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EZ4 MAT235 第四讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Table of Content:

13.2 Derivatives and Integral of Vector Functions

13.3 Arc Length and Curvature

13.4 Motion in Space: Velocity and Acceleration

14.1 Functions of Several Variables

14.2 Limits and Continuity

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 EZ4 MAT235 第四讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Section 13.2 Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions

Derivatives:
dr⃑ r⃑(t+h)−r⃑(t)
The derivative of a vector function = r ′ = lim
dt h→ 0 h

⃑r′ (t)
Definition: unit tangent vector: ⃑T(t) =
|r⃑′ (t)|

Theorem: If r(t) =< f(t), g(t), h(t) > = f(t)i + g(t)j + h(t)k ⃑ where f, g, and h are
⃑
differentiable functions, then r ′ (t) = f′(t)i + g′(t)j + h′(t)k

ex. 1
⃑
a. Find the derivative of r(t) = (1 + t 3 )i + te−t j + sin 2t k

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二阶导：second derivative of a vector function r 即是把r′再进行求导r ′′ = (r ′ )′

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 EZ4 MAT235 第四讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Vector Function 的求导运算法则：

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 EZ4 MAT235 第四讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Integrals:

和 derivative 一样，vector function 的定积分和不定积分也是将每一个 component

function 进行定积分/不定积分

公式：
b b b b
∫ r(t)dt = (∫ f(t)dt) i + (∫ g(t)dt) j + (∫ h(t)dt) ⃑k
a a a a

ex. 2 If r(t) = 2 cos t i + sin t j + 2t ⃑k, 求∫ r(t)dt

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 EZ4 MAT235 第四讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Section 13.3 Arc Length and Curvature

Arc Length of a Vector Function: F f

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公式：
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L=∫ √[f ′ (t)]2 + [g ′ (t)]2 + [h′ (t)]2 dt
a

dx 2
b
dy 2 dz 2
= ∫ √( ) + ( ) + ( ) dt
a dt dt dt
b
注意到：L = ∫a |r′(t)| dt
a
ex. 1 Find the arc length of r(t) = cos t i + sin t j + t ⃑k from the point (1, 0, 0) to the
point (1, 0, 2π )

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Arc Length Function: 将 arc length 𝐬表示为 parameter t 的函数

t
dx 2
t
dy 2 dz 2
s(t) = ∫ |r (u)| du = ∫ √( ) + ( ) + ( ) du
′
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根据 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
𝐝𝐬
= |𝐫 ′ (𝐭)|
a
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ex. 2 Let r(u) =< eu , sin u > and s = s(t) be the arc length of the r(u) from u = 0
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arm ___________, and s ′ (0) is ________
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 EZ4 MAT235 第四讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Curvature (生僻点)

定义：The curvature of a curve is defined as:

⃑
dT
k=| |
ds
⃑
where T is the unit tangent vector

公式 1：
⃑ ′(t)|
|T
k(t) =
|r′(t)|
公式 2：对于 vector function r(t)
|r ′ (t) × r ′′ (t)|
k(t) =
|r ′ (t)|3

ex. 3 Find the curvature of r(t) =< 2 cos t , 2 sin t , t >

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 EZ4 MAT235 第四讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

The Normal and Binormal Vectors

⃑ ′ (t)
T
⃑⃑ (t) = ′
unit normal vector: N ⃑ (t)|
|T

⃑ (t) = ⃑T(t) × N
binormal vector: B ⃑⃑ (t)，和T
⃑ (t)，N
⃑⃑ (t)都垂直，并且也是一个 unit
vector

ex. 4 Find the unit normal and binormal vectors for the vector function:
r(t) = cos t i + sin t j + t ⃑k

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 EZ4 MAT235 第四讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Section 13.4 Motion in Space: Velocity and Acceleration

若一个物体的运动轨迹可以被 vector function r(t)表示，则：

⃑ (t) = r ′ (t)
它的速度v
它的加速度a⃑(t) = v ⃑ ′ (t) = r ′′ (t)

ex. 一物体速度的 vector function 为v

⃑ (t) =< 4𝑡, 6𝑡, 1 >, 且r(0) =< 1, −1, 1 >, 求
物体的移动轨迹的 vector function

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Section 14.1 Functions of Several Variables

一元方程：一个 input, 一个 output

多元方程：多个 input, 一个 output

二元方程：

定义：对每一个 set D 中的有序数对(x, y)都有一个 unique 的 real number

f(x, y)与其对应的映射。其中 set D 是函数 f 的 domain, f 的 range 是
{f(x, y)|(x, y) ∈ D}

一般我们写作z = f(x, y)，那么 x 和 y 是 independent variables，z 是 dependent

variable。Domain of f(x, y)是 xy-plane 的一个 subset, range 是数轴上的一个区
间。

注意：如果没有指明一个多元函数的 domain，那么默认这个函数的 domain

是使得函数的结果是一个 well-defined 的 real number 的 ALL Pairs of (x, y)。

ex. 1 Sketch the domain (2015-2016 Test #2)

x2 + y2
Y f
f(x, y) =
4y − x 2

as x
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Graphs: 我们可以通过将 domain 里的每一个点(x, y)对应的函数值 plot 到 z 轴
上，从而得到一个函数的图像，这个图像是一个 surface

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Level Curves:

定义：Level Curve 是方程为f(x, y) = k的 curve，其中 k 是在 range of f(x, y)里

的常数

最常见的 application 包括等高线，等温线，无差别曲线等等

二元函数的 level curve 在平面内

ex. 2 (2015-2016 Test #2)

x2 + y2
f(x, y) =
4y − x 2
Write the level curve of the function with z = 1 and sketch it in the xy-plane

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 EZ4 MAT235 第四讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Functions of three or More Variables

What is the level curve for f(x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ?

三元函数的 level curve 是一个 3D 的 surface

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Section 14.2 Limits and Continuity

二元函数的 Limit: 因为二元函数的 domain 是 xy-plane，所以只有当从任一方

向趋近某一点(a, b)的时候 limit 值都等于一个定值 L，那么有
lim f(x, y) = L
(x,y)→(a,b)
如果从不同方向趋近点(a, b)的时候得到的 limit 值不同，那么该函数的 limit
does not exist at (a, b) y
ex. 1 Show that limit does not exist
x2 − y2 x
lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x 2 + y 2

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ex. 2 Does the following limit exist?

x2y3
lim
(x,y)→(0,0) 2x 2 + y 2
Technique: Squeeze Theorem

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 EZ4 MAT235 第四讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Continuity

如果 lim f(x, y) = f(a, b)，那么我们说函数在点(a, b)是 continuous 的

(x,y)→(a,b)
如果函数在 set D 中的每一点都连续，那么函数在 set D 是连续的

ex. 1 Is the following function continuous at (0,0)? Please justify your answer.
(2015-2016 Test #2)

xy
+ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 (x, y) ≠ (0, 0)
f(x, y) = {x 2 + y 2
1, 𝑖𝑓 (x, y) = (0, 0)

ex. 2 Find a such that f(x, y) is continuous everywhere. Justify your answer in
detail. (2014-2015 Final Exam)

x 2 y 3 cos y
+ 1, 𝑖𝑓 (x, y) ≠ (0, 0)
f(x, y) = { 2x 2 + y 2
a, 𝑖𝑓 (x, y) = (0, 0)

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