Mana La Excellence
Subject- Telangana History
1.Analyse the state of Buddhism during the
vishnukund period.
Introduction:
Write briefly about development of religion during
the Vishnukund period.
Body:
Mention the state of Buddhism during the
Vishnukund period.
Conclusion:
• During their long rule, they have introduced
Hindu - based culture in place of earlier
composite culture and set an example for kings
of the later period.
• Their styles of architecture and sculpture have
been followed by the Pallavas in the south and
Chalukyas in the west, which stands as a proof
of their greatness.
• The fact that the most popular kings like the
kakatiyas have taken Madhava Varma II, the
Vishnukund king as their founder, speaks of
splendour of the welfare administration of the
Vishnukunds.
Content:
Vishnukunds have ruled the entire Telugu country
on the northern bank of river Krishna for more
than two hundred years.
State of Buddhism during the Vishukund period:
• By the first phase of the Vishnukund rule,
Buddhism had huge spread in the society.
• The first generation Vishnukund rulers have
patronised Buddhism though they themselves
were the followers of Vedic religion.
• Vishnukund kings:
➢ Might have constructed on Buddhist
arama Viharas on all four sides of their
kingdom and
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➢ Might have undertaken repairs and
extensions to the already existing ones.
• Vishnukunds were the last Telugu kings who
patronized Buddhism.
• By the end of 5th century B.C, to the south of
Krishna river, in Amaravati and
Nagarjunakonda areas another important
branch in Buddhism- Vajrayana has taken
shape.
• Buddhist Sangha relating to vajrayana branch:
➢ women, wine, mutton, deceitful
mantras have all entered
➢ Gradually losing purity and affection of
the people
➢ At last, they became infamous places of
liars and women-seekers.
• Another development that has taken shape in
Buddhism, has been the Brahmin supremacy in
Buddhist Sanghas and arama - Viharas.
• These Brahamins gradually painted Buddha as
the ninth avatara of Vishnu.
• As a result, some Buddhist holy Centres got
turned into Vaishnava holy centres.
• They turned into Narasimha temples.
• Dharmapur had been Buddhist area right from
Buddha time. During the time of Vishnukunds,
it got changed to Ramalingeswara Swamy and
Narsimha Swamy temples.
State of Jainism during the vishnukund period:
• Accordingly, Kannada literary text reveals that
Prior to Vishnukund in the Srisailam (or
Sriparvata) and Amrabad area was dominated
with wide spread of Jainism.
• But, during the Vishnukunds period due to the
followers of kapalika sect of Savism with their
magic skills and Mantras, became responsible
for the decline of Jainism.
• Jain temples became Saiva Temples.
• One such example was Srisailam Temple.
• Kumarilabhattu born in Andhra received Jain
education in the beginning, but after realizing
that there is nothing that could be appreciated
Mana La Excellence
in Jainism, Condemned Jainism and attracted
many jains into Vedic religion.
• Indra Varma, the first king among the
Vishnukunds, was also one among them.
Development of Architecture and Sculpture
during the Vishnukund period:
• During the Vishnukund period, structures of
architecture have demonstrated new style.
• Their capital cities and caves, temples, arama
viharas have become the sources for
structures of architecture.
• In Telangana, Vishnukund forts are there in
their capitals of
➢ Amrabad
➢ Indra palanagar and
➢ keesaragutta.
• During the Vishnukund period, the Buddhist
viharas and aramas that were constructed by
the kings are notable one.
• Govindaraju has built Raja Vihara at
chaityapuri.
• His Queen, paramabhattaraka Mahadevi has
constructed at Indrapalanagaram, a Vihara on
her name, known as paramabhattarika
Mahadevi Vihara.
• At Undavelli in Guntur district, at
Bhairavakonda in Nellore districts storeyed
cave temples are famous one.
2. Discuss the socio-religious conditions during
the Chalukyan period.
Introduction:
Write briefly about the Chalukyan rulers
Body:
Mention the socio-religious conditions during the
Chalukyan Period.
Conclusion:
• In Telangana, Vemulavada chalukyas who
patronized both Jainism and Saivism
Constructed several Temples.
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• The later chalukyas of kalyani were also great
builders of temples, which were found in
Telangana.
Content:
• The political Vacuum created after the decline
of the Vishnukundins in Telangana was filled in
by the Chalukyas of Badami and later by the
Rastrakutas.
• Their presence in the Telangana can be
attested from the availability of inscriptional
sources.
• The Badami Chalukyas ruled the Deccan
region, their capital Badami or Vatapi was
situated in Karnataka, they controlled some
parts of Telangana region.
• Similarly, the Rastrakutas who succeeded the
Badami Chalukyas also exercised their control
over parts of Telangana region by evolving a
systematic administrative system.
• Thus, both these major ruling families though
belonging to the region outside Telangana
were instrumental in evolving an organized
social structure in Telangana.
• Around the time when the Badami chalukyan
power was in decline, two important
chalukyan families such as Vemulavada
chalukyas and Mudigonda Chalukyas emerged
in Telangana.
• They were contemporary to the Rastrakutas of
Malkhed and the eastern Chalukyas of Vengi.
Society
• During the chalukyan period:
➢ Vedic Brahman religion gained
prominence and
➢ Varna system has taken stable shape.
• Four fold Varna system was prevalent.
• Brahmins had first place in society because of
their:
➢ Sanskrit education,
➢ Study of Vedas and Vedangas and
➢ Serving as teachers.
Mana La Excellence
• Kshtriyas had occupied second position as an
administrators and warrior class.
• During Chalukyan period many sudras entered
into the service of army.
• In the Varna Society, vaishyas occupied third
position. Their occupations are traders. They
were called as Sreshti, Setti and Komati.
• Being the devotees of Gomateswara (Jainism),
they are called as gomatlu or Komatlu.
• During this time, they organised into guilds (or)
nakarams and carried the internal and external
business, helped them to become rich.
• Sudras are fourth group in Varna Society.
Based on their occupation they emerged into
many castes.
• Among them, who occupied Agriculture and
entered into Army service emerged as
powerful communities.
• Those who occupied or adopted handicrafts
such as Pottery, Blacksmith, Carpentre etc.,
were remained low position in Varna Society.
• Thus, Occupational based caste society and
hierarchical class society came into
stabilisation during this period.
Religious Conditions:
Buddhism:
By the 7th Century A.C, Buddhism began to decline
and incorporated into Hinduism, as ninth
incarnation of Vishnu and got worshiped along
with Hindu gods.
Jainism:
• Though Buddism declined, Jainsim
continued to receive royal patronage.
• During the time of Vemulavada Chalukyan
king Arikesari II, Tribhuvanatilaka Vasadi
was built and 24 Tirthankaras along with
‘Chakrasvaris' were installed by
Jinavallabha, brother of the pampa
(famous Kannada poet).
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• Baddega another king of the same line
constructed Subhadhamma Jinalaya and
appointed Somadeva, a famous Jaina poet.
• The reign of Kalyani Chalukyas witnessed
the growth of several jain Centres.
• They were endowed with rich donations.
