Speech and theater arts attempts to combine in one book the basic knowledge and skills in

English oral communication in a Philippine context. The activities and exercise give the students adequate
Southern Masbate Roosevelt College, Inc.
Katipunan, Placer, Masbate
----------00000----------
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Dr. Victor V. Lepiten
FOUNDER
practice in applying the principles and aim to develop self-confidence along with the right attitudes and
skills. It is hoped that this will not only serve you well in school life but will also give you much personal
satisfaction and a decided advantage in your career.
PART 1 focuses on developing effective speech habits and skills through improving voice qualities,
mastering the English rhythm and intonation and learning correct pronunciation.
PART 2 discusses techniques in public speaking in various situations.
PART 3 focuses on introduction to theater arts. Because of its visual, emotional, and intellectual
appeal, drama is a natural extension of your speech activities. Although it recognizes the value of other
aspects of play production, it focuses more attention on the actor’s skills.
Victor Elliot S. Lepiten, III
Be ready to discover the actor and actress that is inherent within you!
PRESIDENT
Find practical applications in every learning you get. Happy learning and performing! 

SPEECH GENERAL
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
INSTRUCTIONS:

 All activities enclosed should be carefully read and performed accordingly.

AND MODULE (PRELIM)  In cases of printed and written activities, all tasks should be printed in a short bond paper
following the given format:
 Name
 Year Level, Subject, Time/Day
 Address
 Contact Info
 Printed activities should be in font size 11 and Font style “ Candara.”
 Use cursive writing for every written task.
 Leave a great storage on your phones for video projects from time to time since your subject
cannot see your live performances. In every video project, do not forget to introduce yourself .
Name your file to your Last name and first name initial+ Name of the activity (Ex: ALBURO, G.--
CREDO by E. Christian Buckner)
 Change your facebook names to your real names( the ones appearing on my class record) for easy
dissemination of information if necessary. Do not let your subject teacher guess your names on
social media if you will not adhere to this instruction.
 Since you are too many for me to handle, please add me on facebook : “ Geralyn Pepito Alburo”.
This is necessary so I can tag you on important matters or announcements.

NAME:__________________________________
GERALYN P.  Agree with your blockmates/classmates to create a GC named “ BSED ENGLISH II- SPEECH AND
THEATER ARTS” and add me on. Your subject teacher will provide you further instructions or
CONTACT INFO.:__________________________
ALBURO activities through it. Update and check the GC from time to time.
 Deadline is deadline. Late submissions will no longer be catered.
INSTRUCTOR  Failure to follow the instructions would mean deductions on your submitted tasks.
ADDRESS:_______________________________ (09975395664/09613632501) Stay safe at home God bless!
YR. & SECTION:___________________________ - Your Subject Instructor

WWWHAT
WHATYOU
YOUNEED
NEED TO
TO KNOW
KNOW ABOUT
ABOUT THIS MODULE
THIS MODULE Before we finally start, answer the following:
 Why is speech important? Rightly or wrongly, one is often judged not only by what he says, but how he says it.
Why is it important to study speech and theater arts? Write your answer on a short Nothing so instantly reveals one’s background, training, self-discipline and education than one’s
bondpaper. language. And the measure of one’s cultivation of his communication skills announces to the
world: THIS IS I.

So, for man to put on his best show then, the desire for success should be his utmost
concern. And success depends upon his efforts to develop his communication skills—skills that
shall sharpen his ability to express himself consistently, clearly and convincingly. In a democratic

1 EFFECTIVE SPEECH HABITS AND SKILLS

PARTDEVELOPING
society such as ours, the ability to express ideas is as necessary as the capacity to have ideas, no
matter how simple or complex the situation maybe. Whether one talks to a friend, a small group
or a large audience, the impression one makes depends very much on the ease and liveliness with

1
SPEECH: ITS NATURE AND IMPORTANCE
which he talks, how he advances or defends his convictions and his attractiveness of his speaking
voice.

