Earning Outcomes: LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
LSPU Self-paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course GEC 101 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
Sem/AY First Semester/2022-2023
Module No. 1
Lesson Title Philosophical Perspective of the self
Week
1-4
Duration
Date August 22- Sept 9, 2022
Description This chapter presents and overview of the philosophical perspective of the self to
of the Lesson assist students identify one’s own self to gain self-knowledge. The different views of
prominent philosophers regarding the nature of the self are discussed and while there
are disagreements in how philosophers view the self, most of them agree that
selfknowledge is a prerequisite to a happy and meaningful life.
Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning • Explain the role of philosophy in understanding the concept of self;
Outcomes • Discuss the different concepts of the self from the philosophical perspective; •
Differentiate the various concept of the self and identify their similarities; and
• Develop your own philosophy of the self.
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives • Demonstrate understanding on the importance of family.
• Identify the different types/classes of the Filipino family.
• Inculcate the vital role of family in building a progressive and peaceful nation.
Student Learning Strategies
Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a three-Hour class discussion on the
Asynchronous) types/classes of the UNDERSTANDING THE SELF. To have access to the
Online Discussion, refer to this link: ____________________.
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

Prepared by: CHARELYN C. LOTA
Province of Laguna
The online discussion will happen on October 12 and 16, 2020, from
7:00-9:00AM.
(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)
B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What is Philosophy?
2. Who are the philosophers that contribute about self?
3. What are the various concepts of each philosophers about self?
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

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Offline Activities Lecture Guide

(e-Learning/
SelfPaced) Philosophy employs the inquisitive mind to discover the ultimate causes,
reasons and principles of everything. It goes beyond scientific investigation by
exploring all areas of knowledge such as religious, psychology, politics, physics
and even medicine. Hence, the etymological definition of philosophy “love of
wisdom” could pertain to the desire for truth by formulating never ending
questions to provide answers to every inquiry about the nature of human
existence. The nature of the self is a topic of interest among philosophers.
The philosophical framework for understanding the self was first introduced
by the ancient great Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. In
particular, Socrates suggests: “Know thyself” but what exactly does “know
thyself” mean? What is self and the qualities that define it? This chapter
presents and overview of the philosophical perspective of the self to assist
students identify one’s own self to gain self-knowledge. The different views of
prominent philosophers regarding the nature of the self are discussed and
while there are disagreements in how philosophers view the self, most of them
agree that selfknowledge is a prerequisite to a happy and meaningful life.
SOCRATES: AN UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING
For Socrates the self is synonymous with the soul. He believes that ever
human possesses an immortal soul that survive the physical body. Socrates
was the first to focus on the full power of the reason on the human self: who
we are, who we should be, and who will become. Socrates suggest that reality
consist of two dichotomous realms: physical and ideal realms. The physical
realms is changeable, transient and imperfect. The ideal realm is unchanging,
eternal and immortal. The physical world in which man lives belong to the
physical realm. For Socrates, the body belong to the physical realm. On the
other hand, the unchanging, eternal, perfect realm includes the intellectual
essences of the universe concepts such as truth, goodness and beauty. The soul
belongs to the ideal realm.

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Socrates explained that the essence of the self the soul is the immortal entity.
The soul strives for wisdom and perfections, and reasons is the soul’s tool to
achieve this exalted state. But then as long as the soul is tied to the body, the
quest for wisdom is inhibited by the imperfection of the physical realm, where
it wanders and confused. Socrates thus suggest that man must live an examined
life and a life of purpose and value. For him, an unexamined life is not worth
living. The individual person can have meaningful and happy life only if he
becomes virtuous and knows the value of himself that can be achieved through
incessant soul-searching. He must begin at the source of all knowledge and
significance the self. The Socratic Method, the so called introspection, is a
method of carefully examining one’s thoughts and emotions to gain
selfknowledge.
PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL
Another ancient Greek philosopher, Plato, elaborates on Socrates concept of