• The growing popularity of Saivism in
Telangana region from 10th century
resulted in Jaina - Saivte conflicts.
• consequently, Jainism had to give way to
the puranic faith.
• Thus many Jain Temples got converted into
Saivate Temples.
Shavisim:
• Among those who received Agraharas from
the Chalukyan kings, Brahmins.
• During the time of Chalukyas, Vedic religion
was in highest position.
• Kumarilabattu, who propagated
purvamimamsa Vedanta method, belonged to
this age only.
• Because of self-reforms of Vedic religion
peoples' interest towards rituals and charities,
idol worship and construction of major
temples, has increased.
• The one development during this age, temple
construction was taken up by the Government
as a movement and a Social necessity.
• It became the tradition of Chalukyan kingdoms
Kings that the number of wars that were
fought have to be equaled by the construction
of same number of temples.
• Savism had popular, many Savite temples were
built.
• Srisailam emerged as an important Saivite
Centre along with its four main gateways,
which include:
➢ Tripurantakam (east)
➢ Siddhavatam (South)
➢ Umamaheswaram (north) and
➢ Alampur (west)
Mana La Excellence
• Rajarejeswara temple of Vemulavada emerged
as an important Saivite centre.
• In these temples Lord Siva is worshipped along
with Mahasena and Ganapati.
Vaishnavism
• Along with Saivism, Vaishnavism also
progressed in Telangana.
• Puranic theism which replaces Vedic
Brahmanism emerged as a temple centered
and ritual oriented cult with bhakti or devotion
as its base.
• As a result, temple building activity gained
momentum from the 10th Century onwards.
3. Explain the inter-state relations of Velamas of
Rachakonda.
Introduction:
Write briefly about Velamas of Rachakonda
Body:
Mention their inter-state relations with other
rulers.
Conclusion:
• Recherla Padmanayas are capable rulers.
• They ruled most parts of present Telangana for
the period of more than one hundered and
Fifty years.
• Their able administration, socio-economic
development, religious harmony, growth of
literature made them more popular in the
medieval history of Telangana.
Content:
• After the decline of Kakatiyas, in the present
Nalgonda, Mahboobnagar area, the Recherla
Padmanayakas founded their independent
Kingdom.
• They ruled for the period of more than in
century and half.
• 'Rachakonda' and 'Devarakonda'stood as the
capital city of them.
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• As they born from the feet of Lord Vishunu',
they got the name as padmanayakas.
Inter State Relations:
• The Velamas of Rachakonda and Devarakonda
ruled the entire Telangana as "Regional
Power" for one and half century playing an
active role in the politics.
• The kingdom itself was situated amidst of:
➢ Bahamanis of Gulbarga in the west
➢ Rayas of Vijayanagara in the south
➢ Reddys of Kondavidu in the east and
➢ Gajapatis of Orissa in the north.
• The Velamas had to contend with the above
kingdoms to stablise as well as to extend their
power.
• Hence, the Velamas often shifted their
alliances with their neighbouring states and
tried to gain their power back.
Relations with Bahamanis of Gulbarga:
➢ During the early days of the rule of the
Velamas, the relations with Bahamanis were
cordial.
➢ Bahaman Shah I helped Anapota Nayaka I
against Kapaya Nayaka.
➢ The same relations continued till Singama
Nayaka II and Vedagiri I.
➢ However, during region of Anapota II and
Mada II when they were engaged in war with
Reddys Feroz Shah II attacked and besieged
the fort of Panugal.
➢ This led to the cut-off the traditional relations
between the Velamas and Bahamanis and
joined hands with the vijayanagara.
➢ Again, during the reign of Sarvangna Rao
Singama Nayaka III and Lingama Nayaka, the
Bahamani Sultan Ahmad Shah II attacked the
forts of Velamsas and took possession of
wealth.
➢ It finally resulted in the subjugation of the
Velamas to the Bahamins and the
Vijayanagaras.
Mana La Excellence
Relations with Reddys of Kondavidu:
➢ The relation between the Velamas and Reddys
was not cordial ever since formation of their
kingdoms.
➢ The kingdom of Reddys was a doab with rich
rice yielding fertile soils in the coast where as
that of the Velamas was an arid zone.
➢ Hence Velamas were interested on the coastal
area of the Reddys.
➢ Conflict became inevitable for the Velamas to
gain rich soils of the Reddys.
➢ Velugotivari Vamshavali refers to the Velama-
Reddy conflicts which ended with no material
benefits to any party except giving the scope
for the intervention of the Bahamanis and the
Vijayanagaras in their political affairs.
Relations with Rayas of Vijayanagara:
➢ The political alliances between the Velamas
and the Vijayanagara kings were temporary.
➢ When Singama nayaka I and Vedagiri were
engaged in war with the Reddys in Coastal
Andhra, Bukkaraya II attacked Panugal fort by
talking advantage their absence in Telangana.
➢ It resulted in the outbreak of the rivalries
between the two parties.
➢ The intervention of the Vijayanagara kings into
the affairs of Reddys of Kondavidu prevented
the Velamas against their coastal campaigns.
➢ However, the last powerful ruler Lingama
Nayaka who made attempts to win the
territories of the Vijayanagara ended his
career in failure.
Relations with Gajapatis of Orissa:
➢ The relation between the Velamas and the
Gajapatis of Orissa were cordial.
➢ It seems the early reign of Anpota I and his
brother's son Vedagiri went as far as
Srikurmam and Simhachalam, in the process of
the extension of the kingdom.
➢ During the last phase of Velamas that is during
the reign of Lingama nayaka, Kapileshwara
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Gajapati of Orissa came to assist Velama chief
of Devarakonda at the request to overcome
the invasion of Humayun Shah of Bahamani
dynasty.
➢ In this scenario, the Orissa rulers came forward
as Orugallu.
➢ Thereafter the Velamas of Rachakonda and
Devarakonda acted as subordinates to
Gajapati rulers owing to their assistant during
wars with the Bahamanis.
4. Briefly write a note on the composite culture
existed during Kakatiyas age.
Introduction:
Write briefly about religious condition during the
Kakatiyas age
Body:
Describe the religious conditions during the
Kakatiyas Age
Conclusion:
• The Kakatiya rulers earned a unique place in
history of Telangana.
• They were capable, dynamic and hardworking
rulers.
• They united first time Telugu people in the
name of language their Religious Tolerance,
Irrigational works, literature, Art, Architecture,
culture became heritage to present
generation.
Content:
• Kakatiyas are known for their religious
tolerance.
• Jainism and Buddhism enjoyed the support of
state.
• Saivism and Vaishnavisam also received the
support of rulers and their officials.
Jainism:
• Jainism entered into Telangana region during
the western Chalukyas.
• The early kakatiyas Patronised the Jainism.
Mana La Excellence
• 'Siddheshwara charitram' of Kase siddhappa is
supporting it.
• Jainism which was discouraged by Eastern
Chalukyas received great support of Kakatiyas.
• Hanmakonda became the centre of Jainism
and activities in Andhradesa.
• The jain scholar Rishabhanatha who was
tortured by Eastern Chalukyan king Raja Raja
Naredra escaped and reached Hanumakonda.