B. DIAGNOSTIC TEST: ACCENTUATION AND PRONUNCIATION

Research “Credo” by E. Christian Buckner on the internet and answer the following questions: Below are thirty words often misaccented and mispronounced by most students. Read the
word orally and put the primary accent (‘) on top of the vowel sound of the syllable that
1. Do you agree with paragraph 1? Explain your stand. carries the stress. Write your answer on a short bond paper. Ex: ‘athlete
2. Do you agree with paragraph 2? Explain.
3. Which paragraph encourages you to improve your speech ability? Why? 1. Infamous 16. radiator
4. Which paragraph do you find the most meaningful? 2. Comparable 17. deficit
(Answers can be handwritten or printed on a short bond paper. ) 3. Preferable 18. affluence
4. February 19. laboratory
5. grievous 20. pedestal
A. Diagnostic Reading : “SOUNDS OF ENGLISH” 6. camouflage 21. barbarous
7. subtle 22. circumstance
Pay close attention to the vowels, diphthongs, consonants and their various combinations. 8. admirable 23. comfortable
Blend your words smoothly. Take note of proper phrasing or pausing. Stress content words 9. integral 24. spiritual
and de-stress unimportant ones. This test shall serve as a gauge of your speaking skills and 10. ceremony 25. interesting
weaknesses in English as a spoken language. 11. reputable 26. orator
Now, take a video of yourself while reading the article below following the above instruction. 12. cemetery 27. baptism
Do the reading as if you are in front of the class while your teacher and classmates are 13. fascism 28. candidacy
listening. Follow the guidelines in oral reading and proper use of the pause found on the next 14. lamentable 29. restaurant
pages of this module. 15. satiable 30. Characterized

“ Speech is the Best Show Man Puts on”

If the world is the greatest stage, and man is the most important actor, then speech is
the best show man puts on, for communication reflects man’s countless aspirations and
frustrations, his proudest accomplishments and ignoble failures. Without words and the
power to voice them, imagine how difficult, if not impossible it would be for man to
coordinate his activities. One’s relations with his fellow beings depend largely on words. Of
course, he may write his thoughts out, but man continuously presents himself verbally,
expressing his needs, feelings, ideas and reactions, thus exhibiting an incredible range of
behavior.
2
VOCAL QUALITIES
How do you sound to others? Have you often asked yourself, “ Is my voice working for,
or against me?”
Identifying your weakness is your first step in improving your voice.
Improving the voice is accompanied for the most part by being conscious of it and
taping your voice is one of the best means to do so. What was your reaction the first time
you heard yourself on tape? Were you surprised or did you say, “That doesn’t sound like me
at all! “ But your friends will say otherwise.
 The reason for the difference of opinion is that the vibrations which make up your voice are
transmitted to your inner ear through the bony structure of your skull as well as through the air. But
when you hear or listen to your voice on tape, you do hear your voice approximately as other people hear
it. It is the purpose of voice improvement training that you put your voice on better speaking terms!
Remember:
Voice Training requires ear training. You will have to become really interested in speech
sounds for the first time, perhaps. You will begin comparing your speech with those of others, and will
learn to judge voices as good, mediocre and poor and appreciate what makes them so.
Qualities of a good voice:
Inflection – the change of pitch.
Tone Color – “the presence of feeling in tone.” It is the result of the speaker’s mental and emotional
response to what he is saying. If his thinking is keen and discriminating, if his emotional response is
genuine, if his speech mechanism is responsive, his tone will have color.
Without color, all expression is mechanical and uninteresting. Even a beautiful voice may be
monotonous after a few utterances. “ Color is an almost literal analogy. Good voice quality may call to
mind the reds and oranges and yellows of the spectrum, the warm colors; or it may take on the blues and
the greens of the colors. On the hand it expresses vitality, joy, elevated thought, warmth; on the other, it
expresses desolation, fear, anger, coldness.”
Articulation - the formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech.

