Situation Report - Ethiopia - 10 Jan 2024

ETHIOPIA
Situation Report
Last updated: 10 Jan 2024
HIGHLIGHTS (10 Jan 2024)
About 4 million people in drought-affected Afar,

Amhara, Tigray, Oromia, South Ethiopia, & South
West need urgent food assistance, according to
the Government and Food Cluster.
Overlap of food insecurity, high malnutrition rates

with malaria, measles, and cholera outbreaks and
livestock emergencies is worsening the situation
in drought-affected areas.
US$8 million allocated under the Ethiopian

Humanitarian Fund, an OCHA-managed pooled
fund, allows for multi-sector aid in Amhara,
including drought response.
December 2023. Kelafo, Somali region, Ethiopia. Flood-mud
Donors must frontload funding to scale up the at school affected by floods. Credit: OCHA Ethiopia/ Jayne
Mbakaya.
response this January; money received from
March-April 2024 will be too late for many as
suffering & destitution will have deepened.
An integrated multi-sectoral humanitarian

response is urgently needed in drought-affected
regions to avert a deterioration.
KEY FIGURES FUNDING (2023) CONTACTS

OCHA Ethiopia
20.1M 4.4M $4B $1.3B Strategic Communications Unit
people targeted for multi-sectoral non-food Required Received ocha-eth-communication@un.org
food assistance assistance target
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An rry,
So 34%
Progress
FTS: https://fts.unocha.org/appeal
s/1128/summary
BACKGROUND (10 Jan 2024)

