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EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Table of Content:

Review Questions

16.5 Curl and Divergence

16.6 Parametric Surfaces and Their Areas

16.7 Surface Integrals

Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 1


EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Review Questions:

ex. 1 (April 2016 Final Exam) Find ∫𝐶 xdy where C is the line from (0, 0) to (1, 1)

F totter xH t
J CI I 4th
sin dy y'Hide
E co.ec Idt
F Cee 1 t chis fo t l de
cottiott
tell
y2 3
ex. 2 (April 2016 Final Exam) Let 𝐅 =< + ex , x(y − 2) > and let the area of the
2
d𝐫, where aC is the smooth boundary of D.
region D in the xy − plane be 3. Find ∮C 𝐅 · p
r
C isclosed
G 3D

Idt ff x yIdA by Green'stheorem


f ly21 g da
ffp 2dA
2 IDA

Area
2 3
b

Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 2


EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Section 16.5 Curl and Divergence

Curl:

对于一个在R3 上,且 partial derivative exist 的 Vector Field

𝐅 = P 𝐢 + Q 𝐣 + R 𝐤,curl of F is defined as:


CP Q R ∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
curl 𝐅 = ( − ) 𝐢 + ( − ) 𝐣 + ( − )𝐤
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

这个公式好难记啊——别慌,咱有秘方:

∂ ∂ ∂
定义“倒三角 del”:∇= 𝐢 +𝐣 +𝐤 (注意这个只是一个 operator)
∂x ∂y ∂z

那么 Curl F 就可以写成以下形式:
produce
chess

y
𝐢 𝐣 𝐤
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
Curl 𝐅 = ∇ × 𝐅 = | | = ( − ) 𝐢 + ( − ) 𝐣 + ( − )𝐤
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
P Q R

ex. 1 (2015-2016 Term Test #4) Let

𝐅(x, y, z) =< xyz, 4x − 2y + z, x 2 + z 2 >


p a R
The curl of F(x, y, z) is

< f1 (x, y, z), f2 (x, y, z), f3 (x, y, z) >


0 I Xy 2x 4 XZ
1
Then f1 (x, y, z) = __________________ , 2X
f2 (x, y, z) = __________________
Xy
,

4 XZ
f3 (x, y, z) = __________________ C I 1,3
and curl 𝐅(1, 1, 1) = ___________________________

Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 3


EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Theorem: 对于一个有 continuous 的 second partial derivative 的三元函数 f,

我们有curl(∇f) = ⃗0

⃗.
ex. 2 Show that curl(∇f) = 0

If ctx.ty.tn
wtf 5 Fey Tye txz tzx.fr kg
Iq yIzj Izz1
L o O o
⃗ 这个条件来判断 vector field
对于一个三元的 vector field,我们用curl 𝐅 = 0

是不是 conservative。如果curl 𝐅 = ⃗0,那么 vector field 是 conservative 的。

ex. 3 Show that 𝐅(x, y, z) =< y 2 z 3 , 2xyz 3 , 3xy 2 z 2 > is conservative and find its

potential function.

art F
Ig ftp cbxyz2bxyz2,3yZE3y2z3yz3

yz3y2z32XyE3xy2E
c e o o

i F is conservative
7 f st
of F
Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 4
4 1y2z3dx
Xy2z3tgly Z

2Xyz3t09Y zxyz3

ogly Z
o
g
gly ZF hCZ
f Xy th z

Ftz 3Xy Et h 3Xyz

h CZ o

htt C

i
f XyEtc
EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Divergence:

对于一个在R3 上,且 partial derivative exist 的 Vector Field

𝐅 = P 𝐢 + Q 𝐣 + R 𝐤,diverence of F is defined as:

div 𝐅 =
∂P ∂Q ∂R
+ + 4
93581 scalar
∂x ∂y ∂z

同样,我们也可以吧 divergence 看成:div 𝐅 = ∇ · 𝐅


Feproduct
2
ex. 4 (2014-2015 Term Test #4) Let F(x, y) =< 𝑥𝑦, 𝑥 + y >. Find div 𝐅(2,1).

a) −3
dirt y 12g
b) 3
O 3y
c) 4
dirt12,11 3
d) −4

e) 0

Theorem: 对于一个有 continuous 的 second partial derivative 的 component 的

三元 vector field,我们有div (curl 𝐅) = 0

Note: 注意 Curl 求出的是一个 vector,Divergence 求出的是一个 scalar。因

此我们是求curl 𝐅这个 vector field 的 divergence 一定是 0。

Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 5


EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

ex. 5 Show that the vector field 𝐅(x, y, z) = xz 𝐢 + xyz 𝐣 − y 3 𝐤 cannot be written
P d R
as the curl of another vector field.

if 7 I s't wrLI F
dirt divlaria
I 0
diff ztXZ ingeneral
contradiction
i I
Note: If div 𝐅 = 0, then F is said to be incompressible.