1. audible Good enunciation depends on four factors:

2. pleasant (not too loud or too soft, not guttural, raspy, metallic, nasal, harsh, shrill) 1. Jaw
3. fluent 2. Lips
4. flexible 3. Tongue
5. articulate 4. Teeth

YOUR VOICE MACHINE You should not have a locked jaw or lazy lips if you are to be a fluent speaker. Activate your
articulators.
Mechanisms responsible for the production of speech sounds:
ACTIVITY 2:
1. Motor-respiratory muscles – general region of the diaphragm responsible for
regulation, expulsion and control of air. Activate your articulators. Here are some tongue twisters that will test you on different sounds. Choose
2. Vibrator – vocal bands or cords to produce sound waves through vibrations of air. one from the choices below and take a video of yourself while doing this challenge. Submit your output
3. Resonators – nose, mouth throat. Modulate sound waves thus giving resonance along with the other activities.
1. Sister Susie went to see the sea you see
(production of sound by proper breathing).
So the sea she saw you see was a saucy sea.
4. Articulators – give definite shapes and character of sounds as air passes through the
The sea she saw was a saucy sea,
mouth or nose, lips, teeth, tongue, upper gums, lower jaw, hard palate, and uvula.
A sort of saucy sea she saw, saw she!
2. Sixty six slick seals
Breath control is extremely important in voice production. A firm, steady stream of breath is
Shining siphons childishly signing.
required to keep the voice from wavering and to give it strength. The proper sort of breathing is achieved
The death doth threatens frightens these thieves
by the use of stronger muscles of the lower chest and the abdomen than by the use of the weaker muscles
Zigzagging zephyrs zooming zestily zenithward.
of the upper chest and throat. Always bear in mind, that proper breathing is established only after ample
3. Roll on river, roll on. Roll on river, roll on.
effort along this line is exerted.
The river rolls , the river rolls, the river rolls.
A red, red, red rose , a red, red, red rose.
ACTIVITY 1: The very merry Mary, the very merry Mary,
Use your ears: Often those who need to improve their voices are ignorant of how they The very merry Mary, the very merry Mary,
sound. Your voice recorder will then help you tremendously in “knowing” how you Merrily, merrily, roll on river, roll on,
sound. Try to read passages from good literature just for the sake of studying your voice. Round the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran.
Find out whether your voice is loud or soft, rough or smooth, high or low. ________________________________________________________________
Write your findings on a bond paper.
________________________________________________________________________ Exercise to correct lip laziness
Other important speech factors:
Do this within a week . The W, alone or in combination with other sounds, will help you cure lazy lips.
Pitch- is the highness or lowness of a person’s voice. Try these:
 1. The twins twisted the twines with tweezers. a. Look for unfamiliar words and phrases. If a word has two or more meanings, choose the
2. Twenty birds tweeted among the twigs, while the howling winds whoozed through the trees. meaning that fits the context.
3. The twelve women in tweeds twisted from their waists to the rhythm of the twanging guitars. b. Find the central idea and keep it in your mind.
4. When will Wanda willingly follow orders without whining? c. Analyze the purpose of the writer. You can deduce this from the mood of the selection.
5. Why wait when the waiters are whiling away the time? 2. Use your voice properly.
6. Meet my willing servants: Who and what and where and when; Why and How? a. Use the right pitch and inflection to express the motive.
7. “Whither and whence did Wilhelm depart? “ the bewildered Wilda wanted to know. b. Use the right timing. Vary your rate to suit the material. Use a slower rate for formal material
8. If you had a wishing well, what would you wish for? or a large audience; faster, for a material meant to amuse.
9. The wandering waif waved the wand and made a wish. c. Read loud enough to reach all listeners.
10. The wily wench whispered and wheedled until the wizard granted her whims. d. Use proper phrasing.
1. Units of meaning are derived from phrases rather than from words or sentences.
Care of the Voice 2. Phrasing helps the reader to control breathing.
One final reminder: Take good care of your voice. The good qualities you are striving to 3. The listener can keep up more easily with the reader.
develop and maintain will be negated by having a hoarse voice. Here are some practical tips: 3. Pronounce words clearly and read fluently. However, avoid being over-precise.
1. Avoid strain. When others speak too loudly, don’t try to drown out their voices with 4. Look at your audience between phrases or lines. Take care not to lose your place in the lines of
your own. Get attention by some mechanical means, such as rapping the table, then type.
speak with quiet emphasis. 5. Read with appropriate expression.
2. Do not smoke. 6. Hold your material high enough for you to see clearly. Don’t cover your face.
3. If you have a cold that has affected your chest, speak as little as possible. The strain may 7. Hold your head in such a way that there is no constriction in your neck, jaw, and throat.
8. Avoid distracting mannerisms.
cause nodes(callouses), resulting in permanent hoarseness.
9. Know when to emphasize and when to subordinate ideas. Repeat occasionally to emphasize and
4. Don’t clear the throat by force. Try panting to remove the phlegm. Keep your voice vital
make the meaning clear.
or animated. A vital voice has life. A vital voice will keep you vital.
PAUSING
ORAL READING
The most effective device in finding the correct and proper pace in reading and speaking is
It is reading what someone else has written.
the use of the pause. Without pause, there is no such thing as pace because everything
The material read could range from the simple, strictly utilitarian acts of reading instructions or
explanations, the minutes of a meeting, or students’ reports on their assignments. It may refer to would then be given at the same rate and speed.
the reading of the homily or passages related to religious rites. It could also refer to the more
specialized forms such as other person’s speeches, poetry, essays or drama. The term How would you compare “pausing” to the signs giving the speed limits while driving along the high way?
interpretation or interpretive speech usually applies to these specialized forms. Write your answer on a bondpaper.

