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College Department

JUDE SAMUEL S. SANANDER BSED ENGLISH- II

PE 4- TEAM SPORTS

ACTIVITY 1&2

ACTIVITY 1: BASKETBALL

HISTORY OF BASKETBALL

Basketball began in 1891, it was invented by James Naismith, as being a less injury-
prone sport than football. He was a 31-year-old graduate student when he created the sport,
keeping players indoors during the winter.1

1891: Basketball was invented by James Naismith, a 31-year old graduate student and
physical education instructor at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield,
Massachusetts (now known as Springfield College). On December 21, Naismith hung
up peach baskets at each end of the gymnasium and introduced a set of 13 basic rules for the
game. The first basketball game was played that day and it finished with a score of 1-0.

1893: The first international basketball game took place in Paris, France at a local YMCA.

1898: The first professional basketball league, the National Basketball League (NBL), was
formed in New Jersey. The Trenton Nationals were the first champions. The league
disbanded in 1904.

1904: Basketball was included as a demonstration sport in the Summer Olympics held in St.
Louis, Missouri. This marked the first appearance of basketball in the Olympic Games.

1932: The International Basketball Federation (FIBA) was founded on June 18, 1932, the
first international basketball organization tasked with coordinating tournaments and teams.

1946: The Basketball Association of America (BAA) was founded, which later merged with
the National Basketball League (NBL) to form the National Basketball Association (NBA)
in 1949.

1950's-1960's: The NBA experienced significant growth and popularity, thanks in part to
the emergence of legendary players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Jerry West.

1968: The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame opens on February 17, 1968.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_basketball#:~:text=Basketball%20was%20invented%20by%20James,in%201932
%20in%20Geneva%2C%20Switzerland.
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1976: The NBA and the American Basketball Association (ABA) merged, bringing together
the best players from both leagues and solidifying the NBA's position as the top
professional basketball league.

1992: The US Olympic Basketball Team, aka the "Dream Team," represented the United
States in the Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, Spain. The team was comprised of NBA
stars such as Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, and Larry Bird. The US won the gold
medal and showcased the global appeal of basketball in the process.

2000's: Top players like Shaquille O'Neal, Kobe Bryant, Tim Duncan, Kevin
Garnett, Allen Iverson, LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, Steve Nash and more help
revolutionize the game and raise the popularity of basketball. Stars like Yao Ming, Dirk
Nowitzki, Tony Parker, Manu Ginobili, and Pau Gasol help globalize basketball.

Present day: Basketball continues to thrive globally, with the NBA attracting star players
and a massive fan base from around the world. The game has evolved, and with the
invention of the 3-point line has become more fast-paced and high-scoring than ever2

RULES AND REGULATION

The winner of a basketball game is the team with the most points. You get points by
throwing the basketball through the opponent's hoop or basket. In regular play a basket
made from within the three point line is worth 2 points and a basket shot from outside the
three point line is worth three points. When shooting a free throw, each free throw is worth
1 point.

Rules for the offense

The basketball team on offense is the team with the basketball. When a player has the
basketball there are certain rules they must follow:

1) The player must bounce, or dribble, the ball with one hand while moving both feet. If, at
any time, both hands touch the ball or the player stops dribbling, the player must only move
one foot. The foot that is stationary is called the pivot foot.

2) The basketball player can only take one turn at dribbling. In other words, once a player
has stopped dribbling they cannot start another dribble. A player who starts dribbling again
is called for a double-dribbling violation and looses the basketball to the other team. A
player can only start another dribble after another player from either team touches or gains
control of the basketball. This is usually after a shot or pass.

3) The ball must stay in bounds. If the offensive team looses the ball out of bounds the other
team gets control of the basketball.

4) The players hand must be on top of the ball while dribbling. If they touch the bottom of
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the basketball while dribbling and continue to dribble this is called carrying the ball and the
player will lose the ball to the other team.

5) Once the offensive team crosses half court, they may not go back into the backcourt. This
is called a backcourt violation. If the defensive team knocks the ball into the backcourt, then
the offensive team can recover the ball legally.

Defensive Rules

The team on defense is the team without the basketball.