Situation Overview
https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/ethiopia/
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Situation Report
Ethiopia is, once again, on the verge of a major humanitarian situation due to cycles of multiple, often overlapping
crises, which severely weakens communities’ ability to cope. These crises are primarily driven by the convergence of
four major factors: climate crises (flood and drought), armed conflicts, diseases, and economic shocks. The
convergence of these shocks are pushing more people into displacement, food insecurity, malnutrition, disease
outbreaks, and increased protection concerns amid rising global prices of essential commodities, inflation, and
continual devaluation of the local currency. The education sector has also been affected due to conflict or floods,
resulting in damaged or non-functional school facilities and millions of children missing school across the country. For
example, in Amhara alone, more than 2.5 million children remain out of school because of the impact of the Northern
Ethiopia conflict (2020-2022) and the ongoing armed hostilities in the region.
The humanitarian impact of climate crises
Drought and floods
Ethiopia is among the countries most susceptible to climatic shocks mainly drought and flooding, because of erratic
rainfall patterns. The frequency and magnitude of these, are increasing and severely affecting the lives and livelihoods
of millions of people. In Tigray, Afar, Amhara, and parts of the Oromia, Southern and Southwest regions drought is,
once again, causing severe suffering. Close to 4 million people require urgent scale-up of multi-sectoral response,
including food and nutrition assistance, according to the Ethiopia Disaster Risk Management Commission and the
National Food Cluster. Regional authorities in Tigray and Amhara raised the alarm and alerted aid agencies to the
severe humanitarian situation resulting from food insecurity and drought as early as mid-November and the end of
December 2023. The current severe drought comes at a time when communities in the affected regions are still
grappling with the lingering effects of the 2021-2023 drought and the devastating northern conflict (2020-2022) amid
poor economic conditions. Erratic rains have impacted their crop and livestock production and slowed down their
ability to recover as income from the sale of these plummeted. Scaled-up humanitarian response and resilience
building are urgently required for the internally displaced persons (IDPs), vulnerable host communities and the returning
IDPs.
Through the recent Multiagency Meher seasonal assessment in North Gondar, South Wello, North Shewa, Oromo
Special Zone, North Wello, and Wag Hamra zones of Amhara Region, partners found that drought has affected nearly
1.7 million people. The results show that drought conditions in particular had a severe impact on agricultural
productivity, exacerbating food insecurity and malnutrition, and resulting in human and livestock losses, which led
people to resort to harmful coping mechanisms and displacement. In December, the Amhara authorities(1) alerted aid
agencies of 43 woredas/ districts in nine zones having been affected by severe drought. Furthermore, 1.03 million(2)
people lack access to drinking water due to 1,500(3) water points that have dried up or require rehabilitation and
maintenance. For this reason, and due to damaged croplands, more than 4,000(4) people have migrated from their
home base in Janamora and Telemt of the North Gondar Zone to larger towns. Drought also affects an estimated 2.4
million(5) livestock without water and feed, causing some 173,600 livestock to migrate while over 86,700 have
perished. The education sector has also been affected due to the ongoing conflict in Amhara and the 2020-2022
Northern Ethiopia conflict, resulting in damaged or non-functional schools and 2.5 million out of school children
according to the education cluster. Moreover, according to the Meher seasonal assessment (November – December
2023), 335 out of 1,625 schools and 156,252 out of 1,309,214 school-age population were affected with drought in
North and Central Gondar zones since September 2023, start of the current academic year. High absenteeism was
observed and increasing as the areas were facing food and school material shortages, as well as lack of clean water
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Situation Report
and sanitation in school facilities. Funding for emergency in education response remains critical. Support to
rehabilitation for conflict damaged facilities and furniture, school feeding programmes and clean water and sanitation
requires mobilization.
In Tigray, rain failure was recently assessed(6) to have caused severe drought in 36 districts in five zones: Southern,
Eastern, Southeastern, Central, and Northwestern. Severe rainfall shortage, especially in areas bordering the
Afarescarpment, was found to have affected the overall agricultural production, surface and groundwater resources,
and other socio-economic conditions of the region. Crop and livestock losses have also been further worsened by the
unusual rains, with crop damage and the loss of pasture and water for livestock. Out of the region’s total arable land
(1.3 million hectares), only 49 per cent was planted due to drought and inaccessibility problems, and only 37 per cent
of production was harvested during the Meher season. Currently, nearly 1.4 million people in Tigray need immediate
emergency food because of the drought, starting January 2024. In addition, Tigray is home to close to a million
IDPsfor whom humanitarian response is a lifeline. While the IDPs are living in collective sites and with host
communities, thousands of others reside in 105 schools, thus hampering the reopening of the schools and increasing
children’s exposure to protection risks. Regional authorities in Amhara and Tigray have stressed the rapidly
deteriorating humanitarian situation due to drought and food insecurity and that catastrophic conditions could unfold if
timely humanitarian assistance is not provided. The multi-sectoral response must be immediately scaled up in these
areas to avert a significant destitution for families.
Some parts of Ethiopia, mainly southern and southeastern areas of Somali, South Ethiopia, South West Ethiopia, and
Oromia regions, are emerging from five consecutive seasons of below-average rain, with the March-May 2022 rainy
season being the driest on record in the last 70 years. This left 17.2 million people in Ethiopia requiring lifesaving
assistance in 2023. Meanwhile, most of these areas received heavy rains in the Bega/Deyr/Hageya season (October –
December 2023), causing floods that affected at least 1.5 million people and displaced over 616,000 people. Cessation
of rains has seen an improvement in movement and humanitarian access, and the return of over 400,000 flood-
affected IDPs in the Somali Region to their places of origin by the end of December 2023, but they need assistance to
repair their damaged homes and restore livelihood. Please refer to this update for more on the floods. More than 3,100
people remain as flood IDPs in Cherati of Afder Zone, Somali Region. They cannot return since the floods destroyed
their homes, and the regional government is seeking support to relocate them to an alternative land since their original