Is it important to develop oral reading skills? Why?(Write your answer on short bond paper)
(10pts.)
Effective Use of the Pause
To be understood, you must use observe the following:
1. Commas, semicolons, and colons generally indicate a pause of some length.
2. Between phrases where there is no punctuation, it is wise to pause to help convey the meaning.
3. Pause before an important word, name or title.
Some Guidelines for Oral Reading 4. The pause is most effective in building suspense.

1. Study the meaning of the material. Was it satisfying? You must understand before you can share.

PART 2 PUBLIC SPEAKING AND OTHER SPEECH SITUATIONS
What is public speaking?
Basically, it's a presentation that's given live before an audience. Public speeches can cover a wide variety
of different topics. The goal of the speech may be to educate, entertain, or influence the listeners. Often,
visual aids in the form of an electronic slideshow are used to supplement the speech and make it more
interesting to the listeners.
Because public speaking is done before a live audience, there are some special factors the speaker needs
to take into consideration.
11 speaking competencies which we consider to be the standards for evaluating a variety of presentations
at every level of mastery. These are based on the Public Speaking Competence Rubric [PSCR].
1. Useful topic. The first speaking competency is to select a topic that is appropriate to the audience and
the occasion. An advanced speaker selects a worthwhile topic that engages the audience. His topic also
presents the audience with new information that they did not know before the speech. A beginning
speaker selects a topic that lacks originality or is out of date. His topic provides no new information to the
audience. An ineffective speaker may give a speech in which a single topic cannot be deduced by the
audience.
2. Engaging introduction. To formulate an introduction that orients the audience to the topic and the
speaker is the second speaking competency. An advanced speaker writes an introduction that contains an
excellent attention-getter. She firmly establishes her credibility. She provides a sound orientation to the
topic, states her thesis clearly, and previews her points in a cogent and memorable way. For the beginning
speaker, her attention-getter is mundane and she somewhat develops her credibility. Her thesis is
awkwardly composed and she provides little direction for the audience. The ineffective speaker has no
opening technique, no credibility statement and provides no background on the topic. In addition she has
no thesis statement and no preview of her points.
3. Clear organization. Competency three is to use an effective organizational pattern. An advanced
speaker is very well organized and delivers a speech with clear main points. His points are mutually
exclusive and directly related to the thesis. Further, he employs effective transitions and signposts to help
the speech flow well. The beginning speaker has main points that are somewhat organized, but the
content of these points may overlap. Transitions may also be present in his speech, but they are not
particularly effective. In the ineffective speaker’s speech, there is no clear organizational pattern, there are
no transitions, and it sounds as if the information is randomly presented.
Don’t leave inferences to be drawn when evidence can be presented. ~ Richard Wright
4. Well-supported ideas. Fourth on the list of speaking competencies is to locate, synthesize, and employ
compelling supporting materials. In the advanced speaker’s speech, her key points are well supported
with a variety of credible materials, and her sources provide excellent support for her thesis. In addition, all
of her sources are clearly cited. A beginning speaker has points that are generally supported with a fair mix
of materials. Only some of her evidence supports her thesis, and her source citations need to be clarified.
An ineffective speaker gives a speech with no supporting materials or no source citations.
5. Closure in conclusion. The fifth speaking competency is to develop a conclusion that reinforces the
thesis and provides psychological closure. The advanced speaker provides a clear and memorable summary
of his points, and he refers back to the thesis or big picture. His speech also ends with a strong clincher or
call to action. A beginning speaker provides some summary of his points, but there is no clear reference
back to his thesis. The closing technique of his speech can also be strengthened. In an ineffective speaker’s
speech, there is no conclusion. His speech ends abruptly and without closure.
6. Clear and vivid language. To demonstrate a careful choice of words is the sixth speaking competency. An
advanced speaker’s language is exceptionally clear, imaginative and vivid. Her language is also completely
free from bias, grammatical errors and inappropriate usage. The beginning speaker selects language that is
adequate to make her point. She has some errors in grammar and occasionally uses slang, jargon or
awkward sentence structure. The ineffective speaker has many errors in her grammar and syntax. She also
mispronounces words and extensively uses slang, jargon, and/or sexist or racist terms.
7. Suitable vocal expression. Competency number seven is to effectively use vocal expression
and paralanguage to engage the audience. Excellent use of vocal variation, intensity and pacing are
characteristics of the advanced speaker. His vocal expression is also natural and enthusiastic, and he avoids