一个结论:curl (f ∇f) = 0

ex. 6 (2015-2016 Term Test #4) Write either Ture or False in the blank lines.

Let z = f(x, y) be a smooth function (all partial derivatives exist and are
arllot 5
divorce oY
continuous). Then, div (∇ f) = 0 in general. ___________________________
False
f H etx.ly Rts't tlxykxs.ly
dirty
Vector Forms of Green's Theorem:
they o
Txx Gx
tyy by
∮𝐅 · dr = ∬(curl 𝐅) · 𝐤 dA
c
dirty1 6hay o
D
ingeneral
实质:Stoke's Theorem 的 2D 表达形式—— more to be discussed in 16.8

Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 6


EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Section 16.6 Parametric Surfaces and Their Areas

Parametric Surfaces:

parametric equation 除了 2D 还可以 extend 到 3D 中。我们可以将 3D 中的一

个平面 S 表示为两个 parameter 的 vector function:

𝐫(u, v) = x(u, v) 𝐢 + y(u, v) 𝐣 + z(u, v) 𝐤

这个 vector function 的 domain 是 region D in uv-plane。那么通过 u 和 v 的

变化成不同的值,我们可以得到 S 上的不同的点。我们称 surface S is

traced out by the vector function 𝐫(u, v) moves throughout the region D.

ex. 1 Find a parametric representation of the sphere

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2

f a

X fsingoso
oeeo.us
f a feastingO
Effing E a sq
ofEEO a

Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 7


EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Tangent Planes:

对于一个 parametric surface S traced out by a vector function

𝐫(u, v) = x(u, v) 𝐢 + y(u, v) 𝐣 + z(u, v) 𝐤

𝐫u × 𝐫v 是 tangent plane 的一个 normal vector。


mm
fuxfvlco.is ex. 2 (2015-2016 Term Test #4) Let 𝐫(u, v) =< 𝑢, 𝑢𝑣, 𝑣 + eu >
T I I
tired
cruet 1 u
cl.v.eu
Find 𝐫u (u, v) = ______________________and 𝐫v (u, v) = ______________________________
so.ua
eden ai Then a normal vector of the parametric surface S given by r at (u, v) = (0, 1) is
I 1,0
____________________and
b 1,0 the tangent plane to the surface at (u, v) = (0, 1)
Flo 11 50,92 ACXxoltblyYHCCZZ.to
y
is___________________
X l lx 9 t
DIYojto.cz21 0
x
Surface Area y
公式:对于一个 smooth parametric surface S:

𝐫(u, v) = x(u, v) 𝐢 + y(u, v) 𝐣 + z(u, v) 𝐤 (u, v) ∈ D


x
而且 S 只在(u, v) range throughout Dy时被 cover 一次,那么 surface area 是
special zlx.gs

norm
A(S) = ∬|𝐫u × 𝐫v | dA
Twsstpoduce
D

∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
where 𝐫u = 𝐢+ 𝐣+ 𝐤, 𝐫v = 𝐢+ 𝐣+ 𝐤
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂v

特例:如果z = f(x, y),即 x,y 是两个 parameter,那么上述公式变为:

∂z 2 ∂z 2
𝐀(𝐒) = ∬ √1 + ( ) + ( ) dA
thirst
∂x ∂y
D

Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 8


EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

ex. 3 (2015-2016 Term Test #4) Let S be the part of the cylinder

x 2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 above the plane z = 0 and below the plane

x − y + z = 4.

ytZ a) Parametrize the surface S

Fffino oeeo.az

14
O
4415 1 Z z EE4ty X
4tHsinoas
5tsino aso
I
2 0 b) Find the area of the surface S. Justify your answer.ZEEO 5lsino

asozA
tsffflroxrzldnro
L sinqceso.co
rI C o o 17
rixrz
IIsi.no Esg
I
Case sine o
FxtzI t 1
Wstesotsino
Ats 41 OO
Idzdo
Jon 5 Osotsinado
Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 9
50 sineasoka
low
EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

ex. 4 (2014-2015 Term Test #4) Find the surface area of

𝐫(u, v) =< u + v, v 2 , u − v > over the region bounded by u = 0, v = 1 and v =

Fu
u.
1,0 I
I L I 2V 1
rare

2V 2,2V

trunk
18h44
u
nu
AISH Hd da 1
u

Is
O O
dudu
let Katy
Id yu u
dv dt
lbvdvvdv
d8
fo.lv 4dv 18444 4 38
44 184454 r
121 241452
Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 10
53 I
EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Section 16.7 Surface Integrals