the soul. Like Socrates, Plato believes that the self is synonymous with the soul.
His philosophy can be explained as a process of self-knowledge and purification
of the soul. Specially, he introduces the idea of a three part soul/self: reason,
physical appetite, and spirit or passion. Reason is the divine essence that
enables us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true
understanding of eternal truths. The physical appetite includes our basic
biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire. The spirit or passion
includes basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and
empathy. These three elements of our selves are in a dynamic relationship with
one another, sometimes in conflict. When conflict occurs, Plato believes it is the
responsibility of reason to sort things out and exert control, restoring a
harmonious relationship among the three elements of our selves. Further, Plato
believes that genuine happiness can only be in control of their Spirits and
Appetites. This harmonious integration under the control of the reason is the
essence of Plato’s concept of justice. As such, if man lives in accordance to his
nature, then he is giving justice to his existence.
Having described his vision of the soul/self, Plato goes on to elaborate his
ideas about the soul. In his Theory of forms, he introduces the concept of the
two world: the world of forms (non-physical ideas) and the world of sense
(reality). While the world of forms is real and permanent, the world of sense is
temporary and only a replica of the ideal world. Plato claims that the sensible
world is dependent on the ideal world where the concept of the soul belongs.
Since the soul is regarded as something permanent, man should give more
importance to it than the physical bod which resides in the world of sense.

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ARISTOTLE: THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF
Another Greek philosopher, Aristotle, believes that the soul is merely a set of
defining features and does not consider the bod and soul as separate entities.
He suggests that anything with life has a soul. Aristotle holds that the soul is the
essence of all living things. Thus, the soul is the essence of the self. However,
humans differ from other living things because of their capacity of thinking. His
discussion about the self centers on the kinds of soul possessed by man. Thus,
he introduces the three kinds of soul: vegetative, sentient, and rational. The
vegetative soul includes the physical body that can grow, Sentient soul includes
sensual desire, feelings, and emotions. Rational soul is what makes man human.
It includes the intellect that allows man to know and understand things. Thus,
Aristotle suggests that the rational nature of the self is to lead a good,
flourishing, and fulfilling life (self-actualization). The pursuit of happiness is a
search for a good life that includes doing virtuous action. In saying this, he
posits that part of the rational soul is characterized b moral virtues such as
justice and courage.
ST. AUGUSTINE: THE SELF HAS AN IMMORTAL SOUL
The African philosopher, Augustine, is regarded as a saint (i.e., St. Augustine of

Hippo) in the Catholic Church. He integrates the ideas of Plato and teachings of
Christianity. Augustine believes that the physical body is radically different
from and inferior to its inhabitant, the immortal soul. As his thinking matured,
he developed a more unified perspective on the body and soul. He ultimately
came to view the bod as “spouse” of the soul, both attached to one another by a
“natural appetite”. He believes that the body is united with the soul, so that
man may be entire and complete. Nevertheless, as a religious philosopher, he
contemplates on the nature of man with emphasis on the soul as an important
element of man. He believes that the soul is what governs and defines man.
In his work, Confession, Augustine describes that humankind is created in the
image and likeness of God. Everything created by God who is all good is good.
Therefore the human person, being creation of God is always geared towards
the good. Augustine is convinced that the self is known only through knowing
God. Accordingly, self-knowledge is a consequence of knowledge of God,
Augustine espouses the significance of reflection, as well as the importance of
prayers and confession to arrive at a justification for the existence of God. For
him, “knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us. “The
truth of which Augustine speaks refers to the truth of knowing God through
faith and reason. In his mission to discover the truth in the existence of God,
Augustine develops the fundamental concept of the human person, and thus
provides the philosophical principles, “I am doubting, therefore I am”

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RENÉ DESCARTES: I THINK THEREFORE I AM
French philosopher René Descartes is a father of modern philosophy. He has