• Here he was honourd by Kakatiya ruler.
• Anumakonda inscription, of Prolaraja begins
with the prayer of Jain.
• In the court of Vemulawada Chalukyas Jainism
received Royal support.
• Beta Raja gave donations to Yuddhamalla's
Jain temple.
• Beta II another early Kakatiya ruler gave
donations to 'Jaina Basadi' located at Jalna.
• Jainism and Buddhism lost the public
confidence slowly.
• In their place Saivism and Vaisnavism gained
popularity.
Saivism:
• Saivism received the patronisation of Royal
family members.
• There are sub-sects like 'Kaalamukha',
Kaapalika Pashupatha, Aaradhyasaiva,
Veerasaivism etc.
• The early Kakatiya kings followed
'Kaalamukha'sect of Saivism.
• Beta II, was the disciple of 'Rameshwara
pandita'(who was devotee and head of
Mallikarjuna silamatha's)
• Beta II grainted him "Vaijanapalli' (Sivapuram)
Villag as gift.
• Beta II's successors Durgaraju, prola II also
became the disciples of Rameshwara pandita.
• They took 'Sivadeeksha' from above guru.
• The saivite devotees of Karnataka considered
Srisailam as the chief center of Kaalamukh sect
of Saivism, Rameshwara panditha as their
Guru.
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• Lakuleshwara was profounder of 'Kaalamukha
jaina siddhantha'.
• Alampur located on the bank of river
'Thungabhadra' was a very famous saivite
piligrim centre in those days.
• Navabrahma temples are built here.
• Aagastheshware saiva temple closely located
to Alampur is another main centre for
Kaalamukh saivites.
• 'Vemulawada' (Karimnagar) is also very
famous saivite centre during Kakatiya age.
• It received patronisation from the period of
Kalyani Chalukyas
• The chief deity of this temple is Raja
Rajeshwara Swamy(Shiva).
• It received land gifts from Rajaditya
Mahamandaleswara.
• At 'Kaleshwaram' (Warangal) he installed linga
of Shiva.
• 'Paasupatha Saivism' was another important
sect during the reign of Kakatiyas.
• Aagamas are primary source to know about
this sect.
• At the beginning of the 13th century CE, in the
Kaalachuri kingdom political and religious un-
rest was out broken.
• This forced many Saiva gurus from Kaalachuri
kingdom to migrate to Andhradesa
• 'Dharmashivá a famous saiva guru came to
migrate to Andhra and settled at
'Draksharaamam'.
• He became the chief guru to Ganapatideva and
his daughter Rudramadevi.
• He developed relations with the saivite
temples located at Tripurantakam, Warangal,
Draksharamam.
• During the reign of Ganapathideva,
'Golakimata' received liberal patronisation
from king.
• After him it lost its popularity.
Mana La Excellence Group 1 Mains Practice Questions

• After the decline of Kakatiya power, the gate • Some suggestions of Basatin-us-Salatin were
ways of Srisailam became very popular piligrim followed by Qutub Shahi Sultans with true
centres. spirit. This made them very popular.
• The Religious tolerance exhibited by Kakatiyas Content:
became a model to their successors in
Andhradesa. Administration of Qutub Shahis:
• As the result the conflict between • The administrative system introduced by
Veerasaivites and saivites in contemporary Qutub Shahi Sultans is unique in its nature and
Karnataka are not seen in Andhradesa. structure
• The gurus of Kakatiya kings preached the • They provided sound and popular
principle of live and let live. This became a administration to their people.
mantra for their glory. • Mirza-Ibrahim-Zubari's work Basatin-us-
Vaishnavism: Salatin is providing very useful, authentic
information about the Qutub Shahi polity, its
• People of Kakatiya times enjoyed the Religious
nature and structure.
freedom.
• Mirza-Ibrahim-Zubari was a contemporor of
• All their temples Consists of the deities such as
Abdullah-Qutub shah (1626-1672).
shiva, Vishnu, surya.
• This book was written on the model of Siasat
• Thousand pillar temple built at Hanumakonda
Nama written by Nizam-ul-Mulk-Tusi.
by Rudradeva was a Trikuta Alayam.
• Siasat Nama discussed the duties and
• His minister Vellamki Gangadhara built
objectives of a Sultan.
Prasannakeshava Swamy temple at
• The Qutub Shahi Sultans followed the
Hanmakonda.
guidelines laid in Siasat Nama.
• Ganapatideva's sister Mailamba built a big
• But they also considered, the local people’s
Gopala Krishna temple at Inugarthi.
desires and local laws in running the
• Prataparudra II, has donated some villages to
administration.
Chennakeshava temple.
• His wife Lakshmideva donated gifts to Some important aspects mentioned in Basatin-
us-Salatin:
'Ramanatha temple located at
Yegedu'(Karimnagar). • In the first part of book, the author Basatin
5. Mention some important aspects made in advised the king to protect the law and follow
Basatin-us-Salatin book regarding the it without any fear or favour.
administrative affairs of Qutub Shahis. • He said such spirit will not only bring good
name to ruler but also prosperity to the
Introduction:
kingdom.
Write briefly about administration of Qutub • If the ruler treats all his people with love and
Shahis. takes care of all the needy people, he will
Body: become very popular.
• He advised the Sultan to appoint, Quzis,
Mention Some important aspects made in Basatin- Muftis, Judges and pay their salaries in cash.
us-Salatin book
• He also supported the donation of some
Conclusion: villages to these officials.

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• In the second section, the author advised the
Sultan to appoint his ministers on the basis of
their loyalty, experience and dedication.
• He also suggested the Sultan to grant Jagirs to
ministers for the period of three years and
advised to maintain strict discipline with
ministers.
• He ordered Sultan to behave in high dignity in
the council meetings.
In Basatin-us-Salatin, the author advised the
Sultan to do the following works for the welfare of
public: They are:
• Construction of trunk roads
• keeping the feeder roads clean
• Making all the arrangements for the public
during festival days to purchase their required
articles etc.,
• Planting of shady trees on the both sides of
roads
• Construction of Sarais, arrangement of water
and free feeding facility at Sarais with
Government's money.
6. Trace the progress of Telugu literature under
Qutub Shahis.
Introduction:
Write briefly about Qutub Shahis regime.
Body:
Mention the progress of Telugu literature under
Qutub Shahis
Conclusion:
• Telugu literature under Qutub Shahis
continue to enjoy the royal support as in
Vijayanagara age.
• Qutub Shahi Sultans and their officials did
great service to Telugu language.
Content:
Progress of Telugu Literature under Qutub
Shahis:
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➢ The Qutub Shahi Sultans and their officials
were great patrons of Telugu language
➢ Many Telugu Scholars and Poets were
honoured by Qutub Shahi Sultans.
➢ Especially, during the age of Ibrahim-Quli-
Qutub Shah Telugu language became famous
for literary activity.
➢ Famous Telugu Poet Addanki Gangadhara was
patronized by Ibrahim-Quli-Qutub Shah.
➢ The poet dedicated one of his work to the
Sultan.