在上一节中我们已经学习了如何用两个 parameter 来 parametrize 3D 中的

一个 surface,以及这个 surface 的 surface area 计算方法。那么我们还可

以在这样的一个 surface 上进行微积分。

公式:对于一个 components 是 continuous 而且ru 和rv 都是 non-zero 且不

平行 vectors 的 surface r(u, v) = x(u, v) 𝐢 + y(u, v) 𝐣 + z(u, v) 𝐤 (u, v) ∈ D,

那么有:
Jacobean

∬ f(x, y, z) dS = ∬ f(𝐫(u, v)) |𝐫u × 𝐫v | dA


f
S D T
注意到如果 integrate 的函数是 1 的话,integral 的结果是 surface area of S

over D。

ex. 1 Compute the surface integral ∬S x 2 dS, where S is the unit sphere x 2 +

y2 + z2 = 1 FLO sinofbso.snosino cesf


OE 6,22
HE 10,2
To L sinfsino singoso o

Fq C6sof6soGsofsino sing
J I C singoso
4T f
FoxFg singsino
singsinoisingasp
singoso 0
oscfoso Osgsino
sing

Foxtrot sifting
I sincflsinotosolts.noasY
Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 11

J singlsing16541
de IrixroildA
singDA
Ifs Ids Toffsinfuse singbody
singdot 17aside
sing singdy Hazedo
fit tasty sing font ceszeto

Easy tf asf Oz singe


h THI F
f a
EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

特例:如果z = g(x, y),即 x,y 是两个 parameter,那么上述公式变为:

∂z 2 ∂z 2
∬ f(x, y, z) dS = ∬ f(x, y, g(x, y)) √( ) + ( ) + 1 dA
∂x ∂y
S D

ex. 2 (April 2013 Final Exam) Let S be the part of z = √x 2 + y 2 + 2 that lies

inside the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4. Evaluate ∬S(z + x) dS

Zx zlx4y5 2X
2 lx4yF zy
y
JZx4Zy4 IIix taY tl

J 2
ZtX
yt2tX K2
5t2tx fzdA Yolo 2trasojardrde
dzlokztptfttzrkesol.to
1Oriented Surfaces:
521 f Hose 14dg
J2 f off sino140 7
r ×r𝐯
定义 unit normal vector: n = |r𝐮
𝐮 ×r𝐯 | 40552N

对于一个闭合的曲面,当 normal vectors 指向外的时候,是 positive

orientation。

Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 12


EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

Surface Integrals of Vector Fields:

定义:如果 F 是一个定义在 oriented surface S 上的连续的 vector field,它

的 unit normal vector 是 n,那么 surface integral of F over S 是:


mostlikely a rectorfunction
∬ 𝐅 · d𝐒 = ∬ 𝐅 · 𝐧 dS
S S Tatarfunction
这个 integral 也叫 the flux of F aross S.

(注意这里的 S 要么需要加粗,要么之前有 normal vector 的 dot product)

通过化简,我们得到:

∬ 𝐅 · d𝐒 = ∬ 𝐅 · (𝐫u × 𝐫v ) dA
S D

11745 1 Finds_ffF.TT
IaiTTxrHA lfF

ds
crixruTdAn
ruxruIruxrT1

truthHA

Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 13


EZ4 MAT235 第十讲 2018-2019 FALL/WINTER

ex. 3 (April 2014 Final Exam) Compute the surface integral ∬S z√x 2 + y 2 d𝐒,

where S is the surface parametrized by 𝐫(u, v) =< u cos v , u sin v , v >, 0 ≤

u ≤ 2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 1. Fu C Gsr sin o

I L Usinv Uosv I
r uxrt
fa.us nIo
usinvucesv1

csihv Gsv u
Truth f Fintan
the
Z dxfty V.lu usinv
v
J U2
UV

If ztxtyds f.tl v
uTtududv
ovdv ffUTHudur Kita
Sef zudu
Uda_Edt
Ivy Iz H
fr dr r
5
61 Hutu

Easy 4.0 Education Inc. 14

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