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The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of
Mexico, Volume 1, 1516-1521
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Title: History of Mexico, Volume 1, 1516-1521

Author: Hubert Howe Bancroft

Release date: September 12, 2023 [eBook #71625]

Language: English

Original publication: San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Company,

1883

Credits: Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
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MEXICO, VOLUME 1, 1516-1521 ***
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 THE WORKS
OF

HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT.

VOLUME IX.
 HISTORY OF MEXICO.
Vol. I. 1516-1521.

SAN FRANCISCO:
A. L. BANCROFT & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
1883.
Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1883, by
HUBERT H. BANCROFT,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
All Rights Reserved.
 PREFACE.
As the third greatest of the world’s republics, wherein society and
civilization are displayed under somewhat abnormal aspects, under
aspects at least widely different from those present in other than
Spanish-speaking communities, configurations and climates, races
and race intermixtures, civil and religious polities, and the whole
range of mental and physical environment being in so many respects
exceptional and individual, Mexico presents a study one of the most
interesting and profitable of any among the nations of to-day.
A brilliant though unjust and merciless conquest was followed by
the enforcement of Spain’s institutions upon the survivors, who were
themselves so far advanced in arts, industries, and intellectual
culture as to render such metamorphosis most disastrous. After the
awful success of Cortés, Spain neither exterminated the natives, like
the United States, nor left them in their aboriginal independence, like
the fur-magnates of British America. Aiming at the utmost kindness,
the Spanish government fastened on body and soul the iron fetters
of tyranny and superstition; aiming at liberty and humanity, slavery
and wrong were permitted. With grants of land, grants of men and
women were made. The church fought valiantly against the evils of
the encomienda system, and against the cruelty and injustice
imposed by the colonists upon the natives. There was here little of
that wholesome indifference to the welfare of her colonies later
manifested by England with regard to her settlements in America.
Spain’s American possessions belonged not to the Spanish people
but to the Spanish sovereign; the lands and the people were the
king’s, to be held or disposed of as he should direct. Hence among
the people were encouraged dividing castes; commerce was placed
under the severest restrictions, and in many ways it became clear
that provinces were held and governed almost exclusively for the
benefit of the crown. And so they remained, Europeans and
Americans intermingling their loves and hates for three hundred
years, which was indeed Mexico’s dark age, two civilizations being
well nigh crushed therein. Light at last breaking in upon the people,
the three centuries of viceregal rule were brought to a close by their
taking a stand for independence, such as their Anglo-American
neighbor had so recently achieved. And now during these latter days
of swift progression Mexico is happily aroused from her lethargy, and
is taking her proper place among the enlightened nations of the
earth, to the heart-felt joy of all.
The first of the five great periods of Mexican history, embracing
the aboriginal annals of Anáhuac, has been exhaustively treated in
the fifth volume of my Native Races. The second is that of the
conquest by Cortés; the third covers nearly three centuries of
viceregal rule in New Spain; the fourth comprises the struggle for
independence and the founding of the republic; and the fifth extends
thence to the present time, including as salient features a series of
internal revolutions, the war with the United States, the imperial
experiment of Maximilian, and the peaceful development of national
industries and power in recent years. It is my purpose to present on
a national scale, and in a space symmetrically proportioned to the
importance of each, the record of the four successive periods.
The conquest of Mexico, filling the present and part of another
volume, has been treated by many writers, and in a masterly
manner. In the three periods of Mexican history following the
conquest there is no comprehensive work extant in English; nor is
there any such work in Spanish that if translated would prove entirely
satisfactory to English readers. Of the few Spanish and Mexican
writers whose researches have extended over the whole field, or
large portions of it, none have been conspicuously successful in
freeing themselves from the quicksands of race prejudice, of
religious feeling, of patriotic impulse, of political partisanship; none
have had a satisfactory command of existing authorities; none in the
matter of space have made a symmetrical division of the periods, or
have appreciated the relative importance of different topics as they
appear to any but Spanish eyes. Yet there has been no lack among
these writers of careful investigation or brilliant diction. Indeed there
is hardly an epoch that has not been ably treated from various
partisan standpoints.
The list of authorities prefixed to this volume shows
approximately my resources for writing a History of Mexico. I may
add that no part of my collection is more satisfactorily complete than
that pertaining to Mexico. I have all the standard histories and
printed chronicles of the earliest times, together with all the works of
writers who have extended their investigations to the events and
developments of later years. On the shelves of my Library are found
the various Colecciones de Documentos, filled with precious
historical papers from the Spanish and Mexican archives, all that
were consulted in manuscript by Robertson, Prescott, and other able
writers, with thousands equally important that were unknown to
them. My store of manuscript material is rich both in originals and
copies, including the treasures secured during a long experience by
such collectors as José María Andrade and José Fernando Ramirez;
a copy of the famous Archivo General de Mexico, in thirty-two
volumes; the autograph originals of Cárlos María Bustamante’s
historical writings, in about fifty volumes, containing much not found
in his printed works; the original records of the earliest Mexican
councils of the church, with many ecclesiastical and missionary
chronicles not extant in print; and finally a large amount of copied
material on special topics drawn from different archives expressly for
my work.
Documents printed by the Mexican government, including the
regular memorias and other reports of different departments and
officials, constitute a most valuable source of information. Partisan
writings and political pamphlets are a noticeable feature of Mexican
historical literature, indispensable to the historian who would study
both sides of every question. Prominent Mexicans have formed
collections of such works, a dozen of which I have united in one,
making two hundred and eighteen volumes of Papeles Varios, some
five thousand pamphlets, besides nearly as many more collected by
my own efforts. The newspapers of a country cannot be disregarded,
and my collection is not deficient in this class of data, being
particularly rich in official periodicals.
The conquest of Mexico, which begins this history, has the
peculiar attractions of forming the grandest episode in early
American annals from a military point of view, and in opening to the
world the richest, most populous, and most civilized country on the
northern continent, and of gradually incorporating it in the sisterhood
of nations as the foremost representative of Latin-American states.
On the other hand, an episode which presents but a continuation of
the bloody path which marked the advance of the conquerors in
America, and which involved the destruction not only of thousands of
unoffending peoples but of a most fair and hopeful culture, is not in
its results the most pleasing of pictures. But neither in this pit of
Acheron nor in that garden of Hesperides may we expect to discover
the full significance of omnipotent intention. From the perpetual
snow-cap springs the imperceptibly moving glacier. A grain of sand
gives no conception of the earth, nor a drop of water of the sea, nor
the soft breathing of an infant of a hurricane; yet worlds are made of
atoms, and seas of drops of water, and storms of angry air-breaths.
Though modern Mexico can boast a century more of history than the
northern nations of America, as compared with the illimitable future
her past is but a point of time.
 CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.