➢ Ibrahim-Quli-Qutub Shah was praised by his
court poets as “Malikiba Rama”.
➢ Kandukuri Rudrakavi, the author of Telugu
literature was honoured by Quli Qutub Shah.
➢ The Sultan, was impressed and granted him
'Chintapalem' village as gift.
➢ Aminkhan, the in-charge office of Patancheru
(under Ibrahim-Quli-Qutub Shah) patronized
Ponneganti Telaganarya another famous
Telugu Poet.
➢ The poet dedicated his work Yayati Charitam
to Amin-Khan.
➢ This was the first Telugu work written in
“Achha-Telugu”.
➢ Many Telugu Scholars and Poets wrote many
Chatu-Verses praising the great qualities of
Ibrahim-Quli-Qutub Shah.
➢ During the period of Muhammad-Quli-Qutub
Shah, the successor of Ibrahim-Quli-Qutub
Shah Telugu Scholars and Poets received
liberal patronization from the new Sultan.
➢ Ganesha Pandita was the Court poet of
Muhammad-Quli-Qutub Shah.
➢ Saranga Thammayya was another great Telugu
Poet of Muhammad-Quli-Qutub Shah's Court.
➢ He was originally the in-charge Revenue
Officer (Karanam) of Golconda.
➢ He wrote a popular Telugu work named
Vaijayanthi Vilasam, Kshetrayya the famous
Telugu 'Padakartha' was a contemporary of
Abdullah-Qutub Shah.
Mana La Excellence
➢ He visited, the Court of Abdullah Qutub Shah
and sung more than one thousand
Padakeerthanas praising the Sultan.
➢ Kshetrayya a native of 'Movva' village in
Krishna District.
➢ His Padakeerthanas became very popular in
the entire Qutub Shahi Kingdom.
➢ Kancharla Gopanna (Bhakta Ramadas) the
Revenue Officer (Tahsildar) of Khammam
under Abul Hassan-Tanashah(last ruler of
sultans), had constructed a temple to Lord Sri
Rama at Bhadrachalam.
➢ Later on he was imprisoned for using public
money for constructing a temple.
➢ Kancharla Gopanna sung many Keerthanas on
Lord Sri Rama, which became popular in the
entire Andhradesa.
➢ He became popularly known as Bhakta
Ramadas.
➢ His work Dasarathi Satakam was a classical
work and enjoyed great appreciation from
Scholars.
➢ According Scholars, Prajakavi Yogivemana also
belongs to this age.
7. Explain the Salarjung’s the salient features of
financial reforms.
Introduction:
Write briefly about Salarjung’s rule.
Body:
Mention the financial reforms of Salarjung.
Conclusion:
• Salarjung I played crucial role in the history
of Hyderabad state.
• His reforms in various aspects of
administration gave Hyderabad state a
sound financial strength and consolidated
the entire administrative setup.
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Content:
• Salarjung-1 family claims from Madina in
Arabia, who have migrated from Madina to
Bijapur.
• After the fall Bijapur, the later members of
family took service under Mughals.
• Later on they transferred their loyalty to
the family of Nizam's of Hyderabad and
served them.
• This family acquired so much importance
that five members of it served as the prime
minister of Hyderabad.
• They were the leading nobles and played
key role in state administration.
• The first salar Jung, Mir Turabali Khan, was
a great administrator and architect of
modern Hyderabad.
• Salarjung-I originally known as Turab Ali
Khan, was one of the most remarkable
statesmen of Hyderabad state.
• He receives lone appreciation for his role
played in shaping the contours of the
history of Hyderabad during an important
transitional period.
• His public life began in 1847, at age of 19
he was appointed as Awal Talukdar
(Collector) of Khammam District, here he
mastered the details of office.
• He was just 24 years old and took charge as
diwan just after treaty of 1853, under
which a large territory of Nizams was
transferred to British resulting in loss of
revenue of Rs. 40 lakh per annum.
• Deposed Jagirdars created problems to the
administration.
• The loss of Berar and the districts of
Osmanabad and Raichur created serious
economic crisis in Hyderabad state.
• The administrative setup of the state was
worsening therefore he initially studied the
problem and took steps to make state
financially strong
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Financial Reforms of Salarjung:
• Salarjung-I initiated certain measures for
giving sound financial base to state
administration.
• He abolished the tax farming system,
under this system tax farmer like
daftardars and contractors benefited
immensely.
• They paid only a fixed amount to the state
and collected heavily from poor peasants
by pressurising them.
• This resulted in heavy loss to both state
and poor peasants.
• He appointed regular Talukdars who were
paid from state exchequer.
• They collected revenue from peasant
directly and this measure brought peasants
directly in touch with administration.
• It also relieved them from exploitation of
tax farmers like daftardars.
• This enabled salarjung to make exact
assessment of taxes from land.
• Salarjung took steps for standardisation
and stabilisation of currency system.
• He monopolised minting of coins to
remove large counterfeit coins that were in
circulation.
• Central mint was established at Hyderabad
and issued Halisikka and made it as
standard coin for all financial transactions.
• Thus, his financial reforms made states
economy surplus and it further
encouraged to undertaking many
developmental activities.
8. Mention the relation of Nizam with the British.
Introduction:
Write briefly formation of Hyderabad state.
Body:
Mention the relation of Nizam with the British.
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Conclusion:
• Revolt against English failed due to pro-British
attitude of Nizam, Afzal Ud Dowla and his
diwan Salarjung.
• Nizam's feudal setup to support English
through their loyalty.
• British also recognised the importance of the
Hyderabad state and their friendship with
Nizam.
Content:
• With the demise of Aurangazeb in 1707, the
strength of Mughals empire began to decline.
• There are many reasons behind its decline.
• The Golconda kingdom once ruled by Qutub
shahis was occupied by Aurangazeb and since
then this region remained as one of the
Province of Mighty Mughal Empire, between
1687 and 1724.
• During early decades of eighteenth century
provincial governors asserted independence
by taking advantage of incapable emperors.
• One of them was Mir Qamruddin Khan Chin
Qlich Khan, the then provincial governor of
Hyderabad Subha.
• He is popularly known with his titles Nizam-ul-
mulk and AsafJah that were bestowed on him
by Mughal emperor Muhammad shah.
• He was the founder of Hyderabad state in
1724.
• Hyderabad state with its distinct culture and
identity, emerged as one of the important
princely state under colonial domination.
Nizam-British Relations:
• During the tenure of Salabat Jung as deccan
subedar, French influence increased in
Hyderabad state.
• Salabat jung imprisoned Nizam Ali Khan and
Basalat Jung who disliked the French
domination in Hyderabad state.
• With the increasing pressure from Maratha,
salabat jung came to an understanding with his
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brother Nizam Ali Khan in 1757 and made him
as subedar of Berar.
• In Bengal, British on other side defeated allied
forces (Mughal emperor, Awad Nawab and
Bengal Subedar) in the battle of buxar (1764)
and concluded Allahabad treaty in 1765 with
Mughal emperor.
• According to this treaty, Mughal emperor
accepted to hand over Northern Sarkars to
British East India company.