fillers. Some vocal variation is evident in the beginning speaker’s speech. He also enunciates clearly, speaks
audibly, and generally avoids fillers (e.g., “um,” “uh,” “like,” etc.). An ineffective speaker is inaudible,
enunciates poorly, and speaks in a monotone voice. His speech also has poor pacing, and he distracts
listeners with fillers.
8. Corresponding nonverbals. Eighth on the list of competencies is to demonstrate nonverbal behavior
that supports the verbal message. An advanced speaker has posture, gestures, facial expression and eye
contact that are natural, well developed, and display high levels of poise and confidence. Some reliance on
notes is seen with the beginning speaker, but she has adequate eye contact. She also generally avoids
distracting mannerisms. The ineffective speaker usually looks down and avoids eye contact. She has
nervous gestures and other nonverbal behaviors that distract from or contradict the message.
Body language is a very powerful tool. We had body language before we had speech, and apparently,
80% of what you understand in a conversation is read through the body, not the words. ~ Deborah Bull
9. Adapted to the audience. The ninth speaking competency is to successfully adapt the presentation to
the audience. The advanced speaker shows how information is important to audience members, and his
speech is tailored to their beliefs, values and attitudes. He may also make allusions to culturally shared
experiences. A beginning speaker assumes but does not articulate the importance of the topic. His
presentation is minimally adapted to the audience, and some of the ideas presented in the speech are
removed from the audience’s frame of reference or experiences. An ineffective speaker’s speech is
contrary to the audience’s beliefs, values and attitudes. His message may be generic or canned and no The interactional model of public speaking adds three more elements to the mix: encoding, decoding and
attempt is made to establish common ground. feedback. So, the process begins to take on a different shape.
Let's break it down. He added encoding, which is the use of words and tones to get the message to the
10. Adept use of visual aids. To skillfully make use of visual aids is the tenth competency. Exceptional listener and can even involve gestures. It is done to convey thoughts, as well as inject feelings into the
explanation and presentation of visual aids is characteristic of the advanced speaker. Her speech has message.
visuals that provide powerful insight into the speech topic, and her visuals are of high professional quality. Decoding, on the other hand, happens when the listener tries to make meaning out of the message. Of
The beginning speaker’s visual aids are generally well developed and explained, although there may be course, the message is what the speaker is trying to say. Schramm also thought that the audience would
minor errors present in the visuals. An ineffective speaker uses visual aids that distract from her speech. provide feedback by showing response to the speaker's message. This can be direct, like yelling out a
Her visuals may not be relevant, or her visuals may be of poor professional quality. question, or indirect, like making curious faces or even rolling eyes.
All put together, the process looks like this:
11. Convincing persuasion. The eleventh and final speaking competency is to construct an effectual
persuasive message with credible evidence and sound reasoning. An advanced speaker articulates the
1. Source
problem and solution in a clear, compelling manner. He supports his claims with powerful and credible
evidence while completely avoiding reasoning fallacies. His speech also contains a memorable call to 2. Channel
action. In the beginning speaker’s speech, the problem and solution are evident, and most claims are 3. Receiver
supported with evidence. He also has generally sound reasoning and a recognizable call to action. For the 4. Feedback
ineffective speaker, the problem and/or solution are not defined. His claims are not supported with
evidence, his speech contains poor reasoning, and there is no call to action. Readers should note that the Although the interactional model contains much more interface than the linear model, it does not account
competencies listed above are not all inclusive. Ultimately one must adjust, expand, and apply these for other important things, like context and noise.
competencies as best fits the requirements of the speaking situation. But they do provide a starting point
for new or less experienced speakers to begin to understand all of the interrelated components of a Transactional Model of Public Speaking
speech. The transactional model of public speaking takes on a more mutual communication effort between the
sender and receiver in where both seek to find mutual meaning in the message and involves many of the
Being ignorant is not so much a shame, as being unwilling to learn. ~ Benjamin Franklin same elements as the interactional model.
Public speaking is a process of communicating to a large group. It involves a sender, receiver and a Let's see how this process goes:
message. The message is sent through various channels and generally results in feedback from the
audience.  Sender
 Receiver
Public Speaking As a Process  Frame of reference
Some might think public speaking is merely talking before a large group of people. It's actually more than  Channel
that. In fact, public speaking is a process that involves two or more people, and it can actually be  Noise
interactive. Let's explore two models of public speaking:  Context

