S1.5. A small ball is projected with speed u from a point O on horizontal ground.

The angle
of projection is  to the horizontal, where 0 <  < 90°. The ball hits the ground at the point A.

The ball is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity.

(a) Show that, according to the model, OA = .

(5)

A golfer hits a golf ball with speed 25 m s−1 from a point X on horizontal ground.

The golf ball hits the ground at the point Y. The angle of projection is  to the horizontal,
where 0 <  < 90°. The golfer requires the distance XY to be at least 40 m.

The golf ball is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity.

(b) Find, according to the model, the size of the largest possible angle  .
(2)

Given that  = 30° and that the golf ball is more than 3 m above the ground for T seconds,

(c) find the value of T.

(4)
(Total for Question 5 is 11 marks)

S5.5 [In this question, i is a horizontal unit vector and j is a unit vector directed
 vertically upwards.]

At time t = 0 seconds, a small stone is projected with velocity (14i + 7j) m s–1 from a
point O on horizontal ground.
The stone hits the ground at the point A, as shown in Figure 3.
In an initial model, the stone is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity.
Using this model, find
(a) the distance OA
(4)
(b) the speed, V m s–1 , of the stone at t = 0.5 seconds.
(3)
The model is refined to include air resistance.
Using this refined model, the speed of the stone at t = 0.5 seconds is found to be W m s–1
Given that in both models the stone is still moving upwards at t = 0.5 seconds,
(c) state which is greater, V or W, giving a reason for your answer.
(2)
(d) State a limitation of the refined model.
(1)
(Total for Question 5 is 10 marks)

S2.4. [In this question the unit vectors i and j are in a vertical plane, i being horizontal and j being
vertically upward.]

Figure 2

A small ball is projected from the fixed point O on horizontal ground with velocity
(9i + 12j) m s−1. The ball passes through the point A which is h metres vertically above the

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 level of O, as shown in Figure 2. The velocity of the ball at the instant it passes through the
point A is λ(i − j) m s−1, where λ is a positive constant. The ball is modelled as a particle
moving freely under gravity.

(a) Find the value of h.

(4)

(b) State the minimum speed of the ball as it moves from O to A.

(1)

(c) Find the length of time for which the speed of the ball is less than 12 m s−1.
(4)

The model could be refined by considering air resistance.

(d) Suggest one other refinement to the model that would make it more realistic.
(1)

S3.4. [ In this question the unit vectors i and j are directed horizontally and
vertically upwards respectively.]

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 The point O is 9.6 m above horizontal ground.
A small ball is projected with velocity (4U i + U j) m s–1, where U is a positive constant,
from the point O
The ball first hits the ground T seconds later, at the point A
The point A is at a horizontal distance of 64 m from O, as shown in Figure 2.
In an initial model
 the ball is modelled as a particle moving under gravity
 air resistance is ignored
 the ball has an initial speed of V m s–1
Using this model,
(a) show that UT = 16
(2)
(b) find the value of V
(6)
(c) State two improvements to the model, other than including air resistance, that would
make the model more realistic.
(2)
(Total for Question 4 is 10 marks)

S4.5.

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 In a game, a small ball is thrown from a point A to a point B.
The ball is thrown at 45° to the horizontal.
The point B is 10 m horizontally from A and 5 m vertically from A, as shown
in Figure 3.
In an initial model,
• the ball is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity
• the initial speed of the ball is U m s–1
• g = 9.8 m s–2
Using this model,
(a) find the value of U.
(6)
(b) find the speed of the ball at B.
(3)
One limitation of this model is that the air resistance on the ball is ignored.
(c) State one other limitation of this model.
(1)
In a refinement of the model,
• the ball is modelled as a particle
• air resistance on the ball is included
• the initial speed of the ball is V m s–1
• g = 9.8 m s–2
(d) State how the value of V compares with the value of U, giving a reason for
your answer. (1)

8. [In this question position vectors are given relative to a fixed origin O.]

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A particle P moves under the action of a single force F newtons. At time t seconds, where
t  0, the position vector of P, r metres, is given by

r = (t 3 − 5t)i + (5t 2 + 6t)j.

The mass of P is 0.5 kg.

At time T seconds, P is moving in the direction of the vector (i + 2j).

(a) Find the value of T.

(5)

(b) Find the magnitude of F when t = 2.

(4)