2D Transforms

1
 2D Fourier transforms

Given f(x,y), by definition

F (u, v ) = ∫∫ +∞
−∞ f ( x , y )e − i (ux + vy )
dxdy

Obtained by successive 1D
transformations
F (u , v ) = ∫ (∫ f (x, y )e − i (ux )
)
dx e −vy dy =
1
2π ∫ Γ(u , y )e −i (ux )dx

1
f ( x, y ) = ∫ Γ (u , y )e i (ux )
du
2π

1
f ( x, y ) = ∫ F (u , y )e i (ux + vy )
dudv
(2π )2

2
 2D Theorems
f ( x, y ) ⇔ F ( u, v )
f ( x, y ) ⇔ F ( −u , −v )
f ( x − x0 , y − y0 ) ⇔ e F ( u, v )
− i ( ux0 + vy0 )

1
f ( ax, by ) ⇔ F ( u, v )
ab
d
f ( x, y ) ⇔ ( iu ) F ( u , v )
dx
d2 d2
dx 2
f ( x , y ) +
dy 2
f ( x , y ) ⇔ − u 2
+ v 2
( ) F ( u, v )

dF ( u , v )
xf ( x, y ) ⇔ (i )
du
d 2 F ( u, v )
xyf ( x, y ) ⇔ −
dudv
∫∫ f ( x, y ) dxdy = F ( 0, 0 ) 3
 Coordinate transformation
f ( a1 x + b1 y, a2 x + b2 y ) ⇔ F ( u, v )

Start from F ( u, v ) = ∫∫ f ( a1 x + b1 y, a2 x + b2 y ) e − i( ux + vy ) dxdy

ξ b2 − η b1
Change
variables ξ
a1 x + b1 y = x=
a1b2 − a2b1
it follows
η
a2 x + b2 y = −ξ a2 + η a1
y=
a1b2 − a2b1

dx dx
dξ dη a1b2 − a2b1
The Jacobian is J= and dxdy = d ξ dη
( a1b2 − a2b1 )
2
dy dy
dξ dη

4
  ub − va2 va −ub1 
−i ξ 2 +η 1  d ξ dη
It follows that F ( u , v ) = ∫∫ f (ξ ,η ) e  a1b2 − a2b1 a1b2 − a2b1 

a1b2 − a2b1

1
= F ( A1u + A2 v, B1u + B2 v )
a1b2 − a2b

b2 − a2
=
where
A1 = A2
a1b2 − a2b1 a1b2 − a2b1
−b1 a1
=B1 = B2
a1b2 − a2b1 a1b2 − a2b1

−1
Note that  A1 B1   a1 b1 
A  =
 2 B2   a2 b2 

5
Separable variables f ( x, y ) f1 ( x ) f 2 ( y ) ⇔
= F1 ( u ) F2 ( v )

Polar coordinates
x = r cos θ u = ρ cos ϕ
The conjugate variables can be and
y = r sin θ v = ρ sin ϕ

Then f ( x, y ) ⇔ F ( u, v )

Becomes f0 ( r ,θ ) ⇔ F0 ( ρ , ϕ )

1 ρ 
Application: let’s show that f 0 ( ar , θ − α ) ⇔ F
2 0
,ϕ − α  function and transform
a a  rotate by the same angle.

6
 ( x, y ) f ( ar cos (θ − α ) , ar sin (θ=
f= − α ))
f ( ar cos θ cos α + ar sin θ sin α , ar sin θ cos α − ar cos θ sin α )
=

b2 −a2
=A1 = A2
a1b2 − a2b1 a1b2 − a2b1
If we identify the f ( a1 x + b1 y, a2 x + b2 y ) ⇔ −b1 a1
coefficients =B1 = B2
a1b2 − a2b1 a1b2 − a2b1

a cos α cos α
=A1 =
a1 = a cos α a cos α + a 2 sin 2 α
2 2
a
b1 = a sin α sin α
A2 =
a
a2 = −a sin α sin α
B1 = −
b2 = a cos α a
cos α
B2 =
a

1  cos α sin α sin α cos α 

and finally obtain 2
F
= ρ cos ϕ + ρ sin ϕ , − ρ cos ϕ + ρ sin ϕ 
a  a a a a 
1 ρ ρ 
= 2 F  cos (ϕ − α ) , sin (ϕ − α ) 
a a a 
1 ρ 
= 2 F  ,ϕ − α 
a a 
QED 7
 2D convolution
( x, y )
f ∗∗ g h=
= ∫∫ f ( x ', y ') g ( x − x ', y − y ') dx ' dy '
Y’ Y’
Step 1 g 𝑥𝑥 ′ , 𝑦𝑦𝑦

f 𝑥𝑥 ′ , 𝑦𝑦𝑦 X’ X’

Y’ Y’

Step 2. form
this function X’ X’
Step 3. translate by (x,y) 𝑔𝑔 −𝑥𝑥 ′ + 𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦
𝑔𝑔 −𝑥𝑥 ′ , −𝑦𝑦𝑦
Step 4. multiply and integrate
8
Y Y
ℎ 𝑥𝑥, 0

ℎ 𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑥𝑥 2

a b

X a-b a+b X

9
 2D convolution in polar coordinates

If the functions have circular symmetry, then the convolution is also

circularly symmetric

f( x2 + y 2)
g( x +y )
2 2

h ( r ) ∫∫ f ( x ' + y ' ) g  ( x − x ') + ( y − y ') dx ' dy '

2 2 2 2
= 
 
x ' = ρ cos θ
y ' = ρ sin θ

=
⇒ h (r ) ∫0
∞ π
ρ f (ρ)∫ g
−π ( r 2 + ρ 2 − 2r ρ cos θ d ρ dθ)

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  1, r < a
f (r ) = 
0, 𝑎𝑎
𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟 0
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 =
2𝑎𝑎

𝑟𝑟 2 A=?
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 1−
2𝑎𝑎

2𝜃𝜃 1 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 2
2
A = 2 𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎 −2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 2𝑎𝑎2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −1 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1 −
2𝜋𝜋 22 2𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎

 −1  r  r r2 
=h ( r ) a  2 cos   −
2
1− 2 
  2a  a 4a 
 
𝑎𝑎 2𝑎𝑎

11
 FT - 2D functions with circular symmetry

𝐹𝐹 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢+𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 2
� 𝐹𝐹 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢+𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋
Introduce polar coordinates
x = r cos θ u = ρ cos ϕ
y = r sin θ v = ρ sin ϕ

𝐹𝐹 𝜌𝜌, 𝜑𝜑 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜑𝜑−𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝜃𝜃

notation 𝑟𝑟:
⃗ 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 𝜔𝜔: 𝜌𝜌, 𝜑𝜑
𝑛𝑛=+∞

𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔�𝑟𝑟⃗ = � 𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜑𝜑 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝑧𝑧 is the n-th order Bessel function
𝑛𝑛=−∞
𝑛𝑛=+∞

𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔�𝑟𝑟⃗ = � 𝑖𝑖 −𝑛𝑛 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜑𝜑

𝑛𝑛=−∞
12
 Radially symmetric functions

𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 =𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟
∞ +𝜋𝜋
𝐹𝐹 𝜌𝜌, 𝜑𝜑 = � 𝑟𝑟𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜑𝜑−𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃
0 −𝜋𝜋

1 +𝜋𝜋 −𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝛼𝛼
Zero-order Bessel 𝐽𝐽0 𝑥𝑥 = � 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝛼𝛼
2𝜋𝜋 −𝜋𝜋

∞
𝐹𝐹 𝜌𝜌 = 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟 𝐽𝐽0 𝜌𝜌𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
0

Hankel transform
∞
𝐹𝐹 𝜌𝜌 = 2πH0 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟
H𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
0
𝐹𝐹 � - operator in 2D
H0 � - operator in 1D
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 Non – radially symmetric functions

