DB Practical SQL

University of Salahaddin -Erbil
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College of Engineering
Software &Informatics Engineering Department
SQL
2 stage
nd
Database Lab
Prepared by:
Hanan Kamal
Introduction
• SQL (Structured Query Language), SQL is a
language designed specifically for communicating
with databases.
• What are the advantages of SQL?

1. Almost every major DBMS supports SQL, so learning
this one language will enable you to interact with
just about every database you'll run into.
2. SQL is easy to learn.
3. SQL is actually a very powerful language.
2
Creating Database
• CREATE DATABASE database_name;
• CREATE DATABAS are key word for creating a
DB, this will followed by the meaning full
name for my database.
• To run SQL statement must end with a
semicolon (;).
• SHOW DATABASES;
• SHOW DATABASES used to display the DBs.
3
Select DB
• USE database_name;
• When you want to work with a DB first must select
the DB by using command (USE database_name)
4
Delete DB
• DROP DATABASE database_name;
• DROP DATABASE used to delete the DB.
• Every thing will be deleted in the DB all
tables relation (objects totally).
5
MySQL Data Types
• Numeric Data Types

Numeric Types Description
TINYINT A very small integer
SMALLINT A small integer
MEDIUMINT A medium-sized integer
INT A standard integer
BIGINT A large integer
DECIMAL A fixed-point number
A single-precision floating-
FLOAT
point number
A double-precision floating-
DOUBLE
point number
BIT A bit field
MySQL Data Types(Cont.)
• Text
Text Types Description
CHAR A fixed-length non-binary (character) string
VARCHAR A variable-length non-binary string

BINARY A fixed-length binary string
VARBINARY A variable-length binary string
TINYBLOB A very small BLOB (binary large object)
BLOB A small BLOB
MEDIUMBLOB A medium-sized BLOB
LONGBLOB A large BLOB
TINYTEXT A very small non-binary string
TEXT A small non-binary string
MEDIUMTEXT A medium-sized non-binary string
LONGTEXT A large non-binary string
An enumeration; each column value may be
ENUM
assigned one enumeration member
A set; each column value may be assigned zero
SET
or more set members
MySQL Data Types(Cont.)
• Date and Time Data Types
Date and Time Types Description
DATE A date value in ‘YYYY-MM-DD’ format
TIME A time value in ‘hh:mm:ss’ format
A date and time value in

DATETIME
‘YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss’ format
A timestamp value in ‘YYYY-MM-DD

TIMESTAMP
hh:mm:ss’ format
YEAR A year value in YYYY or YY format

Creating Tables
CREATE TABLE table_name(
column_list
);
• In order to create a table within a
database:
1. first select your database using:
USE database_name;
2. Then use create command to create the DB
Creating Tables(Cont.)
• To define a column for the table in the
CREATE TABLE statement, you use the
following syntax:
column_name data_type[size] [NOT NULL
|NULL][DEFAULT value] [AUTO_INCREMENT]
• If you want to set particular columns of
the table as the primary key, you use
the following syntax:
PRIMARY KEY (col1,col2,...)
• UNIQUE (col_name) used to uniqly
identify column in the DB, but
Primary Key.
Creating Tables(Cont.)
CREATE TABLE Student (

studentId int(11) NOT NULL
AUTO_INCREMENT,
Sname varchar(45),
department varchar(45) DEFAULT
NULL,
start_date DATE,
address varchar(200) DEFAULT
“Erbil”,
PRIMARY KEY (studentId )
);
Structure of Table
• DESCRIBE table_name; used to view the
structure of the table.
12
Insert operation
1. INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1,
value2, value3,...);
2. INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,
column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...);
• These allow you to insert data to the DB table.

• After inserting data to table use the command to
show all records:
SELECT * FROM table_name;
13
Insert operation (cont.)

• INSERT INTO Students VALUES(1, ‘Azad',
‘Software', ‘2016-02-12', 'Hawler');
• Another to multiple values will be added

using a command:
INSERT INTO Students VALUES
(2,’Shna',‘Software', ‘2016-03-12', 'Hawler'),
(3,‘Sara',‘Survey', ‘2015-02-12', 'Hawler'),
(4,‘Ahmad',‘Software',‘2016-01-10','Hawler');
14
Retrieve Operation
• SELECT *
FROM Students;
• SELECT Sname , department

FROM Students;
15
MySQL WHERE statement

• The WHERE clause allows you to specify exact rows
to select based on condition.
• SELECT Sname , department
FROM Students
WHERE Sname = “Ali”;
• You can form a very simple condition like the query
above, or a complex one which combines multiple
expressions with logical operators such as AND and
OR.
• >, <, IS Null, IS NOT NULL,[NOT] between x
and y, Like’S%’, NOT Like ‘_ _ _’,
16
Write SQL to:

1. Insert information to the table.
2. Retrieve all student names which is in software
department.
3. Retrieve student name and their department for
which they are in Erbil or Sulaymania.
4. Retrieve all student names which they are in
started at date 1-10-2018.
5. Retrieve address for students in which name is “Ali
Azad”
6. For each department find number of students, sort
the information from A-Z.
17
Syntax of SQL Retrieve

SELECT column_1,column_2...
FROM table_1,table_2
WHERE conditions
GROUP BY group
HAVING group_conditions
ORDER BY column_1 [ASC | DESC],….
18
Delete Operation
• DELETE FROM table [WHERE conditions];
• DELETE FROM Students
WHERE Sname = “Ali”;
o THIS will delete only the row which
satisfy the condition.
• DELETE FROM Students;
o The above will delete all rows.
• Note: after operation use retrieve

commands to see the effect of operation.
19
Update Operation
• UPDATE table_name
SET column_name1=expr1
[,column_name2=expr2 ...]
[WHERE condition]
• UPDATE Students
SET address=“Sulaymaniah”
WHERE id = 1;
20
Activity
• Create two table as follows:

1. Department ( depid , depname)
2. Student (id , sname , dateOfBirth, depid)
3. Make a relation between them
4. Insert data to the tables
5. Write a query to delete student information for
those in the department software.
6. Write a query to update department id to 2 for
student “Mahmood Omer”.
7. Retrieve the information of students for those born
in 1990th , and sort ascending by student name.
8. Retrieve the number of students for each
department.
9. Use alter keyword to change the table schema.
21
Create table
CREATE TABLE department
(
depid int ,
depname varchar(200),
primary key (depid)
);
22
Create table
CREATE TABLE student
(
id int ,
sname varchar(200),
DateOfBirth Date ,
depid int ,
primary key (id),
FOREIGN KEY (depid) REFERENCES
department(depid)
);
23
Update Table Schema

• Add new column:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype [AFTER column_name];
• Delete column:
DROP COLUMN column_name;
• Change column properties:
ALTER COLUMN column_name your_changes;
24
Update Table Schema(cont.)

• Change table name:
RENAME TO new_name;
• Add foreign key:
ADD CONSTRAINT FKName FOREIGN KEY (P_Id)
REFERENCES table_table(P_Id);
• Delete a foreign key :
DROP FOREIGN KEY FKName;
25
Update Table Schema
example
• ALTER TABLE student
ADD address varchar(200) AFTER id;

DROP COLUMN address;

ALTER COLUMN address set DEFAULT “Erbil";
26
Update Table Schema
example (cont.)
• ALTER TABLE student RENAME TO st1;

ADD CONSTRAINT aa FOREIGN KEY (depid)
REFERENCES department (depid);
ADD FOREIGN KEY (depid)
REFERENCES department(depid);

DROP FOREIGN KEY aa;
27
28
where DateOfBirth like "1990______";
query
from student
1. SELECT *
SQL Foreign Key

• CONSTRAINT anyName FOREIGN KEY
(column_name) REFERENCES
table_name(primary_key)
• ON DELETE , ON UPDATE (SET NULL , CASCADE)
• ON DELETE SET NULL
• ON DELETE CASCADE
29
Home Work
• Write command with simple example for
how to use:
• Aggregate functions in SQL .
• Aliases in the SQL (select , from ) clauses.
30
Home Work
• Soft copy report required:
o How make update in table schema
(structure) using SQL command.
o With examples.
31

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University of Salahaddin -Erbil

PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Creator X - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

• What are the advantages of SQL?

• Numeric Data Types

CHAR A fixed-length non-binary (character) string

VARCHAR A variable-length non-binary string

• Date and Time Data Types

Date and Time Types Description

DATE A date value in ‘YYYY-MM-DD’ format

TIME A time value in ‘hh:mm:ss’ format

A date and time value in

A timestamp value in ‘YYYY-MM-DD

YEAR A year value in YYYY or YY format

CREATE TABLE Student (

• These allow you to insert data to the DB table.

Insert operation (cont.)

• Another to multiple values will be added

• SELECT Sname , department

MySQL WHERE statement

Write SQL to:

Syntax of SQL Retrieve

• Note: after operation use retrieve

• Create two table as follows:

Update Table Schema

Update Table Schema(cont.)

• ALTER TABLE student

• ALTER TABLE student

• ALTER TABLE student

• ALTER TABLE student

SQL Foreign Key

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