CHAPTER I.
VOYAGE OF HERNANDEZ DE CÓRDOBA TO YUCATAN.
1516-1517.
PAGE.
A Glance at the State of European Discovery
and Government in America at the Opening
of this Volume—Diego Velazquez in Cuba—
Character of the Man—A Band of
Adventurers Arrives from Darien—The
Governor Counsels them to Embark in Slave-
catching—Under Hernandez de Córdoba
they Sail Westward and Discover Yucatan—
And are Filled with Astonishment at the
Large Towns and Stone Towers they See
there—They Fight the Natives at Cape
Catoche—Skirt the Peninsula to Champoton
—Sanguinary Battle—Return to Cuba— 1
Death of Córdoba

CHAPTER II.
JUAN DE GRIJALVA EXPLORES THE WESTERN SIDE OF THE
MEXICAN GULF.
1518.
Velazquez Plans a New Expedition—Gives the 15
Command to his Nephew, Juan de Grijalva—
Who Embarks at Santiago and Strikes the
 Continent at Cozumel Island—Coasts
Southward to Ascension Bay—Then Turns
and Doubles Cape Catoche—Naming of New
Spain—Fight at Champoton—Arrival at
Laguna de Términos—Alaminos, the Pilot, is
Satisfied that Yucatan is an Island—They
Coast Westward and Discover the Rivers
San Pedro y San Pablo and Tabasco—
Notable Interview at this Place between the
Europeans and the Americans—The Culhua
Country—They Pass La Rambla, Tonalá, the
Rio Goazacoalco, the Mountain of San
Martin, the Rivers of Alvarado and Banderas,
and Come to the Islands of Sacrificios and
San Juan de Ulua