• But Nizam Ali Khan at Hyderabad was reluctant
to accept this treaty and was not in favour to
hand over northern sarkar to Britsh.
• British East India company made many
attempts for favour of Nizam Ali Khan to get
northern sarkar.
• In 1766, British made an agreement with
Nizam Ali Khan and General smith represented
the British.
• According to this agreement, Nizam accepted
to hand over the British:
➢ Rajamundry, Eluru, Mustafanagar for
Rupees four lakhs and
➢ Murtajanagar (Guntur), Chicacole for
Rupees two lakhs.
• Above this British has to pay Rupees Nine lakhs
as annual rent to Nizam Ali Khan.
• Basically, Nizam Ali Khan was not interested to
hand over northern sarkar to British but
financial restraints compeled him to do.
• Nizam Ali Khan even made secret alliance with
Carnatic nawab.
• English East India company in retaliation came
to an agreement with Arcot nawab and
recognised him as nawab of carnatic and got
diwani rights over Balaghat region and in
return agreed to pay rupees seven lakhs to
Nizam.
• Through this treaties Nizam has to forego his
rights over carnatic and northern sarkar
forever.
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• The later treaties of 1788 and 1800, the
company acquired the Guntur and the ceded
districts respectively.
• Thus gradually, English East India Company
gained full control over Nizam's of Hyderabad.
9. Discuss the state of roadways and railways
during Nizam period in Telangana.
Introduction:
Write briefly about the Nizam rule in Telangana.
Body:
Mention the state of roadways and railways during
Nizam period in Telangana.
Conclusion:
• The British government developed modern
means of transport and communication for
economic exploitation, administrative
convenience and military defense.
• A large network of roads was laid across vast
areas of the Deccan.
• Besides encouraging trade and commerce in
Telangana, it also made it easier for political
activists to travel across the country.
• The development of the modern postal system
and the introduction of telegraph also helped
to unify the country to a great extent.
• Both these effectively revolutionised the
process of information transmission and
communication and helped Indians come in
greater contact with one another.
Content:
From 1724 to 1948, Hyderabad underwent
immense growth, both culturally and
economically. The Nizams were great patrons of
literature, art, architecture and food; and were
counted amongst the wealthiest people in the
world. During their period, Railways and
Roadways were also developed.
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Railways:
• Nizam established 'Nizam State Railway' in
1869.
• First operational rail line began between Wadi
and Secundrabad in 1874.
• During this period trade between British India
and Hyderabad state was between 40 to 50
lakhs.
• British suggested a plan to Nizams for
connecting Waranal (singareni coal mines)
with that of Madras presidency with the
intention to exploit coal reserves of Hyderabad
state.
• Nizam government came forward to give
guarantee of 5% interest on the investment
made by the british railway company.
• This scheme is known as nizam guarantee
scheme.
• In 1899, Manmade-Hyderabad rail line was
laid.
• Nampally railway station came into existence
and first passenger train made its way in 1921.
• By 1916 Kachiguda railway station was
constructed and by the time Hyderabad joined
Indian union this station was headquarters to
Nizam guarantee railway scheme.
• This scheme began during tenure of sixth
Nizam and continued till reign of seventh
Nizam.
• Till 1930 construction of railway lines were
under taken by private companies till
establishment of Nizam's railway board.
• The other rail routes constructed during the
rule of last Nizam.
• Though Nizams railway system initially
experienced loses but later got into Profits.
Road ways:
• There were no proper routes for British army
to pass Nizams dominion in early days
• The roads in Hyderabad city was narrow.
• Need for broad roadways was felt.
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• Nizam's administration from 1867 began to
look after maintainance of road in the state
officially.
• By 1891, around 1000 miles of roads were
constructed by Nizam's administration.
• The same was extended in 1901, 1930 and
1940 respectively.
• In 1932 state Road department was merged
with Nizam's state Railway system.
• From then both road and railway departments
developed simultaneously.
• In 1932, state road transport system began to
function.
10. Mention the agrarian condition during Asaf
Jahi period.
Introduction:
Write briefly about Asaf Jah period
Body:
Mention the agrarian condition during Asaf Jah
period
Conclusion:
• Overall, there was a miserable life in agrarian
community during Asaf Jah period, but during
era of last two Nizam's, tremendous measures
and reforms were undertaken for growth
agricultural production.
• Along with agriculture, poultry and dairy
industry too got administrative support during
last Nizam's.
• Those reforms and measures could contribute
towards improving the life of agrarian society
in Telangana.
Content:
Agrarian conditions during Asaf Jahi period
• Occupation of majority of the people of
Hyderabad state relied based on agriculture.
• As Hyderabad state located on Deccan
plateau, semi-arid climate prevailed
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• Peasant community though large in number
but produced less due to following reasons:
➢ Less availability of irrigation
facilities
➢ less fertilisers
➢ local seed
➢ attack of blights and other pests
• Peasant community mostly led their life in
poverty.
• Due to less irrigational facility dry cultivation
was mostly in practise.
• In Diwani areas, peasants directly use to pay
taxes
• In Jagirdari and Zamindari areas rent and tax
was paid to their respective Jagirdars and
Zamindars.
• Some part of land used under Nizams directly
for his personal maintenance and such land
was known as Sarf-i-Khas.
• Agrarian Production depended on amount of
rain fall.
• In case of less rainfall, Famine like conditions
existed which made life of common man more
miserable.
• Hyderabad state located on Deccan plateau
also known as land of tanks.
• Like their predecessors, Asaf Jahis too
constructed many new tanks and repaired the
old.
• Both food and commercial crops were grown.
Of them Jowar, rice, millets, groundnut were
grown mostly in the state.
• Commercial crops like cotton, sugarcane were
grown.
• Two crops, one in rabi and other in kharif were
cultivated.
• Ox animal was used to carry cart loads.
• Large number of peasants controlled small
part of land and landlords less in number had
vast lands under their control.
• Statistics of Warangal district in 1929-30 says:
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➢ 1.7% of people owned 35% of dry
land and
➢ 2.5% of people held 50% of wet
land.
• This vast disparity in land holding led to
undergrowth of agrarian system in Hyderabad
state.
• Agrarian ecosystem in state gave death like
conditions to peasants due to following
reasons:
➢ Low productivity in agriculture
➢ rural indebtedness
➢ high rate of interests
➢ drought.
• During era of last two Nizam's, tremendous
measures were undertaken for growth of diary
and agricultural production.
• In 1913 Mir Osman Ali Khan established
department of Agriculture, called as Zirayat
and kept it under supervision of John Henry.
• This zirayat made attempts to introduce
following reforms for enhancing the
agriculture production such as:
➢ High yielding local varity and Hybrid
crops
➢ Improved irrigation facilities
➢ Seeds withstanding arid climate.
• Along with agriculture, poultry and dairy
industry too got administrative support during
last Nizam's and took care to introduce the
modern technology which is available in
Europe.