1. Interactional model Public Speaking: The Early Years

2. Transactional model
Before we explore the two important models, it is important to take a look back at the linear model of
public speaking, originally developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. It works like a 1-sided
telephone conversation and involves a source, a channel and a receiver. For this, the source is the
microphone, the channel is the telephone as a whole and the receiver is the person receiving the message.
This seemed pretty straightforward until Wilbur Schramm came along. You see, Schramm felt that there
are things that can go wrong with a telephone call, like distractions that interfere with listening to the
message. So, he added a few things to the mix and came up with a new, more interactional model.
Interactional Model of Public Speaking
It all started with the famous Greek philosopher Aristotle back in the 300s BC. Aristotle discovered that in
order to rally the citizens into conformity, one needed to persuade people. This is what he called rhetoric,
and it's defined as the capacity to persuade people, and he broke it down into three strategies:
 Ethos - is used when the source is credible and the speaker can show authority over the subject
matter
 Logos - is used when there are facts to support the argument requiring that the audience use
logic and deduction to decide on the strengths of the speaker's argument.
 Pathos - is used for emotional appeals to gain audience acceptance. Let's break down each by
using examples.
 Use of Ethos, Logos and Pathos Ethics and Public Speaking
Ethos relies on a trustworthy source. So, when the Surgeon General warns against the use of tobacco The First Amendment of the Constitution protects our right to free speech. That's a given right to all
products, people perk up. We know that people who use tobacco products receive plenty of guff from citizens of the United States.
friends and family about how bad a habit it is. While there is probably no sense dismissing their claims, is But is freedom of speech always ethical? Let's explore this question. If you define ethics as rules of conduct
the outcry enough? After all, the advice does not come from expert testimony. all human beings should possess that reflect what's right and just, then just how far can a public speaker
Now when the Surgeon General takes up the cause to warn the public about the dangers of firsthand and stretch the boundaries of what is legal and what is right?
secondhand smoke, people listen up. Not because he is a better speaker, but because the Surgeon General Good question! As far back as Aristotle's days, there was evidence that public speakers should adhere to
is an authoritative figure who possesses the education and experience to speak on health issues, like five simple principles:
smoking. So, we pay attention.
Logos works differently. It relies on deductive and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning works from  Trustworthiness
the top down. This means, it goes from a very broad conclusion to a very specific conclusion.
 Integrity in the subject matter
Perhaps an example will help. I cut down on my calorie intake by 500 calories a day for a week. I lost two
pounds in that week. Therefore, if I cut down my calories by 500 a day every week, I will lose two pounds  Respect for others
every week. This conclusion relies on deductive reasoning.  Dignity in conduct
In public speaking, a speaker will use this method to prove that there is a logical reason for the claim  Truthfulness in message
because it relies on a correct original premise, like the fact that lowering calorie intake aids in weight loss. Even in modern times, people expect that speakers will uphold these timeless standards. So, how does a
In our example, this may very well be enough to convince an audience to cut down on the cake to lose speaker earn an audience's approval?
weight.
Now inductive reasoning works from the bottom up. The opposite of deductive reasoning, it moves from The Ethical Public Speaker