Functions that are separable in 𝑟𝑟 and 𝜃𝜃

Since 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 depends on 𝜃𝜃, it can be expanded into a Fourier series
∞

𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 = � 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃

𝑛𝑛=−∞

1 2𝜋𝜋
where 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃
2𝜋𝜋 0

Similarly, the transform ∞

𝐹𝐹 𝜌𝜌, 𝜑𝜑 = � 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝜌𝜌 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜑𝜑

𝑛𝑛=−∞

1 2𝜋𝜋
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝜌𝜌 = � 𝐹𝐹 𝜌𝜌, 𝜑𝜑 𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜑𝜑 𝑑𝑑𝜑𝜑
2𝜋𝜋 0

Note that 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝜌𝜌 is not the FT of 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟

14
 Convolution
+∞
ℎ 𝑟𝑟⃗ = 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟⃗ ∗∗ 𝑔𝑔 𝑟𝑟⃗ = � 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥⃗ 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟⃗ − 𝑥𝑥⃗ 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥⃗ 𝑟𝑟:
⃗ 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃
−∞

Angular (circular) convolution

1 +∞
ℎ 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 ∗∗ 𝑔𝑔 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 = � 𝑔𝑔 𝑟𝑟, 𝛼𝛼 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 − 𝛼𝛼 𝑑𝑑𝛼𝛼
2𝜋𝜋 0
∞ ∞
1 +∞
ℎ 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 = � � 𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝛼𝛼 � 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚 𝜃𝜃−𝛼𝛼 𝑑𝑑𝛼𝛼
2𝜋𝜋 0
𝑛𝑛=−∞ 𝑚𝑚=−∞

∞ ∞
1 +∞ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝛼𝛼 −𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝛼𝛼
ℎ 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 = � � 𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 � 𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝛼𝛼
2𝜋𝜋 0
𝑛𝑛=−∞ 𝑚𝑚=−∞ 𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
∞

ℎ 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 = � 𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃𝜃

𝑛𝑛=−∞

Radial convolution
∞
ℎ 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 ∗∗ 𝑔𝑔 𝑟𝑟, 𝜃𝜃 = � 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥, 𝜃𝜃 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟 − 𝑥𝑥, 𝜃𝜃 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 15
0
16
3D Transforms

17
 G (u , v, w) = ∫∫ +∞
−∞ ∫ g ( x , y , z )e − i (ux +vy + zw )
dxdydz

∞ 2π ∞
G (s , φ , w ) = ∫ ∫ ∫ g (r , θ , z )e −i [sr (θ −ϕ )+ wz ]
rdrdθdz
0 0 −∞

∞ π 2π
G (s, α , β ) = ∫ ∫ ∫ g (r , θ , ϕ )e −i 2πsr [cosα cosθ +sin α cos (ϕ − β )sin θ ]r 2 dr sin θdθdϕ
0 0 0

If g(x,y,z) = f(r), then ∞

F (s ) = 4π ∫ f (r )sin c(2 sr )r 2 dr
0

Scattering problem
Diffraction by crystals

18
 ⃗
A “scattering” problem 𝐺𝐺 ∆ = � 𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟⃗ 𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟�∆ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑠𝑠⃗
∆= 𝑠𝑠⃗ − 𝑠𝑠0
𝑠𝑠0
𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟⃗

• Slab 𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟⃗ = p 𝑥𝑥 → sinc 𝑢𝑢 𝛿𝛿 𝑣𝑣 𝛿𝛿 𝑤𝑤

• Disk 𝐽𝐽1 𝜋𝜋 𝑣𝑣 2 + 𝑤𝑤 2
𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟⃗ = p 𝑥𝑥 p 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 → sinc 𝑢𝑢
2 𝑣𝑣 2 + 𝑤𝑤 2

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 − 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

• Ball 𝜌𝜌 𝑟𝑟⃗ = p 𝑟𝑟 →
2𝜋𝜋 2 𝑠𝑠 3
19