CHAPTER III.
RETURN OF GRIJALVA. A NEW EXPEDITION ORGANIZED.
1518.
Refusal of Grijalva to Settle—Alvarado Sent
back to Cuba—Grijalva Continues his
Discovery—After Reaching the Province of
Pánuco he Turns back—Touching at the Rio
Goazacoalco, Tonalá, the Laguna de
Términos, and Champoton, the Expedition
Returns to Cuba—Grijalva Traduced and
Discharged—A New Expedition Planned—
Velazquez Sends to Santo Domingo and
Spain—Characters of Velazquez and Grijalva
Contrasted—Candidates for the Captaincy of
the New Expedition—The Alcalde of
Santiago Successful—His Standing at that 28
Time

CHAPTER IV.
THE HERO OF THE CONQUEST.
Birthplace of Hernan Cortés—His Coming 41
 Compensatory for the Devil-sent Luther—
Parentage—Hernan a Sickly Child—Saint
Peter his Patron—He is sent to Salamanca—
Returns Home—Thinks of Córdoba and Italy
—And of Ovando and the Indies—Chooses
the Latter—Narrow Escape during a Love
Intrigue—Ovando Sails without Him—Cortés
Goes to Valencia—Is there Ill—Returns
Home—Finally Sails for the Indies—His
Reception at Santo Domingo—He Fights
Indians under Velazquez, and is Given an
Encomienda—Goes to Cuba with Velazquez
—Makes Love to Catalina Suarez—But
Declines to Marry—Velazquez Insists—
Cortés Rebels—Seizures, Imprisonments,
Escapes, and Reconciliation

CHAPTER V.
SAILING OF THE EXPEDITION.
1518-1519.
The Quality of Leader Desired—Instructions
Issued to Hernan Cortés, Commander-in-
chief—The Character of Cortés Undergoes a
Change—Cost of the Expedition—By whom
Borne—Places Established for Enlistment—
The Banner—Cortés Puts on the Great Man
—More of his Character—The Scene at
Santiago Harbor—The Governor’s Jester—
Dark Suspicions of Velazquez—Departure
from Santiago—Cortés at Trinidad—Fresh
Recruits—Verdugo Receives Orders to
Depose Cortés—The Fleet Proceeds to San
Cristóbal, or the Habana—Review at
Guaguanico—Speech of Cortés—
Organization into Companies—Departure 53
from Cuba
 CHAPTER VI.
THE VOYAGE.
1519.
Something of the Captains of Cortés—Alvarado
—Montejo—Ávila—Olid—Sandoval—Leon—
Ordaz—Morla—The Passage—The Fleet
Struck by a Squall—Arrival at Cozumel—
Alvarado Censured—Search for the Captive
Christians—Arrival of Aguilar—His Chaste
Adventures—They Come to Tabasco River—
Battles there—Conquest of the Natives—
Peace Made—Twenty Female Slaves among
the Presents—The Fleet Proceeds along the
Shore—Puertocarrero’s Witticism—Arrival at 73
San Juan de Ulua

CHAPTER VII.
WHAT MONTEZUMA THOUGHT OF IT.
Home of Mexican Civilization—The Border
Land of Savagism—Configuration of the
Country—The Nahuas and the Mayas—
Toltecs, Chichimecs, and Aztecs—The Valley
of Mexico—Civil Polity of the Aztecs—King
Ahuitzotl—Montezuma Made Emperor—
Character of the Man—His Career—The First
Appearing of the Spaniards not Unknown to
Montezuma—The Quetzalcoatl Myth—
Departure of the Fair God—Signs and
Omens concerning his Return—The Coming
of the Spaniards Mistaken for the Fulfilment
of the Prophecy—The Door Opened to the 94
Invader