specific to broad conclusions. To use our earlier example, I would say that this week I lost two pounds. I
It is difficult to ignore the hate-filled speeches of people, like Adolf Hitler or the Ku Klux Klan. The messages
also ate 500 calories less per day. This means that if I lost two pounds this week, it must be because I
of violence, extreme power and supremacy are enough to make our skin crawl.
shaved off 500 calories per day.
Suppose you are commissioned to write a speech for your company. In that assignment, you must wage an
What makes inductive reasoning less reliable is that there are variables that could also be introduced to
argument for something that you do not believe in. For example, some people don't believe in wearing fur
affect the results. So, losing two pounds this week could be the result of other things as well: sickness,
coats. If you are one of those people, you are faced with a challenge to write a positive speech about the
more exercise, less fat intake, etc. I can't attribute the weight loss to cutting calories with certainty.
benefits of wearing fur. You may decide to side with your own value system and choose not to get
In either type of reasoning, nothing can be proved based on the facts. It must be inferred, or assumed involved. Or you may have little choice but to hit the keys and start writing.
based on the information, by the audience. This makes it of a more logical response to the speaker's words
Few tips to get the trust of the audience:
based on the premises. The entire argument is believable because each individual premise holds truth.
Pathos is an emotional appeal by the speaker. When a speaker invokes an emotional call to action, he is
 Make sure that the message you are sending is ethically sound
tugging at the heartstrings of his audience. This is a pretty strong way to persuade people to do something.
Fear, joy, happiness, trust and anger are emotions that get attention. This is used quite often in advertising.  Use information that is truthful
For example, an advertisement for a home security system may get a higher response if it shows a mother  Avoid biases and stereotypes
and a baby at home during a break-in because it instills fear in the viewer. Being burglarized is scary  Believe in your own claims
enough. Being home with a small child while a crazed burglar enters your home is downright terrifying. So,  Show respect for the audience
a speaker who uses experiences that evoke strong emotion is highly likely to gain audience attention.
 Be prepared
And while modern-day public speakers use the same methods to communicate their message to large
groups of people, contemporary public speaking must employ an up-to-date approach. In our example, the subject of the speech may be unethical, but the message doesn't have to be. You might
begin your speech by stating the facts about the humane treatment of the animals used for fur coats. Your
choice of words will help send a more positive message.
Contemporary Public Speaking
You should avoid using biases or stereotypes when speaking to a group. If you are promoting a line of fur
In Grecian times, there were fewer public speakers and a smaller audience. Nowadays, it is much more coats, it is best to remain objective about it. Avoid generalizing or specifically bashing those who do not
difficult for a public speaker to gain audience approval simply because there are so many venues in which a agree with your argument.
public voice can be heard.
For as much as you can, believe in what you are saying. It may be difficult to agree with the topic at times,  Get rid of negative self-talk
but as long as there is some part of the speech that you do agree with, it will come across as truthful.  Locate pleasant faces in the audience
Respect your audience's beliefs and values, as well. While you don't have to share the exact same moral  Visualize success
code, it's best to align your speech so that there are overlapping beliefs and values. Be prepared. Not only
for the speech but also for questions that may follow afterwards.  Breathe between lines
Let's break down each strategy.