1) The main rule for the defensive player is not to foul. A foul is described as gaining an
unfair advantage through physical contact. There is some interpretation that has to be made
by the referee, but, in general, the defensive player may not touch the offensive player in a
way that causes the offensive player to lose the ball or miss a shot.

Rules for everyone

1) Although the foul rule is described above as a defensive rule, it applies exactly the same
to all players on the court including offensive players.

2) Basketball players cannot kick the ball or hit it with their fist.

3) No player can touch the basketball while it is traveling downward towards the basket or
if it is on the rim. This is called goaltending. (touching the ball on the rim is legal in some
games3

SIZE OF THE COURT

Basketball courts come in different sizes based on the level and type of basketball being
played. A professional NBA court is 94’ x 50’ | 28.65 x 15.24 m.

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EQUIPMENTS

2) BACKBOARD

A backboard is a raised vertical board made from plexiglass (or tempered glass) which
stands ten feet from the ground. The basket/net is usually mounted on the backboard.

2) BASKETBALL BALL

A ball used in basketball games.

3) BREAKAWAY RIM

A highly flexible basketball rim that bends downward whenever a player dunks the
basketball and then snaps back into its original position. It allows the player to dunk the ball
without breaking the backboard and also helps prevent wrist injuries.

4) BASKETBALL COURT

The basketball court is usually made up of maple wood or concrete or asphalt.

5) BASKETBALL - BASKET

A basket is a round shaped metallic rim from which the net hangs. The baskets are
supported by a backboard and are mounted on top of the pole that is usually 10 ft. above the
ground.

6) BASKETBALL - MOUTHGUARD

Mouth guard covers teeth and gums and is used by players to protect their teeth, arches, lips
and gums from injuries.

7) BASKETBALL - SHOES

Basketball players wear shoes with air cushioned soles that provide comfort during fast-
moving play.

8) BASKETBALL - CLOTHING

Players wear loose-fitting, lightweight vest or tank tops and shorts that provide total
freedom of body movement.

BASIC SKILLS

1. Dribbling - is important to penetrate to the hoop, move the ball across the court, get away
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from the defense, and find a good passing lane. There are different types of dribbles:
2. Passing - A good offensive attack requires good passing from players. This helps find an
open man, to find a good shooter or to get away from a defender. There are several types of
passes you need to learn:
3. Shooting - The object of the game is to win by scoring the most points. Therefore,
improving the team's shooting is important to win a game. There are several ways to score
in the game:
4. Rebounding - is essential to gain or regain possession after the shot. Usually, the team
who has the most number of rebounds after the game has more shot attempts and chances to
score.
5. Offense - is the only chance that the team has a shot at the basket and scoring. Playing a
good offense requires coordination among players and individual skill to execute well plays.
6. Defense - To be able to get a chance to score and gain possession, the team should play
good defense and try to stop their opponent from scoring. As said, "A good defense is a
good offense."
7. Moves - There are different kinds of basketball moves that are important in executing
both a good offense and a good defense. Moves are helpful in finding an open man, make a
good shot or create an amazing play.
8. Violations - Knowing the kinds of basketball violations improves your game.
9. Assist - is given to a teammate to help him score easily. Thus is it important to find an
open man on the court
10. Foul - is often an accidental contact made by the defender to his opponent or an
aggressive move by the ball-handler towards his defender. However, a foul is also used as a
strategy to stop the clock or to keep the shooting player from scoring easily. Learning how
to use your fouls well is important in the game.

POSITIONS AND FUNCTION OF PLAYERS

there are a total of ten players on the field at the same time, five per team. In addition, a
team can have up to seven substitute players with unlimited substitutions. The starting line-
up, also called Starting Five, usually consists of a center, two forwards and two guards.4

SHOOTING GUARD

Also known as the “two guard”, the shooting guard is the team’s best outside shooter, and
therefore, the top choice for taking three-point shots.

Beyond three-pointers, the shooting guard is a consistent scorer, combining mid-range shots
with layups, floaters, and other scoring plays in close range.

Therefore, they are likely to lead the league in the points department.

SMALL FORWARD

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The small forward is the most versatile player on the team.

