Beaconhouse School System

Marking Key

PAKISTAN STUDIES

Paper 1: The History and Culture of Pakistan 2059/01 [Total Marks: 75]

Q1. (a) Successful peace agreement between India and Pakistan

The dominating role of USSR in the South Asia
The agreement will shape up the future relations between India and Pakistan
A good precedent for the other countries as well

(b) Skull personifies death and danger caused by nuclear weapons

Both countries have enough reasons for more conflicts and wars in future which can turn into
nuclear wars.
The traditional enmity between the two Nations further accelerates the risk of nuclear conflict
The threatening tone of authorities from both side usually increases the tension for the rest
of the world
(c)
Political:
The general election of 1970 saw the Awami League win a majority in East Pakistan. The
League wanted a federal form of government, which would leave East Pakistan to control
everything except defence and foreign policy. It wanted a separate currency and fiscal policy
with its own taxation. It wanted to negotiate its own trade agreements with other countries
and have its own armed forces. In effect they wanted separation from Pakistan, which was
becoming more evident due to the perceived differences between the two. Political parties
who emerged in both parts believed in regionalism rather than national sovereignty. However
Ayub Khan rejected the demands of the Six Points of the Awami League. Its leader Mujib-ur-
Rehman was imprisoned. This caused further discontent and separation began to look
inevitable.
Economic:
East Pakistan was a long way from the western half and most of the wealth of Pakistan was
concentrated in the west not only of individuals but also in terms of government expenditure.
This caused great resentment in East Pakistan. A weaker industrial base and a climate
ravaged by regular floods led to even more depression in this area, which caused further
discontent. Also the eastern province saw little return for the wealth created by the growing of
jute in the area. Again all the benefits went to the west.
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(d)
Success
Support for China joining the UN in 1952 following China’s support of
Pakistan’s Kashmir policy showed the two countries were willing to work
together
Boundary issues settled in the 1963 agreement showed the two
countries were looking to the future rather than the past
Trade developed in 1960s – a $60 million long term interest free loan
regarding import of machinery
China permitted Pakistan International Airlines to use any Chinese
airport in 1963 increasing movement and trade between the countries
Increased numbers of visitors from China – journalists, engineers,
scientists etc.
China gave Pakistan full support during the 1965 war with India,
including military aid which indicated strong relationships (money,
weapons)
In 1978, Karakoram Highway provided the first road link and opened 2
countries up to trade and tourism
In 1986, a nuclear power treaty was signed, indicating the wish of the
two countries to be allies and work together.

Less Success
In 1958/9 Pakistan was developing closer relations with USA and voted
against China’s admission to UN and condemned China’s military
involvement in Tibet
During the 1971 war, China could offer less support to Pakistan due to
pressure from the USSR on China
There were differences of opinion over Kashmir
China cooled relations due to concerns that dissent/instability might be
caused amongst Muslims living in China.
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Q2.
(a)
Nawab of Bengal [1] in 1760 [1], succeeding Mir Jafar [1];
With the support of EIC, he confiscated lands and wealth of people in
Bengal to give to the British; Eventually he tried to stop British influence in Bengal;
1764 Mir Qasim fought Clive at Buxar [1], but was defeated [1]
(b)
Clive persuaded one of the Nawab’s key men, Mir Jafar, to side with the
British. Jafar’s defection weakened the Nawab’s army, which Clive was
able to use to his advantage.
Clive ordered his men to cover their cannon when it rained. So, the dry
cannons of Clive’s army outfired the Nawab’s cannons.
Clive was an experienced soldier as he had fought the French in
southern India. He was used to the tactics of warfare, this helped to
defeat the Nawab.
(c)
The British had more modern methods of fighting and the army was better disciplined as well
as being supplied by some of the local rulers. The British were also skilled diplomats so they
were able to keep other areas of India under their control.
There was also a lack of unity and common cause amongst the Indian population. The
Punjab was uninterested in helping the rebellion and actually sent men and supplies to help
the British. Some of the Indian princes were only interested in restoring their own powers and
this often depended upon the support of the British. This explains why the ruler of Kashmir
sent troops to help the British. Muslims were more likely to oppose the British in the war but
there was no sense of unity with Sikhs and Hindus who were less likely to support them in
their cause. Although there were a series of uprisings against the British, the Indians lacked
coordination and strength in depth. As a result they were overcome by the British.

Q3.
(a) to replicate the pattern of the English public school/university system
to form the basis of a Muslim university
to offer western [1], Islamic [1] and Indian education [1] and modern
scientific developments [1]
to offer the Muslim community an education [1] comparable to that of
Hindus [1] because Hindus were advancing/give Muslims the
opportunities of/ in society/status [1] and employment [1] to improve their
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relations with the British [1]

to become a symbol of Muslim unity
to educate future leaders of Pakistan [1] e.g. Liaquat Ali Khan/
Muhammad Ayub Khan [1]
Other relevant responses should also be credited.