• During last Nizam, there was considerable
growth of agriculture and its related industries
due to introduction of:
➢ High yielding variety seeds
➢ Modern implements
➢ Irrigation facilities
➢ Poultry and dairy development
➢ Use of pesticides and chemicals
➢ Technology awareness
programmes for peasants in rural
areas and
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➢ Establishment of agro based
industries (sugar, textiles, silk, jute
industries ete)
11. Explain the role of newspapers in socio-
cultural and political awareness among the
people during Nizam’s rule.
Introduction:
Write briefly about importance of newspapers in
creating awareness among the people of
Telangana during Nizam’s rule.
Body:
Mention the role of newspaper in socio-cultural
and political awareness.
Conclusion:
• Newspapers played a prominent role in
shaping Telangana by creating social, cultural
and political awareness in people and by active
participation in social movements.
• Even after facing many difficulties from Nizam
Government, around sixty newspapers were
published in Hyderabad which increased:
➢ the patriotism among the people
➢ create awareness against social
atrocities and Nizam Government.
Content:
Role of News Papers in Social, Cultural a Political
Awareness: -
• Even though there was no freedom of speech
during Nizam period, Newspapers played a key
role in educating the people of Telangana.
• Strict rules were imposed on newspapers
during the Nizam period.
• The journalists had to go through a protocol in
order to publish a paper.
• First they should appeal to the Police
Commissioner then it was forwarded to Broad
Casting Unit.
• They have to give bond to Government, where
it will be made sure that the paper is not
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publishing anything related to politics and
religion.
• Journalists used to go through many hurdles to
published papers to educate the people.
• The Newspapers and Journalism were
developed in the middle of 19th century.
• Some newspapers concentrated on educating
muslims and eradication of 'Purdah'System.
• Some newspapers were also published articles
related to the development of agriculture and
farming.
• The 'Hitabodha' newspaper used to publish
articles related to culture, Social, financial,
Medical and agricultural topics.
• Some newspaper used to question the policies
of Government.
• Some English newspapers worked for the
upliftment of lower caste people.
• Some newspapers were published articles
related to the religious devotions.
• Some were questioning the dictatorship and
atrocities of Nizam Government.
• Some used to publish articles related to
Andhra Jana Sabha, political, Social and
Cultural aspects.
• This paper also helped in educating people of
rural areas and encouraged female writers.
• Even though there was no freedom of speech,
some newspapers were published the articles
against the Government and questioned the
wrong doings of Nizam Government.
• Despite of facing many problems from the
Nizam Government, the Golconda paper
played a key role in promoting Library
Movement and to create political cultural
awareness among the people.
• Some were used to support Nizam
Government, while some were related to the
atrocities of Nizam Government and Razakars.
• Some newspapers played a key role in women
empowerment.
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• Some urdu papers published the important
articles related to the economic, political and
social aspects in Hyderabad.
• This paper questioned the religious
organisations which created differences and
helped in increasing patriotism and unity
among the people.
• Some newspapers gave importance to the
societal problems such as untouchability and
alcohol ban.
• They played a key role in upliftment of the
backward class people by educating them.
• Some papers gave importance to cultural and
literacy aspects and published novels every
day.
• The telugu Newspaper supported Communists
and their way of thinking, while english and
urdu newspapers supported Nizam and Majlis
Muslim league.
• A monthly paper published information
related to the students.
• Rachamalla satyavathi Devi started a
newspaper and published articles related to
women empowerment and discussed the
problems they had and helped in educating
them.
12. Despite of facing many problems during the
Nizam Government, the Golconda paper played a
key role in promoting Library Movement and to
create political cultural awareness among the
people. Discuss the importance of Library
movement.
Introduction:
Write briefly about Library movement.
Body:
Explain importance of Library movement in
Telangana.
Conclusion:
• Libraries are the treasure of knowledge.
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• Establishment of numerous libraries lead to
increase in number of Readers.
• This Movement spread all over Telangana.
• The knowledge and the grip on the language
increased with this Movement.
• This Movement leads numerous Movements.
• It helps to know the culture, heritage and glory
of Telangana and the accessibility of books.
Content:
Library Movement
• During 19th century, as a result of social
reforms of Salajung1 started a new education
system which lead to the creation of
intellectual groups.
• This group started the Library Movement.
• This movement is considered as the first Social
Movement in Telangana.
• Numerous Libraries were started in
Hyderabad, which played a key role in
increasing:
➢ the literacy and
➢ knowledge of common people.
• Libraries are considered as knowledge centers.
• Nizam Government and Government officials
did not encourage the establishment of
libraries, in return they used to imprison the
people who started Libraries.
• Hyderabad province considered as only place
in India where people were imprisoned for
starting Libraries.
• Even after facing so many problems and
restrictions from the Government the libraries
helped in shaping the future of Telangana.
• The first library in Telangana was established
by Somasundara Mudaliayar in Secuderabad.
• The Asafia State Central Library was started in
the beginning this Library had books of Arabic,
Persian, Urdu, English and Sanskrit Languages,
but with the help of Andhra Maha Sabha
Telugu, Kannada, Marathi and Hindi books
became available.
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• Komarraju Lakshman Rao, the founding father
of Library Movement established 'Sri Krishna
Devarayandhra Bhasha Nilayam'
• It gave encouragement for Library Movement
and helped in rebuilding the culture of
Telangana.
• In order to develop modern education in
Telangana, an organisation was established
called 'Vignana Chandrika Mandali' as a part of
Library Movement:
➢ They encouraged many writers by
conducting story writing contests
and
➢ Helped in the spread of knowledge
by publishing, History, Literature,
Science and other books in Telugu.
• Few enthusiastic people from villages and
towns started Libraries with their own money
to serve the people.
• A numerous libraries established in 1923
throughout Telangana.
• Andhra Jana Seva Sangham' played a crucial
role in Library Movement because of this
sangham numerous Schools, Newspapers,
Libraries were started.
• Some group of friends secretly started a
library, this became a platform for Political,
Philosophical Literary and leftist discussions.
13. Explain the role of Bhagya Reddy Varma in
social reform movements in Telangana.
Introduction:
Write briefly about Bhagya Reddy Varma
Body:
Mention his role of in social reform movements in
Telangana.
Conclusion:
For his contribution to Dalit empowerment, he is
called as Hyderabad’s Ambedkar.
Content:
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Role of Bhagya Reddy Varma in Social Movements
in Hyderabad State
• Bhagya Reddy Varma, the reformer who
fought against untouchability in Hyderabad.
• He was the “Father of The Dalit Movement” in
Telangana.
• Bhagyareddy Varma was born to a Dalit, Mala
caste family.
• He was Inspired by Jyotirao Phule, he raised his
voice against discrimination by the upper
castes.
• He employed in Brahmo Samaj.
• Bhagya Reddy Verma was the first person who
laid the foundation for Dalit movement.
• He led the movement in Hyderabad during
early 20th century and also founded an
organization named as jagan mitra mandali.
• The main aim of this organization was to
encourage and awaken the social
consciousness among Dalit.
• He invoked Hindu Puranic tradition to
eradicate caste.
• He set up schools and also persuaded the
Nizam to allocate special funds for the
education of dalits.
• He also led successful agitations against the
practice of dedicating girls, especially dalit
girls, as devadasis or joginis to temples and
forcing them into prostitution.
• As a part of their campaign to fight the Hindu
caste system, they took keen interest in the
teachings of the Buddha and promoted the
adoption of Buddhism by Dalits.
• He established a social organization called “Adi
Hindu”, which was aimed at bringing
awareness among the dalit people.
• He also formed a group called “Jagan Mithra
Mandali” which used to educate the Harijans
and Malas through Harikathas, a traditional
folk theatre art.
• Adi-Hindu movement is the first self-respect
movement in Hyderabad.
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• It was started against untouchability and caste
discrimination in Hyderabad.
• The pioneer of this movement was Bhagya
Reddy Varma.
• In 1912, he founded Manya Sangham which
after a decade was given the name of Adi-
Hindu Social Service League.
• The primary aims and objectives of Manya
Sangham were:
➢ to create awareness through skits that
the oppressed classes are sons of the
soil
➢ to impart education to untouchable
children
➢ to discourage child marriages
➢ to disallow non-vegetarian food and
intoxicants in marriages and other
auspicious functions
➢ to abolish the Jogini‘ or Murali‘ or
Basavi‘ custom prevalent in the
community.
• He supported Ambedkar who demanded
separate electorate for the Depressed Classes.
• Bhagyareddy had launched a movement
against the devadasi, forcing the Nizam to
declare it a crime.
• He also campaigned on many social issues like
Child Marriage, Black Magic, Women
Education, Alcohol prohibition etc.
• His work was spread to neighbouring states
like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and
Andhra.
• In 1906 Bhagya Reddy founded an organization
called the Jagan Mitra Mandali and started the
work of awakening social consciousness
among the untouchables.
• To sensitize the community on various issues,
He organized regular Harikatha
Kalakshempams.
• Bhagya Reddy set up new Panchayats, an
ancient system of the untouchable community
to settle disputes among themselves.
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• He developed and systematized their legal
practices so that justice could be awarded
without fear or favor.
• One of Bhagya Reddy ‘s most significant
achievements in the social activism was his
effort to prevent the dedication of young girls
of the community to temples to serve as
murlis‘ or jogins‘.
• Bhagya Reddy Varma felt that education was
essential for the all-round progress and uplift
of the depressed classes.
• In 1906, he opened a Lower Primary school for
Adi-Hindu children and in 1910, he opened
three schools.
• The number of these Adi-Hindu Primary
Schools soon grew to 26.
• In 1933, these schools which were run by the
Adi-Hindu Social Service League were handed
over to Nizam‘s Government.
• During the 1920s and 30s Bhagya Reddy
traveled widely throughout India, extending
the work he had begun in Telanagana and
raising awareness among the oppressed
community.
• He organized the first All India Adi-Hindu
Conference in Hyderabad.
• Bhagya Reddy did not confine his
organizational activities to untouchables, but
attempted to bridge the gap between hindus
and untouchables.
14. Mention the works of BS Venkat Rao and
Christian missionaries in upliftment of Dalit
community in Telangana.
Introduction:
Write briefly about the condition of Dalit
Community during Nizam’s Rule in Telangana.
Body:
Mention the works of BS Venkat Rao and Christian
missionaries in upliftment of Dalit community in
Telangana
Mana La Excellence
Conclusion:
• The main objective of the Dalit Movement in
Telangana was to establish a society based on
social equality.
• These movements seek equality with all other
castes in the society.
Content:
B.S.Venkata Rao:
• B.S.Venkata Rao changed the name of
“Ambedkar Youth League” into “Hyderabad
State Depressed Classes Association”.
• In recognition of the importance of Dalit
movement in Hyderabad, Ambedkar invited
Venkata Rao to preside over the Bombay
Presidency Mahar Sabha.
• Inspired by the growing Dalit movement in
Maharashtra, Venkata Rao initiated several
activities to spread Ambedkar ideology among
the dalit youth in Hyderabad.
• He was strongly influenced by educational
institutions and movements led by Mahatma
Jyotiba Phule in Maharashtra, and worked for
the spread of education among the Dalit youth
through many organisations.
• A large number of Dalit youth took active part
in progressive activities under the leadership
of Venkata Rao.
• Railway employees, Army Jawans, domestic
helps with English officers, businessmen,
contractors, among others, initiated several
activities for the promotion of awareness
among dalits.
• He did enormous work as Education Minister
for promotion of education among the
depressed classes.
• Nizam’s government sanctioned grant of Rs 1
crore to Scheduled Castes Welfare Fund
because of the initiative taken by Venkata Rao.
• Popularly known as Hyderabadi Ambedkar,
Venkata Rao was a courageous leader in
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building an inspiring movement for liberation
of Dalits.
Christian missionaries and Dalits
• Several organisations and prominent
personalities worked for social, cultural, and
economic transformation in Telangana from
the last decade of the 19th century.
• Several organisations engaged in promotion of
new social awareness to end:
➢ injustice and
➢ oppression of Dalit and Bahujan
women.
• Telangana region witnessed rise of several
cultural and political movements from the first
decade of the 20th century against feudal
exploitation, untouchability, vetti, Jogini, child
marriages, dowry, etc.
• Christian missionaries were the early agencies
that engaged in providing consciousness
among the Dalit and Bahujan communities by
offering western education and knowledge as
part of colonial modernisation.
• Spread of Christian missionaries, religious
campaign, and proselytisation/ religious
conversions continued since the 1880s during
the Nizam’s rule in Telangana.
• Social, cultural and economic changes took
place in depressed classes by adopting
Christianity.
• Missionaries saw the socio- economic
exploitation and discrimination suffered by the
Dalits in Nizam state.
• Missionaries viewed Dalits as symbols of
poverty and oppression.
• Missionaries saw the process of Dalits
condemned into darkness through social and
religious evils and considered it was their
responsibility to bring them into light.
• They also believed that Dalits could not expect
equal status and rightful place in Hindu religion
and therefore conversion into Christianity was
inevitable.
Mana La Excellence
15.The altered socio-economic conditions of the
tribal people of Telangana under the Forest Acts
of Government, led to witness many periodical
tribal revolts in Hyderabad in order to oppose the
tyrannical rule of the Nizam and wanted their
rights to be protected, Discuss.
Introduction:
Mention the state or condition of tribal people in
Telangana.
Body:
Discuss series of reasons that lead to Tribal revolts
in Telangana.
Conclusion:
The main aim was to do away with the illegal and
excessive exploitation done by the Nizam
government, the British Government and Non-
locals of Telangana in the name of Forest Acts.
Content:
• According to the census report, the Gonds
were the largest tribal race in India.
• Now the Gonds are seen in Adilabad district of
Telangana and their occupation was
agriculture.
• The Gonds easily moved from one settlement
area to another settlement area as and when
they wanted to do so.
• But that freedom was gradually declined
because of the decline in the land area owned
by the Gonds.
• With the implementation of the forest acts,
the lands of the Gonds were merged with the
forests.
• As a result, there was a drastic change in the
lifestyle of the Gonds.
• The tribals were subject to the opression of:
➢ the Government officers and
➢ the non-tribals such as the Marathas,
Shaukars, Brahmins, Moneylenders
etc.
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• This miserable condition of the Gonds forced
them to revolt against the authorities.
Revolts of the Tribals:
• Most of the tribal revolts in Telangana were
agricultural in nature.
• Some were also due to the forest laws.
• The tribals were subject to lot of oppression.
• When they failed to repay their lands were
confiscated.
• These tribals were used for the private and
public works by the authorities of Goverment.
• Because of such miserable condition of the
tribals in Telangana witnessed many periodical
tribal revolts.
The Revolt of Ramji Gond:
• Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor, handed over
the administration of Berar to the viceroy of
Deccan.
• The capital of Deccan was shifted from
Aurangabad to Hyderabad during Mughal era.
• The Berar state included in Adilabad district of
Telangana.
• Taking advantage of the political changes, the
Gonds captured the fort of Manikgarh.
• In 1853 a treaty was concluded between the
Nizam and the East India company.
• By this treaty, the Nizam assigned Berar and
other districts to the British in lieu of the
expenditure incurred on the Nizam.
• The treaty was not liked by the tribals.
• Between 1853 and 1860, the tribal people
(Gonds) and the Muslims (Rohillas) revolted
under the leadership of Ramji Gond and Haji
Rohilla against the British government.
• Ramji Gond was an exceptional leader of the
tribals.
• He freed the Adilabad and ruled
independently.
• He also built up a strong army consisting of:
➢ Gond soldiers
➢ Rohilla Muslim soldiers and
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➢ Telugu and Maratha soldiers.
• However, he could not rule this area for a long
period.
• Soon the combined forces of the British and
the Nizam fought against the Gonds.
• By adopting the gorilla method of warfare, the
Gonds defeated the British army in some
areas.
• However, the Gonds were finally defeated by
the British.
The Revolt of Kumrum Bheem:
• Kumrum Bheem was born into a Gond tribal
family in Adilabad district.
• Most of the Gond tribals were the
agriculturists.
• The Act of 1917, brought about by the Nizam's
Government for the protection of the Adivasi
lands caused much disturbance and confusion
in the lives of the tribals.
• The Act levied tax on the tribals for feeding
their cattle and also pay for bringing the
firewood.
• The other taxes which were paid by the tribals.
• Their main occupation was agriculture and the
forests were used by the tribals as financial
source.
• A paper mill was established to fetch the raw
material for the paper mill, the government
occupied a wide forest area.
• As a result, the Gond tribals became the
factory workers.
• In addition to these problems the tribals were
threatened by the non-locals like the
Marathas, Muslims and Telugu people.
• They even occupied the lands of the Gonds and
Kolams.
• It was under these circumstances, Kumram
Bheem had decided to fight against the
Nizam's government and also against the
exploitation of the non-locals.
• As part of the protest, the tribals deified:
➢ the courts and laws and
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➢ also the Government authorities.
• Kumram Bheem also strengthened his struggle
against the rulers.
• In that fight Kumrum Bheem was killed.
• Thus the movement between 1935-1940
organised by the tribals came to be known as
the Jodeghat Tribal Movement.
• It was after this revolt there was a tremendous
progress in the lives of the tribals.
• The Gond Tribal Movement, in fact, acted as a
base for the Peasant Armed Struggle fought
against the Nizam Government between 1946-
51.
16. Comment the phases of Telangana Peasants
Armed Struggle.
Introduction:
Write briefly about reasons that led to Peasants
revolts in Telangana.
Body:
Mention the phases of Telangana Peasant Revolts.
Conclusion:
The Telangana peasant armed struggle under the
leadership of the Communist Party was against
the oppressive rule of landlordism which was
patronised by the British Government and the
Nizams of Hyderabad.
Content:
Telangana Peasants Armed Struggle:
• The Communists had established a strong base
in Nalgonda and Warangal district.
• The main reason for their expansion was the
presence of large number of landlords with
large estates covering thousands of acres of
land.
• Between 1942 and 1946, there was a steady
influence of Communists over the peasants,
tenants, cultivators and landless labourers.
• Several incidents which had occurred between
1947 and 1950 is the main reasons for major
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peasant uprising. This could be done in three
phases.
The First phase:
• The first phase of the movement witnessed a
mass resistance.
• The political condition of Telangana during
1947 was different from the rest of India.
• During the Second World War period, India
was suffering from acute food shortage.
• To overcome the crisis, the British Government
had introduced the rationing of essential
commodities.
• This system required from each cultivator
certain quantity of food grains which should be
sent to the Government.
• But in practice it was the poor farmers became
the victims of this system and the landlords
managed to escape the crisis.
• After the conclusion of World War II, the
Communists intensified their struggle.
• Their struggle was directed against the big
landlords and Deshmukh.
• They even forcibly confiscated the lands of the
landlords.
• Unable to bear this situation, so many
landlords even migrated to cities and the
police had to deal with the billions peasants.
• The peasants also fought back the police.
• Martyrdom of Doddi Komaraiah a peasant,
marked the beginning of the Telangana
Peasant Armed Struggle.
• By the end of 1946, the militants struggle
against the landlords, Deshmukhs and village
officials had spread to villages in Telangana.
• Simultaneously, the Communist party of India
was propagating the demands of Telangana
peasantry and exposed the oppression and
brutality of the landlords.
• Therefore, the Nizam's Government banned
the Communist party in 1946.
The second Phase of the Peasant Movement:
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• This period could be called as the liberation
movement in which both the Congress and the
Communists played a vital role.
• The Hyderabad State Congress began to
mobilise people to fight against the Nizam's
Government and liberate the Hyderabad
State.
• They even prescribed the Nizam of Hyderabad
to join the Indian union once India gets
Independence.
• But the Nizam was firm on his decision of not
joining either the Indian Union or Pakistan.
• This caused great disappointment to the
people of Hyderabad.
• Nizam's decision was supported by a Muslim
party (Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen), while all other
political parties favoured the merger of
Hyderabad State with the Indian Union.
• The Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen began to raise a
cadre of volunteers (Razakars).
• As the peasant movement in Telangana, the
Nizam's Government began sending Razakars
to deal with the revolutionaries.
• The Razakars resorted to largescale violence.
• The atrocities of Razakars created anarchy.
• This helped the communists to spread the
movement.
• The Communists also established a parallel
administration in villages.
• Tenants began occupying the lands and the
Government lands were distributed among the
landless labourers.
• However, this movement was not supported
by the Congress.
• Though the Congress favoured agrarian
reforms, they did not support the class
struggle in any form.
The Third Phase:
• The struggle happened in Telangana, prepared
the agricultural labourers to fight against the
landlords to end feudal hegemony.
Mana La Excellence Group 1 Mains Practice Questions

• At the same time the Nizam's government

encouraged the Razakars to save the landlords
from the peasants.
• Between 1947 and 1948, the Razakars
indulged in terrorising activities.
• In retaliation the Communists attacked police
and destroyed village records, manhandled a
large number of village officials
• Shoebullah Khan was the editor of Urdu, in his
paper he criticized the activities of Nizam and
his officials.
• However, he was shot dead by the Razakars.

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