brought an entirely new perspective to philosophy and self. He wants to
penetrate the nature of reasoning process and understand its relationship to
the human self. The Latin phrase Cogito ergo sum-“I think therefore I am” is the
keystone of Descartes’ concept of self. For him, the act of thinking about the
selfof being self-conscious-is in itself proof that there is a self. He is confident
that no rational person will doubt his or her own existence as a conscious,
thinking entity-while we are aware of thinking about our selves. For Descartes,
this is the essence of the human self-a thinking entity that doubts, understand,
analyse, questions, and reasons.
He contends further that if man reflects thoughtfully, he will realize that there
are two dimensions of the human self: the self as a thinking entity and the self
as a physical body. In particular, he introduces the idea of the self (or soul) as
non-material, immortal, conscious being, and independent of the physical laws
of the universe, In contrast, the physical body is a material, mortal, nonthinking
entity, full governed by the physical laws of the nature. In other words, the soul
of the body are independent of another, and each can exist of function without
the other. The essential self-the self as a thinking entity-is distinct from the self
as a physical body. Simply put, the thinking self can exist independently of the
physical body.
JOHN LOCKE: THE SELF IS CONSCIOUSNESS
For English philosopher John Locke, the human mind at birth is tabula rasa or
a blank slate. He feels that the self, or personal identity, is constructed
primarily from the sense experiences-or more specially, what people see, hear,
smell, taste, and feel. These experiences shape and mold the self throughout a
person’s life. For Locke, conscious awareness and memory of the previous
experience are the keys to understanding the self. Locke believes that the
essence of the self is its conscious awareness of itself as a thinking, reasoning,
and reflecting identity. He contends that consciousness accompanies thinking
and makes possible the concept people have of a self. Self-consciousness is
necessary to have a coherent personal (self) identity of knowledge of the self as
a person. Consciousness is what makes identity of a person similar in different
situations.
At this point, Locke is proposing the people could use the power of reason to
gain knowledge and consequently use this knowledge to understand
experiences. Knowledge is based on careful observation of experiences. Reason
plays an important role in helping to figure out the significance of sense
experience and to reach intelligent conclusions. Thus, using the power of
reason and introspection enables one to understand and achieve accurate
conclusion about the self (or personal identity)

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DAVID HUME: THERE IS NO SELF
Scottish philosopher David Hume suggests that if people carefully examine

their sense experience through the process of introspection, they will discover
that there is no self. According to Hume, what people experience is just a
bundle or collection of different perceptions. Hume maintains if people
carefully examine the contents of their experience, the will find that there are
only distinct entities: impressions and ideas. Impressions are the basic
sensations of people’s experience such as hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold and
heat. Impressions are vivid perceptions and strong and lively. Ideas, however,
are thoughts and image from impressions so they are less lively and vivid.
Hume further posits the different sensations are in a constant continuum that
is invariable and not constant. Hume argues that if cannot be from any of these
impressions that the idea of self is derived and consequently, there is no self.
Hume’s sceptical claim in this issue is that people have no experience of a
simple and individual impression that they can call the self where the self is
totally of a person’s conscious life. Subsequently, the idea personal identity is a
result of imagination.
IMMANUEL KANT: WE CONSTRUCT THE SELF
For German philosopher Immanuel Kant, is the self makes experiencing an

intelligible world possible because it is the self that is actively organizing and
synthesizing all of our thoughts and perceptions. The self, in the form of
consciousness, utilizes conceptual categories which he calls transcendental
deduction of categories, to construct an orderly and objective world that is
stable and can be investigated scientifically. Kant believes that the self is an
organizing principles that makes unified and intelligible experience possible. It
is metaphorically above or behind sense experience, and it uses that categories
of our mind filter, order, relate organize, and synthesize the sensations of
unified whole, In other words, the self constructs its own reality, actively
crating a world that is familiar, predictable, and most significantly, mine. The
self is product of reason, a regulative principles, because the self regulates
experience by making unified experience possible. The self transcends
experience because the mind can grasp aspects of reality which are not limited
of the senses. Through rationally, people are able to understand certain
abstract ideas that have no corresponding physical object or sensory
experience.

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SIGMUND FRAUD: THE SELF IS MULTILAYERED
Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud is not a philosopher, but his views on

the self have a far-reaching impact on philosophical thinking, as well as other
disciplines such as psychological thinking, as well as other disciplines such as
psychology and sociology. Freud holds that the self-consist of three layers:
conscious, unconscious and preconscious. The conscious self is governed by the
“reality principle”. The conscious part of the self is organizes in ways that are
rational, practical, appropriate to the environment. The conscious self is usually
takes into account that realistic demands of the situation, the consequences of
various actions, and the overriding need to preserve the equilibrium (balance)
of the entire psychodynamic system of the self, In contrast, the unconscious
part of the self contains the basic instinctual drives including sexuality,
aggressiveness, and self-destruction; traumatic memories; unfulfilled wishes
and childhood fantasies; and thoughts and feelings that would be considered
socially taboo. The unconscious level is characterized by the most primitive
level of human motivation and human functioning which is governed by the
“pleasure principle” Freud argues that much of the self is determined by the
unconscious. On the other hand, the preconscious self contains material that is
not threatening and is easily brought to mind. According to Freud, the
preconscious part is located between that conscious and unconscious part of
the self.
GILBERT RYLE: THE SELF IS THE WAY PEOPLE BEHAVE
British philosopher Gilbert Ryle believes that the self is the best understood as
a pattern of behaviour, the tendency or disposition of a person to behave in a
certain way in certain circumstances. Ryle’s concept of the human self thus
provides the philosophical principle, “I act therefore I am” Ryle considers the
mind and body to be intrinsically linked in complex and intimate ways. In short,
the self is the same as bodily behaviour. He concludes that the mind is the
totality of human dispositions that is known through the way people behave.
Nevertheless, Ryle is convinced that the mind express the entire system of
thoughts, emotions, and actions that make up the human self.
PAUL CHURCHLAND: THE SELF IS THE BRAIN
Canadian philosopher Paul Churchland advocates the idea of eliminative