village is prone to flooding. Floods have also affected the education sector in the Somali region with the disruption of
the schooling of over 66,000 children (32.3 per cent girls) and damage/destruction to school infrastructure (56 out of
146 flood-affected schools). The scale of damage to the schools and the reported sheltering of IDPs on school
grounds will prevent thousands of children from returning to school. School feeding, providing school materials, and
rehabilitating damaged schools will facilitate more children's resuming learning.
The Ethiopian government and humanitarian partners are stepping up life-saving efforts in the most affected areas
across the country despite severe resource constraints and operational challenges, including active hostilities in some
areas. Out of 20.1 million people(7) targeted for food and cash assistance at the start of 2023, over 18 million people
received food assistance at least once between January and October 2023; about 7.3 million most prioritized people
were also reached between May and November, more specifically, 3.7 million people with food and cash support from
the Government and 3.6 million people in Shock Response Safety Net Program supported by the World Bank. Since
mid-December, with the resumption of the USAID-funded food assistance, partners have provided food aid and cash
support to approximately six million people in the Amhara, Tigray, Somali, and Afar regions. Some US$8 million was
allocated in November under the Ethiopian Humanitarian Fund (EHF), for response in Amhara Region. Nevertheless,
deepening food, nutrition, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), protection, health, agriculture, and livelihoods needs
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dwarf these efforts as pockets of similar needs can be found in Oromia, Southern and Southwest regions. Partners
continue to call on donors to provide resources to enable an urgent large-scale multisector response to reach close to
4 million people in the first half of 2024.
Malnutrition update
Severe drought conditions, deteriorating food insecurity, and lack of access to water drive high levels of acute
malnutrition, and a large-scale multisector response is urgently required. Food insecurity is posing a threat to an
already dire situation as Amhara, Afar, Tigray, and other regions face very high/critical Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM)
rates beyond the emergency threshold (>15 per cent). In a statement on 7 December, the Nutrition Cluster warned that
the deteriorating food insecurity crisis in the Tigray Region threatens to worsen the nutritional status of the already
vulnerable populations, especially in areas affected by failed or untimely rains. Such areas include Abergele Yechila,
Raya Azebo, Atsibi, Tsirae Wonberta, Tsaeda Emba, Saesie, Gantafeshumn, Maytsebri town, Dima, and Tselemti
woredas. A SMART survey conducted in Moyale District of Borena Zone in the Oromia Region revealed a GAM and
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) prevalence of 9.2 per cent and 0.5 per cent, respectively. In comparison, another
assessment in the Borana-Guji cattle Pastoral livelihood zone showed GAM and SAM of 13.7 per cent and 0.9 per cent,
respectively. An assessment conducted in Janamora and Telemt districts of North Gonder in the Amhara Region
revealed a high proxy GAM and SAM. In the Afar Region, a nutrition screening conducted in hard-to-reach areas and
various districts reached 40,000 children. Of these, 4.3 and 42 per cent were identified with SAM and Moderate Acute
Malnutrition (MAM), respectively. An indication of acute malnutrition was found among over half of 44,000 screened
pregnant and lactating women (PLW). In other areas such as East and West Hararghe zones, as well as those hosting
internally displaced people, including among IDPs in Tigray, malnutrition rates are also reported to be very high. Even
though the Somali Region is currently not drought-affected, malnutrition is on the rise, mainly in the region’s Dolo Ado
and Bokolmayo districts in Liban Zone, recently affected by floods, and the farmlands damaged as a result, hence
raising food security concerns.
Humanitarian partners continue to deliver assistance amid limited resources and access challenges in some areas. At
least 64 mobile health and nutrition teams (MHNTs) supported by 16 nutrition partners have provided significant health
services to internally displaced persons (IDPs) and conflict-affected people in the Amhara Region. In the Tigray Region,
where nutrition response was threatened by lack of funding, nutrition partners have reported that new measures are
being taken to address the huge MAM gap. Overall, between January and October 2023, more than 166,000 children
received nutrition treatment across the country. Additional resources and unimpeded access will enable partners to
scale up integrated multi-sector response in the worst-affected regions.
Scaling up food response
The resumption of the USAID-funded food distribution in mid-December, after several months of a pause, is helping to
meet some urgent food needs. Distributions commenced in Amhara, followed by Tigray, Somali, and Afar regions,
where food security partners target nearly 5.6 million people in 3,374 villages in 892 kebeles (of which 1.5 million
people were targeted in December). In addition, since 6 October, food security partners completed the first and second
cycle of distributions, reaching nearly 612,000 refugees across the country, and up to 45,200 of them received both in-
kind and cash assistance. In Amhara, about 392,000 people in drought-affected North Gondar and Wag Hamra zones
received food assistance as of 20 December. In Tigray, out of the planned in-kind food assistance caseload of 1.2
million people for the December 2023 cycle, more than 401,400 people have been assisted by food partners (non-
government) since 21 December.
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To provide urgent support to people in the areas experiencing drought conditions, complementing humanitarians’
ongoing efforts, the Ethiopian Government has reached over seven million people affected by conflict and drought in
Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromia and Somali regions with close to 79,000 metric tons (MT) of food, and cash support of
1.4billion Ethiopian Birr (approximately $14.7 million).
The Government has also recently allocated 7,700 MT of food (cereals and Corn Soya Blend) for around 467,000
people in more than 30 districts in Tigray. The dispatch to the region started in the second week of
December.Additionally, as of 3 December, over 131,000 people in Eastern, Central, and Northwestern zones and about a
million people in the Central zone received cash assistance worth $16 million. The cash support is expected to help
families meet their most essential needs, including food.
In the Afar region, over 253,000 people need emergency food assistance, according to the Ethiopia Disaster Risk
Management Commission and the Food Cluster. However, the Afar region hosts an estimated 56,800 IDPs and about
222,900 returnees who are among those affected by drought. Livestock conditions reveal a dire situation characterized
by a severe drought and depleted grazing lands. The scarcity of water and pasture is further compounded by the
invasion of thorny bushes (Prosopis bushes), severely limiting feed resources for over 3.5 million livestock. Emergency
