Power System Analysis and Design

Handout no. 5

Name Shehroz, Ayesha Muazzama

Reg. No 2021-EE-352, 2021-EE-365
Marks/Grade

EXPERIMENT # 6
Perform tap-changing in transformers to analyse voltage regularity in
power system

Objective:

At the end of this lab session students will be able

➢ To analyse Power system operations in Power World Simulator.
➢ To perform tap- changing in transformers for voltage regulation in PWS.

Introduction:

In transmission and distribution systems there can be voltage fluctuations (i.e., increase or
decrease in voltage levels) when the load on the system varies. These fluctuations can also be
caused due to a voltage drop in the distribution system. Sometimes these variations in voltage
levels can result in quite unsatisfactory performance.

In order to maintain a constant voltage or to maintain within the prescribed limits transformer
tap-changing is used. The purpose of a tap changer is to regulate the output voltage of a
transformer. It does this by altering the number of turns in one winding and thereby changing
the turns ratio of the transformer. This arrangement is done externally to the transformer by
taking coil terminals out of the transformer tank. Usually, the maximum allowable variation of
the turn ratio can be up to ±2% to 5%.

Task 1:

Perform tap-changing in transformers for voltage regulation in PWS at various turn ratios.

PWS Model:

Figure 1: Two-Bus Network Required for Various Tap Adjustments in Transformer for Voltage Regulation

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 Power System Analysis and Design

In Figure 1, the network is depicted for which tap adjustments will be made at various
transformation ratios. Subsequent calculations associated with these adjustments will be
conducted. It's a two-bus system, with a line impedance of 0.02 pu between bus 1 and bus 2.
The generator produces 100 MW, while the load comprises 100 MW and 75 Mvar.

For Tap Changing Transformation Ratio of 1:1:

The tap-changing transformer ratio of 1:1 indicates that there is no voltage transformation
occurring in the transformer. In other words, the voltage magnitude remains the same on both
the primary and secondary sides of the transformer.
Calculations:
As the given network comprise of two buses, so the admittance bus will be shown by a 2-by-2
matrix.
𝑌11 𝑌12
𝑌 = [ ]
𝑌21 𝑌22
The line impedance of this network is:

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 = 0.02𝑗Ω
Calculating Diagonal Values:

1 1
𝑌11 = 𝑦11 = = = −50𝑗℧
𝑍11 𝑗0.02
1 1
𝑌22 = 𝑦22 = = = −50𝑗℧
𝑍22 𝑗0.02
Calculating Non-Diagonal Values:

−1 −1
𝑌12 = −𝑦12 = = = 50𝑗℧
𝑍12 𝑗0.02
−1 −1
𝑌21 = −𝑦21 = = = 50𝑗℧
𝑍21 𝑗0.02
Thus, the admittance matrix is given by;

−50𝑗 50𝑗
𝑌 = [ ]
50𝑗 −50𝑗
PWS Model:

Figure 2: Model Showcasing Tap Changing Transformation Ratio of 1:1

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 Power System Analysis and Design

In Figure 2, the model has been demonstrating the tap changing transformation ratio of 1:1.
The ratio of 1:1 indicates that the voltage magnitude remains the same on both the primary and
secondary sides of the transformer.

Y-Bus Matrix:

Figure 3: Y Bus Matrix for a Tap-Changing Transformer with a Ratio of 1:1

In this figure, the Y bus matrix for a tap-changing transformer with a ratio of 1:1 is depicted.
Remarkably, this matrix aligns precisely with the theoretically calculated Y bus matrix.

