The Cell Cycle & Mitosis

 During cell division, eukaryotic cells undergo

an ordered sequence of events called the
Cell Cycle.
 The cell cycle consists of two distinct phases:
 Interphase
 Mitotic (M) phase
The Cell Cycle & Mitosis
Interphase
 During interphase, a cell doubles everything in
its cytoplasm, and grows in size.
 Complete in 3 stages:
 G1 phase: Gap (growth) phase-1
 S phase: Synthesis phase
 G2 phase: Gap (growth) phase-2
Interphase
Interphase- G1 Phase
 During G1, each chromosome is single, and the
cell performs its normal functions.
 The cell grows in volume and synthesize all the
enzymes required for the DNA replication.
(2 centrioles)
Interphase- S Phase
 During S phase, the DNA replication takes
place in all the chromosomes of a cell.
Interphase- S Phase
 However, the arms of both the sister chromatids
remain cohered by cohesin protein
Interphase- G2 Phase
 During G2 phase, each chromosome in the cell
consists of two identical sister chromatids.
 Cell prepares all the proteins (ex. Tubulin for
microtubules) and organelles required for the
Mitosis.
(2)
Checkpoints in Cell Cycle
 (G2-M
Checkpoint)

(G1-S
Checkpoint)
Checkpoints in Cell Cycle
Checkpoints in Cell Cycle
 In case of DNA damage or incomplete DNA
replication, the cell cycle get arrested.
 Cells with damage cannot proceed further
in the cell cycle and get halted for repair.
 If repair is not possible, such cells go for
apoptosis (Greek word meaning “falling
off,” as leaves fall from a tree;
Programmed Cell Death).
Note: Correction in Figure 8.7
Corrected Figure 8.7
M-Phase

 The M-phase includes two overlapping processes:

 Karyokinesis: Division of the nucleus
 Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm
 Completion of mitotic phase produces two
genetically identical daughter cells.
Mitosis
 Mitosis consists of 4 distinct phases:
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
1. Prophase
1. Prophase
(By Seperase)
2. Metaphase
 Nuclear membrane completely
disappear.
 Kinetochore protein assembled
on the outer surface of the
centromere, promoting
attachment of chromosomes to
spindle microtubules.
 Due to attractional forces of
spindle, the chromosomes are
pulled and align at the central
equatorial plane (Metaphase
Plate).
2. Metaphase
Metaphase (M) Checkpoint
 Check for the proper attachment of spindle fiber to
kinetochore.
 Anaphase only begins when all chromatids are
correctly attached to spindle microtubules.
3. Anaphase
 During anaphase, the
centromere splits (by
Seperase) & sister chromatids
separates from each other, and
now considered as full-fledged
chromosome.
 The depolymerization of
spindle fibers occur by kinesin
protein at the kinetochore end
as well as at pole end.
 This segregate chromosomes
towards the opposite poles.
3. Anaphase

In Yeast cells

In Human cells
3. Anaphase

 Simultaneously, overlapping spindle finders (not

attached to chromosomes) lengthen, pushing the
poles farther apart and elongating the cell.
4. Telophase

 Telophase is reversal of prophase.

 In late telophase, the cell has two identical
daughter nuclei.
Cytokinesis
G0 phase
 Cells get differentiated.
 All somatic cells (typical body
cells) are genetically identical,
but have different functions
 Some genes are active in all
cells, while some genes are
activate only in certain cells.
 Muscle cells: produce proteins capable of contraction
 Pancreas cells: produce insulin