vaccination/treatment and provision of animal feed are the critical interventions needed to mitigate the immediate
impact of drought on livestock health and productivity, rehabilitating water sources and grazing lands for long-term
resource availability and implementing restocking/destocking programs to balance herd sizes and manage resource
scarcity is critical to rebuilding the resilience of the pastoralist communities. Over 663,600 people in 15 conflict-
affected districts of Afar were targeted for government-emergency food assistance between June and December 2023,
and only more than 208,800 of these were reached.
Food insecurity conditions are expected to linger for several months until the next meher/karma harvest season
(October - September 2024) in the northern regions of Amhara, Tigray, Afar, and other areas. However, the food
response is inadequate to cover the needs of the severely food-insecure people due to funding gaps. Funding for an
urgent multi-sector response is required in food, nutrition, WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene), especially access to
clean water, livestock interventions, and agricultural inputs. For further information, please visit the Ethiopia:
Humanitarian impact of drought, Flash update #1.
Update on diseases
The severe drought has caused the drying up of water sources, leading to serious water shortages in some areas
compromising access to clean water, personal hygiene, and sanitation which may lead to a spike in diseases. Diseases
such as malaria, measles, and cholera continue to be reported thus worsening an already dire humanitarian situation.
Malaria, which is endemic in Ethiopia, has increasingly spread across the country recording 3.7 million(8) cases
between 1 January and 17 December this year. Partners are working with public health authorities to provide medicine
and anti-malaria supplies as well as vector control. In the most affected regions such as Oromia (1.09 million cases)
and Amhara (over 987,000 cases) response is affected by insecurity, shortage of supplies, damaged health
infrastructure, and limited road access. In the Gambela Region, where over 142,500 caseshave been reported,
humanitarians are increasing partner presence to scale up the response. Overall, scaling up vector control to reduce
mosquito populations and the distribution of bed nets remains key in curbing the spread of malaria in the country.
Between 1 January and 24 December, over 30,386(9) measles cases, including 233 deaths (0.77 per cent) were
reported across Ethiopia, mainly from the five regions of SWEP (36 per cent), Oromia (23 per cent), Amhara (16 per
cent) and Somali (10 per cent) representing 89 per cent of the cases. Of the 301 districts affected since August 2021,
234 have the outbreak under control, with measles currently active in 67 districts. Since January 2023, concerningly,
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more than half (54 per cent) of the cases were children under five years of age, 42 per cent of whom have not received
any measles vaccination, which puts them at the highest risk of severe measles complications. In addition,
strengthened routine immunization and access to health care are critical to controlling the outbreak and saving
thousands of lives.
With regards to cholera, the outbreak continues to affect 11 regions with close to 29,380 cases, including 421
deathsand a cumulative case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.43 per cent between January and 23 December 2023, according to
the Ethiopian Public Health Institute. Cholera has affected 306 districts across Oromia, South Ethiopia Region (SER),
Central Ethiopia Region (CER), Sidama, Amhara, Afar, Benishangul Gumz, Dire Dawa, Harari, Somali, and Tigray (in order
of highest to lowest number of reported cases). Somali Region remains at high risk of further spread due to recent
floods that affected over a million people in the region alone, with over 470 cholera cases and 13 related deaths
reported in flood-affected Kalafo district of Shabelle Zone. Situations in drought-affected areas also raise similar
concerns. Over 7.5 million people have been vaccinated in six rounds of oral cholera vaccination (OCV) campaigns(10)
this year as of mid-November. Additionally, partners support local authorities in case management, risk communication,
community engagement, and WASH and infection prevention and control. While cholera has been controlled in 234
districts as of 23 December, these remain at high risk as they are in proximity to areas with active cholera cases.
Response aimed at increasing access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities (to mitigate the risks associated
with open defecation) would drastically contribute to sustainable control of the cholera outbreak. Overall, there is an
urgent need for increased support for resilience building and investment in systems strengthening across health, water,
and sanitation alongside the humanitarian response.
Supporting recovery
In southern parts of Oromia, local authorities and humanitarian partners are engaging in interventions that aim to
accelerate recovery from the impact of the 2021-2023 drought through livestock multiplication for vulnerable families
that lost household assets/ livestock. Multi-purpose cash transfer programmes under the EHF are also supporting 400
households in Borena Zone (Moyale and Dubluk districts). Additionally, an estimated 22.9 million Ethiopian Birr(about $
409,768) were distributed to nearly 4,800 drought-affected households in three districts of Borena, East Borena, and
Guji zones. In terms of food security, partners in December, resumed food distribution across 26 districts in six zones
of southeastern Oromia, including Borena. Nearly 1.3 million people were affected by drought, and over 4 million
livestock were lost due to a historic length and severity of drought in the Oromia Region and the below-average short
rainfall season of October to December 2022, which set the stage for a record-breaking five-season drought, severely
affecting both pastoralist and agro-pastoral communities. However, the latest assessment shows that nearly 551,000
people are currently affected by drought in Oromia. In the Southern Ethiopia Region (SER) and South West Ethiopia
(SWEP) Region, humanitarian partners are providing recovery assistance to communities still experiencing the residual
effects of the 2021-2023 drought, albeit limited due to lack of funding. More than 50,000 people in SER and nearly
29,000 people in SWEP are drought-affected.
_______________________
Footnotes
(1) Amhara Disaster Prevention & Food Security Program Coordination Commission (December 2023)
(2) “Ibid”
(3) “ibid”
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(4) “Ibid”
(5) “Ibid”
(6) Multiagency Meher seasonal assessment (November-December 2023)
(7) 2023 Ethiopia Humanitarian Response Plan
(8) Public Health Emergency Operations Center (PHEOC), Ethiopia, Weekly Bulletin, 18-24 December 2023 No. 37
(9) “Ibid”
(10) A strained global supply of cholera vaccines has led a global strategy to temporarily suspend the standard two-
dose vaccination, using instead a single-dose approach.
FEATURE (18 Dec 2023)
Health champions help curb the spread of cholera in Ethiopia
This text has been adapted from its original article by WHO
A year after the first cholera cases in Ethiopia’s current outbreak