materialism or the idea that the self is inseparable from the brain and the
physiology of the body. All a person has is the brain, and so if the brain is gone,
and if the brain is gone, there is no self. For Churchland, the physical brain and

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not the imaginary mind, gives people the sense of self. The mind does not really
exist because it cannot be experienced by the senses.

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MAURICE MARLEAU-PONTY: THE SELF IS EMBODIED SUBJECTIVITY
French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty argues that all knowledge about

the self (e.g., understanding the nature of the self) is based on the “phenomena”
of the experience. The “I” is a single integrated core identity, a combination of
the mental, physical and emotional structures around a core identity of the self.
He further articulates that when people examine the self at the fundamental
level of direct human experience, people will discover that the mind and body
are unified, not separate. He notes in his book, Phenomenology of Perception,
that everything that people are aware of is contained with the consciousness.
Consciousness is a dynamic form responsible for actively structuring conscious
ideas and physical behaviour. He is convinced that consciousness, the world,
and the human body are intricately intertwined in perceiving the world. For
him, perception is not merely a consequence of sensor experience; rather, it is a
conscious experience. Thus, the self is embodied subjectivity.
DISCOVER
⚫ Socrates suggest that the self is synonymous with the soul. He believes that
ever human possess an immortal soul that survives that physical body.
⚫ For Plato, the three elements of the soul/ self are reason, physical appetite,
and spirit or passion. Reason is divine essence that enables people to think
deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal
truths. The physical appetite includes the basic biological needs while the
spirit or passion includes the basic emotions.
⚫ Aristotle suggest that the rational nature of the self is to lead a good,
flourishing, and fulfilling life.
⚫ Augustine believes that the body is united with the soul, so that man may be
entire and complete.
⚫ Descartes suggests that the act of thinking about the self or being
selfconscious is proof that there is a self. There are two dimensions of the
human self: the self as a thinking entity and the self as a physical body.
⚫ Locke believes that conscious awareness and memory of previous
experiences are the keys to understanding the self. He believes that the
essence of the self is its conscious awareness of itself as a thinking,
reasoning, and reflecting identity.
⚫ To Hume, the idea of personal identity is result of imagination and that if
the person carefully examines his sense experience through the process of
introspection, he will discover that there is no self.
⚫ According to Kant, the self constructs its own reality, actively creating a
world that is familiar a predictable.
⚫ Freud holds that the self consist of three layers: conscious, unconscious, and
preconscious.

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⚫ Ryle believes that the self is best understood as a pattern of behaviour, the
tendency or disposition for a person to behave in a certain way in certain
circumstances.
⚫ Churchland advocates the idea of eliminative materialism or the idea that
the self is inseparable from the brain and the physiology of the body.
⚫ According to Merleau-Ponty, all knowledge about the self is based on the
“phenomena” of experience.
ENGAGING ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. According to him, “an unexamined life is not worth living.”
a) Socrates
b) Plato
c) Augustine
2. In his Theory of Forms, he introduces the concept of the two worlds: the world of
forms (non-physical ideas) and the world of sense (reality).
a) a.Socrates
b) b.Plato
c) c.Augustine
3. He is regarded as the Father of Modern Philosophy.
a) Gilbert Ryle
b) Paul Churchland
c) René Descartes
4. He postulates that the human mind at birth is blank slate or tabula rasa.
a) Augustine
b) René Descartes
c) John Locke
5. He introduces the idea of eliminative materialism.
a) Immanuel Kant
b) Gilbert Ryle
c) Paul Churchland
6. He believes that the self a nothing but a collection of interconnected and
continually changing perceptions passing through the theatre of our minds.
a) David Hume
b) Paul Churchland
c) Immanuel Kant
7. The Phenomenology of Perception is the work of:
a) David Hume
b) Maurice Merleau-Ponty
c) Paul Churchland
8. He believes that the mind is not the seat of self but behaviours, thus the principle

