13. Implement the following string manipulation functions using appropriate registers.

a) Copy a string b) Lower to upper case

a) Copy a string
org 100h

.DATA

source DB "Assembly Language", 0 ; Source string

destination DB 20 DUP(0) ; Destination string, with enough space to

hold the source string

.CODE

; Copy the string from source to destination

MOV SI, OFFSET source ; Set SI to point to the source string

MOV DI, OFFSET destination ; Set DI to point to the destination string

MOV CX, 0 ; Counter for string length

MOV AL, 0 ; Temporary register to hold characters

COPY_LOOP:

MOV AL, [SI] ; Move a character from source to AL

MOV [DI], AL ; Move the character from AL to destination

INC SI ; Increment SI to point to the next character in source

INC DI ; Increment DI to point to the next character in

destination

INC CX ; Increment the counter

CMP AL, 0 ; Check if the character is null (end of string)

JNZ COPY_LOOP ; If not null, continue copying

; Terminating Program

MOV AH, 09H ; Output function

INT 21H

ret
Output:

b) Lower to upper case

org 100h

.DATA

source DB "assembly", 0 ; Source string

destination DB 20 DUP(0) ; Destination string, with enough

space to hold the source string

.CODE

; Copy the string from source to destination

MOV SI, OFFSET source ; Set SI to point to the source string

MOV DI, OFFSET destination ; Set DI to point to the destination

string

MOV CX, 0 ; Counter for string length

MOV AL, 0 ; Temporary register to hold characters

COPY_LOOP:

MOV AL, [SI] ; Move a character from source to AL

MOV BL,AL ;

SUB BL,32 ; SUBSTRACT 32 TO CONVERT TO UPPERCASE

 MOV [DI], BL ; Move the character from AL to destination

INC SI ; Increment SI to point to the next character in

source

INC DI ; Increment DI to point to the next character in

destination

INC CX ; Increment the counter

CMP AL, 0 ; Check if the character is null (end of string)

JNZ COPY_LOOP ; If not null, continue copying

;Terminating Program

MOV AH, 09H ; Output function

INT 21H

ret

output:

c)to LowerCase
org 100h

.DATA

source DB "ASSEMBLY", 0 ; Source string

destination DB 20 DUP(0) ; Destination string, with enough

space to hold the source string

.CODE
 ; Copy the string from source to destination

MOV SI, OFFSET source ; Set SI to point to the source string

MOV DI, OFFSET destination ; Set DI to point to the destination

string

MOV CX, 0 ; Counter for string length

MOV AL, 0 ; Temporary register to hold characters

COPY_LOOP:

MOV AL, [SI] ; Move a character from source to AL

MOV BL,AL ;

ADD BL,32 ; ADD 32 TO CONVERT TO LOWERCASE

MOV [DI], BL ; Move the character from AL to destination

INC SI ; Increment SI to point to the next character in

source

INC DI ; Increment DI to point to the next character in

destination

INC CX ; Increment the counter

CMP AL, 0 ; Check if the character is null (end of string)

JNZ COPY_LOOP ; If not null, continue copying

;Terminating Program

MOV AH, 09H ; Output function

INT 21H

ret

Output: