Readings in Philippine History Reviewer Through historical evidences, historians are able to write

history. They are responsible for the analysis, interpretation,

What is History?
and organization of the facts.
History – is the analysis of the human experience as defined in
However, a historian is still a person influenced by his
the recorded records left behind by humans. The past, with all
environment, education, and other circumstances that may
its difficult decisions and incidents, witnesses dead and
affect the interpretations or the methodology being used.
memory revealed, is what the rest of the population uses as
the timeless foundation on which explorers and archaeologists
serve.
Historiography
"History is a narration of the events which have happened
The imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data
among mankind, including an account of the rise and fall of
derived by that process (the writing of history) (study of past
nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected
event)
the political and social condition of the human race."
► It deals with the study of history itself
Historia – the Greek work which means knowledge acquired
through inquiry or investigation. Traditional historians believed that historical events should be
backed up with written documents. “No document, No history”
History offers a storehouse of information about how people
the mantra. Thus, an event that lacks existing documents
and societies behave. Understanding the operations of people
cannot be proven as a historical fact.
and societies is difficult, though a number of disciplines make
the attempt. Considering only the written documents as evidence for
historical facts is restricting and discriminating against the
History is inescapable as a subject of serious study follows
social classes that may be able to record their own experience.
closely on the first. The past causes the present, and so the
future. Because of the loophole, historians then started considering
other forms of historical sources, such as artifacts,
Why is it important?
architecture, songs. epics, passing of memories and stories by
a. History Helps Us Understand People and Societies word of mouth.
b. History Helps Us Understand Change and How the
Society We Live in Came to Be.
PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY SOURCES
What is Historian?
1. Primary Sources - are original, first-hand account of an
Historians – individuals who write about history, they seek to
event or period that are usually written or made during or close
understand the present by examining what went before
to the event or period.
Historians devote their careers to studying notable past events,
-their key function is to provide facts.
such as military conflicts, political milestones, and social
movements. -diaries, journals, letters, newspaper, magazine articles (factual
accounts), government records, photographs, maps,
These professionals work in universities and other educational
postcards, etc.
settings, as well as for the various public, private and nonprofit
organizations. 2. Secondary Sources - are materials made by people long
after the events being described had taken place to provide
Historians collect and evaluate inform action from many
valuable interpretations of historical events.
primary sources to answer questions about historical events, a
process known as the historical method. -analyze and interpret primary sources.
They may analyze written records, physical artifacts, and other Example: biographies, histories, literary criticism, books written
types of evidence during the course of their investigations. by a third party about historical event, art and theater reviews,
newspaper or journal articles that interpret.
Historians often prepare reports to explain the significance of
their findings, connecting the relevance and value of new
discoveries to modern society.
2 TYPES OF HISTORICAL CRITICISM
1. External Criticism - determines the authenticity of the
source.
- also known as lower criticism, looks at the characteristics of
the evidence
-the authenticity maybe tested in two ways - paleographical
and diplomatic.
-the material must be investigated based on the time and place
it is written.
-the critic must determine whether the material under
investigation is raw, meaning unaltered, and it exists exactly as
the author has left it
2. Internal Criticism -determine the historicity of the facts
contained in the document study deeper about the content of
the information.
- also known as higher criticism, looks at the truthfulness and
factuality of the evidence
* Test of Authenticity -To distinguish a hoax or a
misrepresentation from a genuine document, the historian
must use tests common in police and legal detection
Philosophical Thoughts
1. Positivism - This thought requires evidence before one
can claim that a particular knowledge is true. “No
document, no history” (18th – 19th century)
2. Post colonialism - formerly colonized nations grappled
with the idea of creating their identities and understanding
their societies against the shadows of their colonial past.
(20th century)
Condition:
First is to tell the history of their nation that will highlight their
identity free from that of colonial discourse and knowledge.
Second is to criticize the methods, effects, and idea of
colonialism.
First Voyage Around the World
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
- He is a nobleman who accompanied Ferdinand
Magellan in his fateful circumnavigation of the world.
His travelogue is one of the most important primary
sources in the study of pre-colonial Philippines.
FERDINAND MAGELLAN
- He is a Portuguese explorer who organized the
Spanish expedition to the East from 1519 to 1522,
resulting in the circumnavigation of the Earth.
THE FIVE (5) SHIPS
1. Trinidad - under the command of Magellan
2. Victoria - the only ship which completed the voyage
3. Santiago - the last ship that was lost
4. San Antonio - the 2nd ship that was lost
5. Concepcion - the 3rd ship that was lost
Magellan's Timeline During his Stay in the Philippine Island
March 17, 1521 (originally March 16)
 Arrival in Zamal (Samar at present)
 The island was called Humunu (now Homonhon)
 Magellan and his men called it Acquada da li buoni
Segnialli ("The Watering place of Good Signs"
 There are many islands in that district, and therefore
they called them the archipelago of San Lazaro, as
they were discovered on the Sunday of St. Lazarus.
April 1, 1521 (originally March 31)
 The first mass in the Philippines was held in
Mazaua(Limasawa)
 It was attended by Magellan, Raia, Colambu (Rajah
Kolambu), Raia Siaui( Rajah Siagu), Spanish
voyagers.
April 8, 1521 (originally April 7)
 Magelan and his men entered the port of Zubu
 Initially, Magellan and his men encountered some
struggle first entering the port of Zubu.
 The "king" of Zubu wanted Magellan and his men to
pay tribute to them but, Magellan refused and told the
translator that they are working for the King of Spain
and threatens him with war.
April 15, 1521 (originally April 14)
 A mass was held with Raia Humabon and his people
attending the ceremony.
 800 souls were baptized.
 Pigafetta showed the queen an image of our Lady, a
very beautiful wooden child Jesus, and a cross.
  She asked for the little child Jesus to keep in place of KKK & Kartilya ng Katipunan
her idols and this image of child Jesus is now known
KKK - Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangan Katipunan ng mga Anak
as the Sto. Niño found in Cebu.
ng Bayan
 Image of Sto. Niñio de Jesus was given to the Wife of
Raia Humabon Kartilya ng Katipunan – one of the most important Katipunan
document

April 27, 1521 (originally April 26) Andress Bonifacio

 According to Zula, the chief of Matan, Cilapulapu - father of Katipunan

refused to obey the king of Spain. - lists ten responsibilities in his Decalogue
 Cilapulapu did not want to pay Magellan and his men Emilio Jacinto
the goat that they were promised.
 Magellan was not pleased since they went to Mactan - the soul and brain of the Katipunan
to garner food for their expedition. - Jacinto presents twelve “guiding principles” and fourteen
 Zula requested the captain to send him only one boat “teachings”
load of men to fight against the other chief. The Factors that influence the forming of the Katipunan and Kartilya
captain-general decided to go there with three
boatloads. 1. French revolution
 The captain did not wish to fight then, but sent a 2. Masonry
message to the natives to the effect that if they would 3. Age of enlightenment
obey the king of Spain, recognize the Christian king 4. Propaganda movement
as their sovereign, and pay us our tribute, he would Two factions:
be their friend; but that if they wished otherwise, they
should wait to see how our lances wounded." 1. Magdalo – wanted to have an official new government
2. Magdiwang – wanted to kep the movement secret

April 28, 1521 (originally April 27)

 At midnight, sixty of Magellan's men set out armed
with corselets and helmets,Christian king, prince,
some of the chief men, 20 or 30 balanghais.
 The local islanders had lances of bamboo and stakes
hardened with fire. They shot the captain through the
right leg with a poisoned arrow, knocked his helmet
off his head twice.
 An Indian hurled a bamboo spear in the captain's
face, but the latter immediately killed him with his
lance, which he left in the Indian's body.
April 28, 1521 (originally April 27)
 8 of Magellan's men were kiled, 4 Indians were killed
by mortars.
 of Cilapulapu's men, only 15 were killed.
Proclamation of Philippine Independence
Philippine Independence
- June 12, 1898 in Cavite
- signaled the end of the 333 years of Spanish
colonization.
- Led by Emilio Aguinaldo
Abuses and inequalities in the colony
- arbitrary arrests and harsh treatment
- unlawful shooting of prisoners
- unequal protection of the law
- unjust deportation
American era of colonization
- four decades
The eight rays of the sun in the Philippine flag

September 6, 1522 - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan,

Laguna and Batangas
 exact date of arrival of the remaining fleet in Spain
(Victoria ship) White triangle
- represent the distinctive emblem of the famous
Katipunan Society
Three stars
- represent the three principal Islands of this
Archipelago, Luzon, Mindanao and Panay

Political Cartoon/ Caricature

Political caricature – a type of drawing that is used to present a
comment, opinion or criticism on a particular event, person and
situation

- also known as editorial cartoon found in a newspaper

note: for more information, please refer to the module and

video lectures

Cory Aquino Speech

Corazon “Cory” Aquino

- who delivered the speech in Washington D.C in the

US Congress
- paved way to sway in our favor the vote for an
emergency $200-million aid appropriation
Ferdinand Marcos

- who quoted as the “president-turned-dictator”

Archibald MacLeish – American poet mentioned in the speech

who described that democracy must be defended from arms
and attacks of lies
1984 – the date mentioned in the speech when an election
was called for the country’s head of state government

Note: read carefully your module regarding this topic “Cory

Aquino’s Speech)