Speaking before a crowd can provoke anxiety even in the most seasoned speakers. There are several tips Prepare the content of the speech. It will boost confidence that the information is accurate and on-point.
This can eliminate the fear of the audience thinking you are, well, not so smart.
and strategies a public speaker can employ to reduce the level of stress associated with public speaking.
Practice it over and over again even if it means presenting your speech to your cat. In fact, your cat may
be the perfect audience because she is not confrontational and probably knows little on the topic. This may
Public Speaking Anxiety
ease discomfort because you will be very comfortable with the flow of the speech.
So, you are all set to give a speech of a lifetime, and all of a sudden, it hits you - palms begin to sweat,
Don't expect to be perfect. Perfection is not possible. You may blurt out something you did not intend.
teeth chatter, dizziness, and even heart palpitations. At first, you think you are coming down with the flu
Think about the worst thing that can happen. Probably nothing serious will come from a small misstep. A
bug. Nope, you're not. You're suffering public speaking anxiety, which is sometimes called glossophobia,
minor slip up probably will not even be noticed.
and it's a form of stage fright where one is fearful of public scrutiny.
Don't think you're crazy. There is a perfectly logical explanation for this. You see, when we are scared of
something, our minds tell us we have to do everything we can to survive. So, when faced with public Note:
speaking, our body reacts by sweating, fast heartbeat and other symptoms. In turn, our mind plays right Compile and fasten all your outputs on this module in a short folder having the following details
into it. This can be paralyzing. on the front page:
Did you know it is one of the most common phobias? It happens to some of the most seasoned speakers. It
is so common that many people have plans in place to avoid public speaking. It can be so debilitating, Name of School
people with performance anxiety may choose a career where they will never be asked to speak before a
School Address
crowd. Others may choose college courses that will never require an oral presentation.
It is known that we humans can only concentrate on one complex task at a time. So, with that in mind, it
boils down to two variables: How well you will do making the speech weighed against how important are
the consequences of doing well.
Let's make sense out of this. If you were a leading expert in something and made a speech before an OUTPUTS in EES 109 (SPEECH AND THEATER ARTS)
audience who knew less than you, the consequences of doing well may be lower because the audience
expectations will be lower. PRELIM
However, if you had to perform before an audience who knew what you know and even more, the
consequences are higher. This can provoke anxiety because the consequences for doing a good job are
much higher. So, you're thinking this is all well and good. But it doesn't help much as I spin into a panic
attack at the very thought of walking out on stage.
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So, what can a person do to overcome stage fright?

Overcoming Public Speaking Anxiety

Submitted to:
There are many ways in which a person can overcome their fear of public speaking. Let's explore some of
the options:

 Prepare ahead of time

 Practice your speech
 Don't expect to be perfect