(b)
• an assassination attempt upon the Viceroy, Lord Minto
• the Hindu community boycotted British goods
• the Hindu community started the Swadeshi Movement
• Indian workers, especially in Calcutta, began a series of strikes
Other relevant responses should also be credited
(c)
Explains concerns about British policies towards Muslims and other reasons [9–13]
Muslims distrusted British policies, especially after the First World War and the Rowlatt Act
and other legislation. They were concerned that the British were encouraging Muslims to fear
the Hindus so that Muslims would cooperate more with the British. They were also worried
about how British rule in Afghanistan and Persia had paid little attention to the views of
Muslims there and were worried that the same was happening in India.
Muslims held the Caliphate of Turkey in high regard and were not prepared to see Turkey
split up after the War and thus the Caliph abolished. They feared this would happen when
the British government promised that the status of the Caliph would be respected in order to
get the Muslims to fight alongside the Allies during WW1. The Muslims expressed their views
to the British government during the war and it promised that no harm would be done to the
Caliphate. However, this promise was not kept at the end of the war since the Turkish
Empire was broken up. Also, the institution of the Caliphate was to be abolished. After the
war ended, reports from Europe suggested that the British and French wanted to punish the
Turks for their support of the Germans. The imprisonment of several Indian Muslims during
the war also contributed to the anger felt. As a result, the Khalifat Movement was founded

Q4.
(a)
The Proposals were the work of Jinnah
Sindh should be separated from Bombay [1] and should be an independent province [1]
reforms introduced in the North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan
should be the same as in any other province of India
willing to accept joint electorates at the expense of separate electorates
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reservation of seats according to the population for different communities

in the Punjab and Bengal
Muslims should be given one-third representation in the Central Legislature
Other relevant responses should also be credited
(b)
It was rejected by the Congress Party because they wanted immediate
and full control over central government;
The Muslim League rejected the plan because it contained no reference
to the establishment of an independent Pakistan;
The British were negotiating from a weak position, which the Congress
Party recognised, demanding that Britain left the subcontinent
immediately.
(c)
14 Points
Set out the demands of any future negotiations with either Congress or
the British Government. It was apparent that any Hindu-Muslim
cooperation had now come to an end;
Formed the basis of demands for a separate homeland. It also
convinced the movement that Hindu and Muslim communities should
form separate nations. Muslim groups were united in support of these
demands, which became their ultimate goal.
Other developments
Allama Iqbal further developed the concept of two separate nations in
1930 with the Allahabad Address in which he became the first Muslim
leader to suggest partition in keeping with the Two-Nation Theory; his
views became an inspiration to Muslims;
Rahmat Ali also developed the Pakistan Movement in 1933 with his
‘Now or Never’ pamphlet in which he stated that the Muslim community
should have their own homeland called Pakistan;
The Government of India Act of 1935 introduced a federal system of
government, but the Muslim League had expected more concessions
from the British. However it was important to the development of the
Pakistan Movement as it was in place at partition and became the
instrument by which Pakistan was first governed;
The Pakistan Resolution (Lahore Resolution) in 1940 set out the path
towards independence in the 1940s, the Muslim League became the
driving force of this process by committing to the establishment of an
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independent Muslim state.

Q5.
(a)
skander Mirza (Acting Governor-General) introduced it in 1955 to unify all of West Pakistan.
He claimed it would bring about greater efficiency and enable more rapid development. West
Pakistan politicians and administrators feared their influence may be challengedif they did
not do this, especially as there were 10 million more people in East Pakistan. By unifying
West Pakistan and making West Pakistan and East Pakistan official with equal
representation in the Assembly, the One Unit Scheme prevented East Pakistan from gaining
a majority in the Assembly. This was very unpopular in East Pakistan
(b)
the provinces became more difficult to administer
• there was increasing violence in Sindh
• NWFP became critical of the government
• there was a surge in arms smuggling
• it became harder to maintain law and order
• the drug trade grew
• greater challenge from Muhammad Khan Junejo
• pressure from the MRD
• opposition from Benazir Bhutto
• an explosion at a weapons dump at Ojhri Camp
Other relevant responses should also be credited
(c)
May agree that Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s domestic policies between 1971 and1977
were effective:
the new constitution in 1973 safeguarded minority interests
health policy aimed to improve infant mortality and life expectancy rates
education policy introduced free primary education for all children
profits from nationalised companies were used to improve public services
such as hospitals and schools
industrial reform led to inflation falling from 25% (1972) to 6% (1976)
introduction of security of tenure for agricultural tenants and a ceiling on
land ownership
counter-arguments might include:
the new constitution placed all political power with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
the reform of the armed forces was opposehealth policy inadvertently led to chemists’ profits falling
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education reforms led to overcrowding in schools

many of these policies would take decades to become fully effective
the newly nationalised industries became overly bureaucratic
landowners were often able to circumvent the land reforms
Other relevant responses should also be credited