were detected in August 2022, the prevalence of cholera has
spread to the majority of the country’s regions. However,
government-led response supported by partners such as WHO and
other Health Cluster members, is helping to reduce cases, with
local health champions at the forefront of response. Serving as
role models within their communities, health champions lead by
example in the implementation of good hygiene practices in their
October 2023. Gofa Zone, South Ethiopia Region.
households and take an active role within the community. Aregash is a health champion and role model in
good hygiene practices in her community. Credit:
To support the work of the health champions, the WHO helps WHO Ethiopia
monitor water quality, provides supplies such as household water
treatment tablets, coordinates supporting partners and works with
health authorities to engage communities and encourage positive behavioural change. Aregash Berhanu is one such
health champion living in Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Aregash had recently contracted and recovered from cholera,
improving after being treated at a cholera treatment center. Now, she participates in women’s group dialogues on
health and other social services, while encouraging group members to take preventive measures to curb the spread of
cholera in their community. “I was ill because of consuming contaminated water from a river. Now, I make sure that I
use treated water at home. I have also dug a new latrine for the family. I always wash my hands after using the toilet
and teach my children to do the same,” she says.
Thanks to WHO, with financial support from USAID, the US Center for Disease Control and the UN’s Central Emergency
Response Fund, health extension workers, health champions, and communities are equipped with the knowledge they
need to tackle the spread of cholera head-on.
ANALYSIS (18 Dec 2023)
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Situation Report
Situation Update #34 The Impact of the Situation in Sudan on