For Tap Changing Transformation Ratio of 0.95:1:

The tap-changing transformer ratio of 0.95:1 indicates a primary side tapping. In this tapping
ratio, the secondary voltage is higher than the primary voltage, thus it indicates a slight step-
up transformation.
Calculations:
As the given network comprise of two buses, so the admittance bus with respect to primary
side tapping is given as:
𝑌11 𝑌12
2
𝑌 = [𝑎 𝑎]
𝑌21
𝑌22
𝑎
Where,

𝑌11 = 𝑌22 = −50𝑗℧

𝑌12 = 𝑌21 = 50𝑗℧
Moreover,
𝑎 = 0.95
By using above values, the matrix is given as:
−50𝑗 50𝑗
2
𝑌 = [0.95 0.95 ]
50𝑗
−50𝑗
0.95
Thus, the final admittance matrix is given by;

−55.4𝑗 52.63𝑗
𝑌 = [ ]
52.63𝑗 −50𝑗

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 Power System Analysis and Design

PWS Model:

Figure 4: Model Showcasing Primary Side Tapping for a Tap Changing Transformation Ratio of 0.95:1

In Figure 4, Primary side tapping for a tap-changing transformer ratio of 0.95:1 has been
demonstrated. To initiate tapping, edit mode should be entered, followed by selecting "draw,"
then "field," and finally "transformer field." Subsequently, connect the transformer from bus 1
to bus 2, enabling PWS to attach taps on the winding linked to bus 1.

Y-Bus Matrix:

Figure 5: Y Bus Matrix for a Tap-Changing Transformation Ratio of 0.95:1

In Figure 5, the Y bus matrix for a tap-changing transformer with a ratio of 0.95:1 is depicted.
Remarkably, this matrix aligns precisely with the theoretically calculated Y bus matrix.

For Tap Changing Transformation Ratio of 1.05:1:

The tap-changing transformer ratio of 1.05:1 indicates a primary side tapping. In this tapping
ratio, the secondary voltage is higher than the primary voltage, thus it indicates a slight step-
up transformation.
Calculations:
As the given network comprise of two buses, so the admittance bus with respect to primary
side tapping is given as:
𝑌11 𝑌12
2
𝑌 = [𝑎 𝑎]
𝑌21
𝑌22
𝑎
Where,

𝑌11 = 𝑌22 = −50𝑗℧

𝑌12 = 𝑌21 = 50𝑗℧

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 Power System Analysis and Design

Moreover,
𝑎 = 1.05
By using above values, the matrix is given as:
−50𝑗 50𝑗
2
𝑌 = [1.05 1.05 ]
50𝑗
−50𝑗
1.05
Thus, the final admittance matrix is given by;

−45.35𝑗 47.61𝑗
𝑌 = [ ]
47.61𝑗 −50𝑗
PWS Model:

Figure 6: Model Showcasing Primary Side Tapping for a Tap Changing Transformation Ratio of 1.05:1

In Figure 6, Primary side tapping for a tap-changing transformer ratio of 1.05:1 has been
demonstrated. To initiate tapping, edit mode should be entered, followed by selecting "draw,"
then "field," and finally "transformer field." Subsequently, connect the transformer from bus 1
to bus 2, enabling PWS to attach taps on the winding linked to bus 1.

Y-Bus Matrix:

Figure 7: Y Bus Matrix for a Tap-Changing Transformation Ratio of 1.05:1

In Figure 7, the Y bus matrix for a tap-changing transformer with a ratio of 1.05:1 is depicted.
Remarkably, this matrix aligns precisely with the theoretically calculated Y bus matrix.

For Tap Changing Transformation Ratio of 1:0.95:

The tap-changing transformer ratio of 1:0.95 indicates a secondary side tapping. In this tapping
ratio, the secondary voltage is lower than the primary voltage, thus it indicates a slight step-
down transformation.

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 Power System Analysis and Design

Calculations:
As the given network comprise of two buses, so the admittance bus with respect to secondary
side tapping is given as:
𝑌12
𝑌11
𝑌 = [ 𝑎]
𝑌21 𝑌22
𝑎 𝑎2
Where,
𝑎 = 0.95
By using above values, the matrix is given as:
50𝑗
−50𝑗
𝑌 = [ 0.95 ]
50𝑗 −50𝑗
0.95 0.952
Thus, the final admittance matrix is given by;

−50𝑗 52.63𝑗
𝑌 = [ ]
52.63𝑗 −55.4𝑗
PWS Model:

Figure 8: Model Showcasing Secondary Side Tapping for a Tap Changing Transformation Ratio of 1:0.95

In Figure 8, secondary side tapping for a tap-changing transformer ratio of 1:0.95 has been
demonstrated. To initiate tapping, edit mode should be entered, followed by selecting "draw,"
then "field," and finally "transformer field." Subsequently, connect the transformer from bus 2
to bus 1, enabling PWS to attach taps on the winding linked to bus 2.

