Artificial Intelligence

Lecture Notes - 1
(Subject Code: CSC 602, ITC 651)

Prepared by
Dr. Sourabh Jain
Indian Institute of Information Technology Sonepat
 Introduction
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words:
Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines "man-made," and
intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made
thinking power.“

• So, AI can be define as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent

machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to
make decisions."

• Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills
such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems.
 Why Artificial Intelligence?
• With the help of AI, user can create such software or devices which can
solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.

• With the help of AI, user can create personal virtual Assistant, such as
Google Assistant etc.

• With the help of AI, user can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.

• AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities.
 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

• Replicate human intelligence

• An intelligent connection of perception and action

• Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human

intelligence such as:

 Proving a theorem

 Playing chess

 Plan some surgical operation

 Driving a car in traffic

 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning,
learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.

To achieve the above factors for a machine or software, Artificial Intelligence

requires the following discipline:
 Applications of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is
becoming essential for today's time because it can solve complex problems
with an efficient way. AI is making our daily life more comfortable and fast.
 History of Artificial Intelligence
Following are some milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey
from the AI generation to till date development.
 What is Intelligence Composed of?
The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of −
 What is Intelligence Composed of?
(1) Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis
for judgement, making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two
types −
(i) Inductive Reasoning
(ii) Deductive Reasoning

The main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that

inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive reasoning
aims at testing an existing theory.

Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broad

generalizations, and deductive reasoning the other way around.
Reasoning
 (I) Inductive research approach
When there is little to no existing literature on a topic, it is common to perform inductive
research because there is no theory to test. The inductive approach consists of three stages:

1.Observation

1. A low-cost airline flight is delayed

2. Elephants depend on water to exist

2.Observe a pattern

1. Another 20 flights from low-cost airlines are delayed

2. All observed animals depend on water to exist

3.Develop a theory or general (preliminary) conclusion

1. Low cost airlines always have delays

2. All biological life depends on water to exist

 Inductive research approach (Cont..)
Limitations of an inductive approach:

A conclusion drawn on the basis of an inductive method can never

be proven, but it can be invalidated.

Example:

You observe 1000 flights from low-cost airlines. All of them

experience a delay, which is in line with your theory. However, you
can never prove that flight 1001 will also be delayed. Still, the
larger your dataset, the more reliable the conclusion.
 (II) Deductive research approach
When conducting deductive research, you always start with a theory (the result of inductive
research). Reasoning deductively means testing these theories. If there is no theory yet, you
cannot conduct deductive research.

The deductive research approach consists of four stages:

(i) Start with an existing theory (and create a problem statement)

(1) Low cost airlines always have delays

(2) All biological life depends on water to exist

(ii) Formulate a falsifiable hypothesis based on existing theory

(1) If passengers fly with a low cost airline, then they will always experience delays

(2) All land mammals depend on water to exist

 Deductive research approach (Cont..)
(iii) Collect data to test the hypothesis

(1) Collect flight data of low-cost airlines

(2) Study all land mammal species to see if they depend on water

(iv) Analyze and test the data

(1) 5 out of 100 flights of low-cost airlines are not delayed

(2) All land mammal species depend on water

(v) Decide whether you can reject the null hypothesis

(1) 5 out of 100 flights of low-cost airlines are not delayed = reject hypothesis

(2) All land mammal species depend on water = support hypothesis

 Deductive research approach (Cont..)

Limitations of a deductive approach

The conclusions of deductive reasoning can only be true if all the premises set
in the inductive study are true and the terms are clear.
(2) Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being
taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of the
study.

The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled systems.

Learning is categorized as −

(a) Auditory Learning − It is learning by listening and hearing. For example, students
listening to recorded audio lectures.

(b) Episodic Learning − To learn by remembering sequences of events that one has
witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly.

(c) Motor Learning − It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For example, picking
objects, Writing, etc.
(d) Observational Learning − To learn by watching and imitating others. For example, child
tries to learn by mimicking her parent.

(e) Perceptual Learning − It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has seen before. For
example, identifying and classifying objects and situations.

(f) Relational Learning − It involves learning to differentiate among various stimuli on the
basis of relational properties, rather than absolute properties.

(g) Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such as images, colors, maps, etc.
For Example, A person can create roadmap in mind before actually following the road.

(h) Stimulus-Response Learning − It is learning to perform a particular behavior when a

certain stimulus is present. For example, a dog raises its ear on hearing doorbell.
(3) Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a desired
solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by known or unknown

hurdles.

Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the best
suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are available.

(4) Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory
information.

Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In the domain
of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors together in a meaningful
manner.

(5) Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal
and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.
 Questions

Ques 1: What are the advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence?

Ques 2: What are the Applications of Artificial Intelligence.

Ques 3: Differentiate between Human and Machine Intelligence.

Ques 4: Explain the following:

Artificial Intelligence: Does Consciousness Matter?