Small forwards combine the speed and agility of a shooting guard with the strength and
power of a power forward. They are easily adaptable and can cover multiple positions as
needed.

Offensively, the small forward needs to be dynamic enough to shift from scoring three-
pointers to making dunks. They are likely smaller in size than power forwards, but they still
need to have enough strength to play in the paint.

POWER FORWARD

The power forward is a physically strong player who is frequently inside the three-point line.
Power forwards tend to be tall and usually intimidate their opponents because of their size.

In the offense, the power forward will be close to the basket, where he is tasked with
recovering rebounds, setting up screens to create open space for shooters, and scoring dunks,
layups, and short-range shots.

CENTER

Traditionally, the center is the tallest and physically strongest player on the team. The center
plays under the basket and near the low post.

Offensively, the center’s main responsibilities are to get rebounds and score shots from
close range. In addition to this, their physical strength assists them to create space for other
players, by blocking defenders and creating screens.

Defensively, the center guards the area close to the rim. Centers are responsible for
recovering the ball through defensive rebounds, blocking the opponents’ shots, and forcing
them to make mistakes in the paint. Despite their size, centers need to be very agile and
have top-notch footwork, especially as the game has become more physical.

COMBO GUARD

The combo guard is a combination of the shooting guard and the point guard.

They have incredible ball-handling skills and can take charge of playmaking, driving the
ball up the court and assisting their teammates. Beyond this, however, they are extremely
talented shooters and often lead their team in points scored. A team could have two combo
guards on the court, especially to alternate them on defensive and offensive plays.

STRETCH FOUR

A stretch four commonly plays as a power forward.

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However, the stretch four brings the added value of being an excellent three-point shooter,
which provides more options for the offensive line and “stretches” the defense.

SWINGMAN

The swingman combines the talents of a small forward and a shooting guard. Swingmans
are frequently taller than shooting guards, but are equally skilled dribblers and shooters.
This empowers them to play both inside and outside the perimeter, and creates more
complexities for defenders.

POINT FORWARD

The point forward is a player who can take on the responsibilities of a point guard and those
of a small forward or power forward.

When their team has the ball, the point forward is the playmaker of the team. When on
defense, the point forward is responsible for opposing the forwards.

SIXTH MAN

The sixth man is a player that starts the game on the bench and is the first substitute to come
in.

Players who are considered the sixth man are versatile, highly skilled, and have a revulsive
effect on their teammates, bringing an energy boost to the game.

ACTIVITY 2: FRISBEE

HISTORY OF FRISBEE

The history of Frisbee dates back to ancient Greece there’s a famous statue of Discobolus
throwing a kind of overhand throw with a flying disc – the first disc thrower perhaps? In
Utah the remains of a clay disc were found, which scientists believe may have been used for
recreational play by Native Indian Americans.5

1940’s YALE STUDENTS

Yale students in New Haven, Connecticut, began playing throw and catch with the Frisbie
Pie Baking Co tins. They shouted “FRISBIE” as the tins sailed through the air to alert each
other of these incoming missiles!

1968 ULTIMATE FRISBEE IS BORN!

https://www.museumofplay.org/toys/frisbee/#:~:text=The%20Frisbee%20story%20starts%20in,away%20from%20the%
20spinning%20discs.
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Ultimate was invented by a group of 13 year old boys at Columbia High, Maplewood, New
Jersey. The game was then adopted by students in colleges throughout North America. The
picture above is of one of the first teams to be established.

1980’s DISC GOLF ‘TAKES OFF’

Disc Golf took off in the USA using basket & chain targets and high-tech golf discs – a
whole new industry emerged with hundreds of golf courses being established, the vast
majority of which being free to play. The PDGA tour began, with competitions being held
across North America offering cash prizes and sponsorships deals.

1990

There has been a steady growth of participation in Disc Sports around the rest of world.
Most large universities in the UK have Ultimate Frisbee clubs and take part in indoor and
outdoor tournaments all year round throughout the UK and Europe. The UKUA is the
governing body for Ultimate in the UK.

There are currently over 20 permanent Disc Golf courses in the UK. The BDGA holds a
series of tournaments throughout the year, players of all ages and abilities welcome to get
involved.