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“I act, therefore I am”
a) Gilbert Ryle
b) David Hume
c) Immanuel Kant
9. He believes that the self is the brain.
a) David Hume
b) Maurice Merleau-Ponty
c) Paul Churchland
10. The cornerstone of Socrates’ philosophy
a) I think, therefore I am
b) Know thyself
c) The self is the way people behave
Identify the philosopher who proposed the particular view of self presented in the first column.
Then, examine your personal view about the nature of self and indicate whether you believe
or not in that philosophical view of self. If you believe in that state philosophy, recall an
important experience you have had which relates to it. If you do not believe, explain your
disbelief. How do your experience or disbelief affects our selfhood?
Believe It or not:
(Write B if
Philosophical Related Life Reasons why I Effects on
Philosopher you believe and N
View of self if you do not Experience do not believe myself
believe)
⚫ An
examined life is
not
worth living
⚫ If human
beings
do not
live in
accordance
to their
nature/func
tion, the
result will
be injustice

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⚫ Self-
realization
is attained
by fulfilling
man’s
threefold
nature:
Performance Tasks

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vegetative,
sentient, and
rational.
⚫ The self
seeks to be
unified with
God through
faith and
reason.
⚫ The self is a
thinking
thing.
Distinct
from the
body
⚫ The human
mind at
birth is
a
blank state
or
tabula rasa.
⚫ There is no
self only
bundle of
constantly
changing
perceptions
passing
through the
theatre
of
our minds.
⚫ The self
transcends
experience
⚫ I act,
therefore, I
am
⚫ The self is
the brain

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⚫ The
consciousne
ss, the world,
and
human body
are intricately
intertwined
in
the
knowing the
world.
Write an essay on the philosophical perspective of the self. Consider the following questions in
writing your essay.
1. Explain how each philosophy of the self impacts your self-understanding.

2. Which philosophy relates to your own beliefs?
3. What is your own philosophy of self?
4. What is the important of having a philosophy of the self?
5. Describe who you are, the meaning of your life, the purpose of your existence, and how to achieve a
happy and successful life.
6. What are your characteristics that can contribute to your happiness and success?
My Reflection
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________

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Understanding Directed Assess
Adopted from: https://www.coursehero.com/file/41388589/EDRD-430-COOPER-Lesson-Plan-Rubricdocx/

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Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

LSPU Self-paced Learning Module (SLM)

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

B. Learning Guide Questions:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

Offline Activities Lecture Guide

SOCRATES: AN UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL

Another ancient Greek philosopher, Plato, elaborates on Socrates concept of

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

ARISTOTLE: THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF

ST. AUGUSTINE: THE SELF HAS AN IMMORTAL SOUL

The African philosopher, Augustine, is regarded as a saint (i.e., St. Augustine of

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

RENÉ DESCARTES: I THINK THEREFORE I AM

French philosopher René Descartes is a father of modern philosophy. He has

JOHN LOCKE: THE SELF IS CONSCIOUSNESS

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

DAVID HUME: THERE IS NO SELF

Scottish philosopher David Hume suggests that if people carefully examine

IMMANUEL KANT: WE CONSTRUCT THE SELF

For German philosopher Immanuel Kant, is the self makes experiencing an

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

SIGMUND FRAUD: THE SELF IS MULTILAYERED

Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud is not a philosopher, but his views on

GILBERT RYLE: THE SELF IS THE WAY PEOPLE BEHAVE

PAUL CHURCHLAND: THE SELF IS THE BRAIN

Canadian philosopher Paul Churchland advocates the idea of eliminative

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

MAURICE MARLEAU-PONTY: THE SELF IS EMBODIED SUBJECTIVITY

French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty argues that all knowledge about

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter that corresponds to your answer.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

1. Explain how each philosophy of the self impacts your self-understanding.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

Understanding Directed Assess

Adopted from: https://www.coursehero.com/file/41388589/EDRD-430-COOPER-Lesson-Plan-Rubricdocx/

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 101

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