CHAPTER VIII.
THE COMBATANTS SALUTE.
April-May, 1519.
The Embassy from the Shore—The New 116
 Interpreter—Marina—Her Appearance and
Quality—Her Romantic History—She
Cleaves to the Spaniards and to Cortés—
And Becomes One of the most Important
Characters of the Conquest—The Spaniards
Land and Form an Encampment—The
Governor Comes with Presents—The
Spaniards Astonish the Natives—Who
Report all to Montezuma—Cortés Sends the
Monarch Presents—Council Called in Mexico
—Montezuma Determines not to Receive the
Strangers—Reciprocates in Presents a
Hundredfold—Cortés Persists—Montezuma
Declines more Firmly—Olmedo Attempts
Conversion—Teuhtlile, Offended, Withdraws
his People from the Camp of the Spaniards

CHAPTER IX.
THE MIGHTY PROJECT IS CONCEIVED.
May, 1519.
Serious Dilemma of Cortés—Authority without
Law—Montejo Sent Northward—
Recommends another Anchorage—
Dissensions at Vera Cruz—Prompt and
Shrewd Action of Cortés—A Municipality
Organized—Cortés Resigns—And is Chosen
Leader by the Municipality—Velazquez’
Captains Intimate Rebellion—Cortés
promptly Arrests Several of Them—Then he
Conciliates them All—Important Embassy
from Cempoala—The Veil Lifted—The March
to Cempoala—What was Done there—
Quiahuiztlan—The Coming of the Tribute
Gatherers—How They were Treated—Grand 131
Alliance

CHAPTER X.
 MULTIPLICATION OF PLOTS.
June-July, 1519.
Cortés, Diplomate and General—The
Municipality of Villa Rica Located—
Excitement throughout Anáhuac—
Montezuma Demoralized—Arrival of the
Released Collectors at the Mexican Capital—
The Order for Troops Countermanded—
Montezuma Sends an Embassy to Cortés—
Chicomacatl Asks Aid against a Mexican
Garrison—A Piece of Pleasantry—The
Velazquez Men Refuse to Accompany the
Expedition—Opportunity Offered them to
Return to Cuba, which they Decline through
Shame—The Totonacs Rebuked—The
Cempoala Brides—Destruction of the Idols—
Arrival at Villa Rica of Salcedo—Efforts of
Velazquez with the Emperor—Cortés Sends
Messengers to Spain—Velazquez Orders
them Pursued—The Letters of Cortés— 152
Audiencia of the Emperor at Tordesillas

CHAPTER XI.
THE SINKING OF THE FLEET.
July-August, 1519.
Diego Velazquez once More—His Supporters 174
in the Camp of Cortés—They Attempt
Escape—Are Discovered—The Leaders are
Seized and Executed—Cortés’ Ride to
Cempoala, and what Came of it—He
Determines on the Destruction of the Fleet—
Preliminary Stratagems—Several of the
Ships Pronounced Unseaworthy—The Matter
before the Soldiers—The Fleet Sunk—
Indignation of the Velazquez Faction—One
Vessel Remaining—It is Offered to any
Wishing to Desert—It is finally Sunk—
 Francisco de Garay’s Pretensions—Seizure
of Some of his Men

CHAPTER XII.
MARCH TOWARD MEXICO.
August-September, 1519.
Enthusiasm of the Army—The Force—The
Totonacs Advise the Tlascalan Route—
Arrival at Jalapa—A Look Backward—The
Anáhuac Plateau—Meeting with Olintetl—
Arrival in the Country of the Tlascaltecs—The
Senate Convenes and Receives the Envoys
of Cortés—An Encounter—A More Serious
Battle—Xicotencatl Resolves to Try the 191
Prowess of the Invaders, and is Defeated

CHAPTER XIII.
ENTRY INTO TLASCALA.
September, 1519.
Native Chiefs Sent as Envoys to the Tlascalan
Capital—Their Favorable Reception—
Xicotencatl Plans Resistance to Cortés—
Sends out Spies—Cortés Sends them back
Mutilated—The Spaniards Attack and Defeat
Xicotencatl—Night Encounters—General
Dissatisfaction and a Desire to Return to Villa
Rica—Envoys Arrive from Montezuma—
Cortés Receives Xicotencatl and the
Tlascalan Lords—Peace Concluded—
Tlascala—Festivities and Rejoicings—Mass
Celebrated—Cortés Inclined to Extreme
Religious Zeal—Brides Presented to the
Spaniards—Appropriate Ceremonies—
Preparing to Leave Tlascala for Cholula— 211
Communications with the Cholultecs

CHAPTER XIV.