Since 2005 the Disc Sports 4 Schools initiative by Catch the Spirit Ltd has introduced Disc
Sports into hundreds of schools and colleges throughout the UK. Many are now
incorporating disc activities into the PE curriculum, out of school clubs and sports festivals.

RULES AND REGULATION

A regulation game has seven players per team. Scoring: Each time the offense completes a
pass in the defense's end zone, the offense scores a point. Play is initiated after each score.
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Movement of the Disc: The disc may be advanced in any direction by completing a pass to
a teammate

The Field

A rectangular shape with end zones at each end. A regulation field is 70 yards long by 40
yards wide, with end zones 20 yards deep.

Starting Play

Each point begins with both teams lining up on the front of opposite end zone lines. The
defense throws (“pulls”) the disc to the offense. A regulation game has seven players per
team.

Scoring

Each time the offense catches a pass in the defense’s end zone, the offense scores a point.
The teams switch direction after every goal, and the next point begins with a new pull by
the team that just scored.

Movement of the Disc

The disc may be advanced in any direction by completing a pass to a teammate. Players
may not run with the disc. The person with the disc (“thrower”) has ten seconds to throw the
disc. The defender guarding the thrower (“marker”) counts out the stall count.

Change of Possession

When a pass is not completed (e.g. out of bounds, drop, block, interception, stalled), the
defense immediately takes possession of the disc and becomes the offense.

Substitutions

Players not in the game may replace players in the game after a score and during an injury
timeout.

Non-Contact

Players must attempt to avoid physical contact during play. Picks and screens are also
prohibited.

Fouls

When a player initiates contact that affects the play, a foul occurs. When a foul causes a
player to lose possession, the play resumes as if the possession was retained. If the player
that the foul was called against disagrees with the foul call, the play is redone.
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Self-Officiating

Players are responsible for their own foul and line calls. Players resolve their own disputes.

Spirit of the Game

The foundation of the rules in ultimate is Spirit of the Game, which places the responsibility
for fair play on the player. Competitive play is encouraged, but never at the expense of
respect between players, adherence to the rules, and the basic joy of play.

SIZE OF THE FIELD

An Ultimate Frisbee field is 40 yards (37 meters) wide and 120 yards (110 meters) long.6
Although almost any size will work as long as both sides of the field are equal. Each end
zone is 25 yards deep and the playing area is 70 yards. A human step is, on average, about
one yard so the easiest way to measure out a field on the fly is to count your steps. A Brick
Mark is centrally located on both sides of the field 20 yards (18 meters) from the end zone.
Bricks sometimes aren’t marked, even at legitimate tournaments, so it is important to
remember that Bricks are 20 steps in-field. The entire 40 x 120 box is the playing field. If
the frisbee leaves this area it will be considered out-of-bounds. You don’t really need to
know this, but the exact center of the field is 20 yards from the sideline and 35 yards from
the end zone line. You’re officially ready to set up an awesome Ultimate field.

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EQUIPMENTS

The Ultimate Field

The field used for Ultimate is similar in size and shape to a football field. The dimensions of
the field are 70 yards by 40 yards (approximately 70 meters by 37 meters), with end zones
that are 25 yards (approximately ? meters) deep at each end. The field is marked with cones
or other markers to indicate the boundaries.

The Flying Disc

The flying disc (Frisbee) used in Ultimate is circular in shape, with a flat top and a curved
bottom. The standard diameter of a disc used in Ultimate is 10.75 inches (27.3 centimeters),
and the standard weight is between 175 and 200 grams, with 175 grams being the most
common weight.

The edge of the disc is beveled to create a sharp edge that allows for maximum distance and
speed when thrown. The disc is made of durable plastic that can withstand the impact of
being thrown and caught repeatedly, and is typically brightly colored, with a high-contrast
design to make it easy to see during gameplay. The surface of the disc is textured to provide
a better grip for players.

Other Equipment

Team Uniforms: Players usually wear matching team uniforms to distinguish their team
from their opponents.

Cleats: Ultimate is typically played on grass or turf, so players usually wear cleats for better
traction and grip.

