Chapter 1: Stylstics and style: a historical perspective and recent

trends

1. Ancient time
- In ancient times Greece the use of language can be seen mainly as an effort to create
speeches.
- At the time, the art of creating speeches was called Rhetoric.
- The work of Aristotle (384- 322 B.C) created a famous work entitled Poetics
- The study of creating and guiding a dialogue, talk, discussion
- The study of methods of persuasion, was called Dialectics
- The further development of Stylistics was based on the three above mentioned sources:
Rhetoric, Dialectic, and Poetics.
2. The Middle Ages
- An anomalistic rhetoric of Cicero became a model way of public speaking, which means
that aesthetically attractive speeches were popular.
- The language of science, culture, and administration was very different from the
language of common people.
3. The New age
- In general, the book is based on the poetics of Aristotle and Horatio.
- The three different styles are mentioned, their distinction being based on the opposition
of language and parole
- The origin of the new era of linguistic stylistics is represented by the linguistic
emotionalistic conception of the French school of Charles Bally.
- The main aspect of the movement can be summarised as follows:
+ Distinction between the asthetic function of poetic language and the practical
communicative function of language
+ Language is seen as a structure, supra-temporal, given inherently
+ Literary work is an independent structure related to the situation of ít origin/ creation
+ Individual parts of literary or linguistic structure are always to be understood from the
point of view of a complex structure.

4. Stylistics in the United Kingdom

- British stylistics is influenced by. Halliday( 1960’)
- British tradition has always been the semiotics of text-context relationships and
structural analysis of text
- Romance, English, and Merican stylistics are based on observation and analysis of literary
works and are very close to poetics
- The Czech linguist, B. Havranek, one of the representatives of the Prague Linguistic
Circle, introduced the notion of functional language styles based on the classication of
language function.
- According to B. Havranek the language functions are:
1. Communicative
2. Practice professional
3. Theoretical professional
4. Aesthetic function
- This system of function is reflected in the classification of styles in the following way:
 1. Colloqial (conversational) styles
2. Professional styles
3. Scientific styles
4. Poetic (literary) styles

Chapter2: Main concepts and definition

1. Stylistics is traditionally regarded as a field of study where the methods of selecting and
implementing linguistic, exte- linguistic or artistic expressive means and devices in the
process of communication are studied
2. The language style is a way of speech and/ or a kind of utterance that is formed by means of
conscious and intentional selection, systematic patterning, and implementation of linguistic
and extra-linguistic and extra-linguistic.
3. The Belles-letters style (artistic, aesthetic) is one of the language styles that fulfills, in
addition to its general informative function, a specific aesthetic function.
4. The literary styles are the styles of literary works implemented in all components of a
literary work.
Definition of Styles

1. Styles refer to the manner of expression in writing and speaking

2. Styles can be seen as variation in language use
3. Style distinctive is the choice of items
4. Style is to compare one set of features with terms of a deviation from a norm

Definition of Styles

- Stylistics is the study of style. Just as styles can be viewed in several ways, so there are
several different stylistic approaches.
- The goal of the most stylistic is not simply to describe the formal features of texts for
their own sake, but to show their functional significance for interpretation of the text .
- Stylistics often interacts with other areas of linguistics, namely: historical linguistics,
dialectology, sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics

Chapter: Stylistic and Other fields of study

- Stylistics is related and can be seen as a subdepartment of linguistics when dealing with
when it draws only occasionally on linguistic methods
- It can be a subdepartment of literary study
- It can be regarded as an autonomous discipline when it draws freely, and eclectically, on
methods from both linguistics and literary study.
- Stylistics may be an auxiliary brought into a narrative structure, in others, categories of
narrative structure provide contexts for stylistic analysis.