press.
12. Pishkar, Kian(2016). English Grammar, English Reading 7th English Listening,
1st edition. Tehran, Rahnama Press.
13. Porter, Ladousse, (2002). Reading Intermediate. Oxford University Press.
14. Swan, Michael, (2009). Practical English Usage. Oxford University Press.
15. Swan, Michael, (2003). The Good Grammar Book. Oxford University Press.
16. Tomilinson, B. (2003). Reading: Advanced. Oxford University Press.
17. Wegmann, B. (2001). Reading Through Interaction. Oxford University Press.

‫از همین نویسنده‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪Lion King‬‬ ‫(انتشارات سیب سرخ تهران) ترجمه شفاهی و نوار فیلم‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪Guide to English Literature‬‬
‫(انتشارات سیب سرخ تهران) راهنمای کامل مقدمهای بر ادبیات ‪١‬و ‪ ٢‬و ‪،٣‬نمایشنامه ‪١‬و ‪٢‬و داستان کوتاه انگلیسی‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪Guide to English Literature‬‬ ‫رهنما انتشارات‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪Oral Translation‬‬ ‫(انتشارات رهنما) ترجمه شفاهی و نوار فیلم‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫)‪Preparation for M.A (E.L.L.‬‬ ‫(انتشارات رهنما) آمادگی کارشناسی ارشد ادبیات انگلیسی‬
‫‪6.‬‬ ‫)‪A touch with English (7 Edition‬‬ ‫رهنما انتشارات‬
‫‪ .٧‬مجموعه سواالت کارشناسی ارشد زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی (دو جلد) انتشارات پردازش چاپ اول‬
‫‪ .8‬مجموعه سواالت کارشناسی ارشد زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی (دو جلد) انتشارات پردازش چاپ دوم‬
‫‪ .٩‬خالصه مباحث کارشناسی ارشد زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی انتشارات پردازش چاپ اول‬
‫‪ .١٠‬خالصه مباحث کارشناسی ارشد زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی انتشارات پردازش چاپ دوم‬
‫‪ .١١‬پدران غایب پسران گمشده در جستجوی هویت مردانگی انتشارات بهزاد‬
‫‪ .١٢‬ترجمه فنون و صناعات ادبی انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی واحد جیرفت‬
‫‪ .١٣‬عشق و مرگ در آثار شکسپیر انتشارات بهزاد‪1997‬‬
‫‪ .١۴‬پست مدرنیسم و فرایند جهانی شدن ادبیات ایران انتشارات بهزاد‪1997‬‬
‫‪ .١۵‬دیکشنری فارسی به انگلیسی و انگلیسی به فارسی کشاورزی انتشارات بهزاد‪1999‬‬
‫‪ .١۶‬نقد عملی و تحلیلی ادبیات انگلیسی (شعر‪ ،‬نمایشنامه‪ ،‬رمان) انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی واحد جیرفت‬
‫‪ .١٧‬نقد عملی و تحلیلی داستان کوتاه انگلیسی انتشارات ارم قم و دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی واحد کهنوج‬
‫‪ .١8‬نقد عملی و تحلیلی نمایشنامههای انگلیسی انتشارات دانشگاه اصفهان و نگارخانه اصفهان‬
‫‪ .١٩‬نقد عملی و تحلیلی شعرهای انگلیسی انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی واحد بینالملل جلفا‬
‫‪ .٢٠‬راهنمای کامل ادبیات انگلیسی (سه جلد مقدمهای بر ادبیات انگلیسی‪ ،‬پرین) انتشارات رهنما‬
‫‪21. English and You‬‬ ‫چاپ انتشارات رهنما ‪٢٠١۵‬‬
‫‪22. English, English, English‬‬ ‫چاپ انتشارات رهنما ‪٢٠١۶‬‬
‫)‪23. Fly by English (First Edition‬‬ ‫چاپ انتشارات رهنما ‪٢٠١٩‬‬
‫‪24. Dive In English‬‬ ‫چاپ انتشارات رهنما ‪٢٠٢٢‬‬
‫)‪25. Fly by English (second Edition‬‬ ‫چاپ انتشارات رهنما ‪٢٠٢٢‬‬
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Book · April 2023

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

A. Choose the best answers:

2. The original purpose of sonographs was to …

3. What does a sonograph do?

4. According to the passage, what does research show about larger

5. The research mentioned in the passage suggests that low-pitched

B. Answer the questions:

C. Choose the best answers:

10. “Sophisticated” means:

In a causative sentence and structure, a person does not perform an action

Choose the best answers:

1. I can’t seem to make this dishwasher …….. .

2. I want to get the house ……… before winter.

3. Ali had a tooth …….. .

4. She made the baby …….. a nap.

5. We will have to get someone …….. the phone right away.

7. Would you let us …….. your notes.

8. Professor didn’t make us …….. up our lab reports.

9. He helped me …….. this job.

10. Don’t let that ……… you.

11. Let’s get some of our money ……… for dollars.

12. They had their lawyer …….. their will.

14. Her husband helps her ……... the laundry.

15. I make everyone ……… his share around the house.

16. I made Kiarash …….. his room.

17. Sad movies make me …….. .

18. I had the plumber …….. the leak.

19. I had my watch …… .

20. The students got the teacher …… class early.

A. Choose the best answers:

B. Answer the questions:

C. Choose the best answers:

10. “Documentary” means:

Choose the best answers:

1. I don’t like going out …….. night.

2. They got married …….. 12 March.

3. Ali left school …….. the age of 19.

4. They got married …….. 1989.

5. I learnt to drive …….. four weeks.

6. Britain used to be …….. the edge of the world.

7. Will you be here ……… the weekend.

8. I will see you …….. the morning.

9. I usually go out ………. Monday evenings.

10. Ali is busy ……… the moment.

11. Come on, supper is …….. the table.

12. We have got a nice little cottage …….. the river.

13. She lives ……… number 73.

14. I parked my car ……… the side of the road.

15. We give each other present ……… Christmas.

a mistake.” “It’s lucky I came to a restaurant where I am known,” I said,

A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:

B. Answer the questions:

C. Choose the best answers:

A. Conditional Sentence type 1:

B. Conditional Sentence type 2:

C. Conditional Sentences type 3:

2. Had can be placed first and the if omitted:

Choose the best answers:

1. If he receives some money, he …….. to Jieroft.

2. If he went to Kerman, he might …….. a carpet.

3. If Ali had known you he would have …….. you.

4. If she …….. you, she would buy it.