Water Bottle: It is important to stay hydrated during a game, so a water bottle is essential.

Cones or Markers: The field is marked by cones or markers to indicate the boundaries of the
playing area.

Stopwatch or Timer: The game is played in timed intervals, so a stopwatch or timer is

needed to keep track of the game's progress.

Scoreboard: A scoreboard is used to keep track of the score.7

BASIC SKILLS

THROWING

Backhand Throwing
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In ultimate Frisbee, the backhand is one of the most common throws utilized. Listed below
are steps to consider when attempting to execute this particular skill.

Forehand Throwing

Also known as a flick, the forehand is another commonly used throw in ultimate Frisbee.
This throw is done seemingly effortlessly and swiftly. Place the disk in the webbing of your
hand between your thumb and pointer finger. Secure the disk by placing your thumb on top
of the disk and both your pointer and middle fingers under the rim of the disk.

CATCHING

In addition to throwing, catching is another skill that is necessary when playing ultimate
Frisbee. The three most common types of catches include the one-handed rim catch, two-
handed rim catch and pancake catch. These three catches are broken down further below.

One-Handed Rim Catch

Using a single hand to catch the disk by its outer rim. This catch is commonly utilized when
trying to catch a disk that is thrown very high, very low or even behind the catcher.

Two-Handed Rim Catch

During this catch, the receiver is able to maintain possession of the disk by using two hands
to secure it.

Pancake

This is arguably considered to be the most secure way to catch the disk. This catch is best
used for throws that are between the chin and waist area.

CUTTING

Cutting is an essential skill to have when playing Ultimate as you want to create space and
distance between you and your defender. The more separation you have, the easier it is to
receive the disk and advanced up the field. 8

POSITIONS OF PLAYER

Offense

When the other team is playing person-to-person defense, your team will likely play either a
vertical stack or horizontal stack offense. Either way, there will be two basic positions -
handlers and cutters.

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Handlers

A handler in ultimate frisbee is someone who has good disc skills. They will be responsible
for fielding the pull, keeping possession of the disc, and running the offense. Handlers are
usually the ones who will call plays off a stopped disc or near the end zone.

Cutters

A cutter is someone who will typically be downfield of the disc and the handlers. When the
pull comes, cutters need to get downfield and start preparing to cut for the disc. Usually
they will do this by getting into a particular offensive formation or executing a set play -
which is a series of predetermined cuts in a particular order.

Once the disc is in motion cutters continue to move downfield and look for opportunities to
get the disc either from their cutters or from the handlers.

Zone Offense

If the opposing team plays zone defense, your team will likely switch to a zone offense
formation. Zone offense creates a few more positions. You will still have handlers. But now
the downfield players will often be separated into the positions of poppers and wings.

Poppers

Poppers are cutters who will tend to stay closer to the handlers. Against a zone defense, the
poppers are looking for quick opportunities like throws through or over the cup. Poppers
will often engage in give-and-go sequences of quick passes with the handlers.

Wings/Deeps

Teams may call this position a “wing” or “deep” position. These players will usually be
further downfield and also toward sidelines versus the middle of the field. Wings will be
patient and opportunistic. Wings will be aware of where the deep defender is at all times.
They will often will work with the other wing to split the deep defender’s attention.

Zone Defense

In zone defense, players guard and pay attention to spaces rather than specific players.
Positions in zone defense include the cup, short deep, monster, and wings.

The Cup

Players in the cup will often be physically fit. The cup will likely be running the most
during the point and they also need to stay relatively close to one another. A team might
play a zone defense with three or four players in the cup depending on the defensive
structure.
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Short Deep/Middle Flat

This position will have different names depending on what part of the country or what part
of the world you are playing in. Short Deep and Middle Flat are most common, but some
places will have other names for this position.

Deep Deep/Monster

The monster is responsible for the endzone and longer throws. They will likely hang out
closest to the endzone or only as close to the disc as they can be while still being able to
reach the deepest offensive player if the disc is thrown.

Wings

Wings in a zone defense will be most aware of their counterparts, the wings in a zone
offense. The wings will be closest to the sidelines.9

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