Y-Bus Matrix:

Figure 9: Y Bus Matrix for a Tap-Changing Transformation Ratio of 1:0.95

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 Power System Analysis and Design

In Figure 9, the Y bus matrix for a tap-changing transformer with a ratio of 1:0.95 is depicted.
This matrix aligns precisely with the theoretically calculated Y bus matrix.

For Tap Changing Transformation Ratio of 1:1.05:

The tap-changing transformer ratio of 1:1.05 indicates a secondary side tapping. In this tapping
ratio, the secondary voltage is lower than the primary voltage, thus it indicates a slight step-
down transformation.
Calculations:
As the given network comprise of two buses, so the admittance bus with respect to primary
side tapping is given as:
𝑌12
𝑌11
𝑌 = [ 𝑎]
𝑌21 𝑌22
𝑎 𝑎2
Where,

𝑌11 = 𝑌22 = −50𝑗℧

𝑌12 = 𝑌21 = 50𝑗℧
Moreover,
𝑎 = 1.05
By using above values, the matrix is given as:
50𝑗
−50𝑗
𝑌 = [ 1.05 ]
50𝑗 −50𝑗
1.05 1.052
Thus, the final admittance matrix is given by;

−50𝑗 47.61𝑗
𝑌 = [ ]
47.61𝑗 −45.35𝑗
PWS Model:

Figure 10: Model Showcasing Secondary Side Tapping for a Tap Changing Transformation Ratio of 1:1.05

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 Power System Analysis and Design

In Figure 10, secondary side tapping for a tap-changing transformer ratio of 1:1.05 has been
demonstrated. By connecting the transformer from bus 2 to bus 1, it enables PWS to attach taps
on the winding linked to bus 2.

Y-Bus Matrix:

Figure 11: Y Bus Matrix for a Tap-Changing Transformation Ratio of 1:1.05

In Figure 11, the Y bus matrix for a tap-changing transformer with a ratio of 1:1.05 is depicted.
Remarkably, this matrix aligns precisely with the theoretically calculated Y bus matrix.

Task 2:

Perform tap-changing transformers in such a way that taps are attached on the high voltage
sides of all the transformers for a 12-bus system.

PWS Model:

Figure 12: Tap-changing transformers on high-voltage sides regulating bus voltages in a 12-bus system network

In Figure 12, a twelve-bus system has been analysed. In this model, all tranformers in the
network have been made as tap-changing transformers in such a way that taps are attached on
the high voltage sides of all the transformers and are regulating the voltages of the buses
connected to them.
Y Bus Matrix:

In Figure 13, a y-bus matrix for a twelve-bus system has been analysed which have been made
as tap-changing transformers in such a way that taps are attached on the high voltage sides of
all the transformers.

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 Power System Analysis and Design

Figure 13: Y-Bus Matrix for Tap-changing transformers in a 12-bus system network

Observation and Conclusion:

In this lab, the tap-changing in transformers in order to analyze the voltage regularity in power
system using Power World Simulator has been demonstrated. This tap changing in transformers
refers to the ability to adjust the voltage ratio of the transformer by changing the number of
turns in the winding. By varying the tap ratios, both primary and secondary side tapping
configurations have been analyzed, showcasing their impact on voltage levels within the
system.

Also, the theoretically calculated Y bus matrix and the one which is analyzed using Power
World Simulator both are exactly similar to each other. Further-more, the optimization of tap
adjustments on the high-voltage sides of all transformers in a 12-bus system illustrated efficient
voltage regulation across the network, emphasizing the crucial role of tap-changing
transformers in maintaining stable power distribution.

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