Ethiopia
HIGHLIGHTS
Over 91,500 people entered Ethiopia from Sudan since April;
More than 9,000 refugees received food assistance in Kurmuk

transit center as of 3 November;
Food assistance for people across Ethiopia resumes as of 14
November;
At least 18 cholera cases have been reported in Metema

Woreda between the last 8-21 days; May 2023. Feven, an Eritrean refugee, together
with her husband and children, was the first
Partners continue with water and sanitation assistance, face family relocated to UNHCR’s new reception
challenges in meeting water and latrine allocations due to center, close to the border with Sudan. Credit:
UNHCR/Lucrezia Vittori
funding constraints.
SITUATION OVERVIEW
As of 14 November 2023, over 91,500 people entered Ethiopia since the onset of the ongoing crisis in neighboring
Sudan in April. Crossings have been made through various border points of entry (PoE), but mainly at the Metema -
West Gondar Zone, and the Kurmuk - Assosa Zone in the regions of Amhara and Benishangul Gumz, respectively.
Ethiopian returnees, so far, represent the greater percentage of arrivals currently standing at 43 per cent, followed by
Sudanese nationals at 39 per cent, and third country nationals at 18 per cent. A slight increase by close to a total of
1,000 people in the week following up to 8 November as compared to the previous week has been observed.
NEEDS AND RESPONSE
Partners’ operations have been affected by current limited cash availability faced by banks in the West Gondar Zone’s
capital, Gendawuha. To address such operational challenges, partners are considering processing operational cash
advances from Gondar (193km away). Accordingly, arrivals are also receiving onward transportation assistance (OTA)
from Gondar.
Education
About 190 children are enrolled in a new Education in Emergencies (EIE) programme (grade 1 classes) at the Kurmuk
transit center, in Benishangul Gumz.
Food
Food distribution resumed in Kurmuk in early November with over 9,000 arrivals having received food assistance at
both the transit center and those residing within host communities as of 03 November. Moreover, about 6,400 people
received food assistance in the form of firewood for cooking. Kurmuk currently hosts more than 16,000 people.
At Metema PoE, arrivals have concerningly been receiving limited food assistance (high energy biscuits) with the
support of the Ethiopian Disaster Risk Management Commission (DRMC) for several months since the cessation of hot
meal assistance in July by two humanitarian partners due to fund constraints. Positively, the US Government has
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recently (14 November) announced the resumption of food assistance to all Ethiopians across the country following
implementation of comprehensive measures to ensure food reaches those in need. The immediate commencement of
food distributions to non-refugees at PoEs is essential to ensure the safety and dignity of affected people.
Health and nutrition
In Amhara arrivals continue to receive medical screening and consultations. Accordingly, 324 patients at the Metema
transit center and 553 (including from nearby host communities) at the Kumer settlement received consultations in
early November. Referrals to nutrition treatment are also being made for moderate malnutrition cases.
At least 18 cholera cases have been reported in Metema Woreda between the last 8-21 days, with a compounded
figure of 579 cases in the Woreda as of 16 November(1). Cholera cases were first reported in the Amhara region in
July 2023.
Psychological First Aid (PFA) is also among health services being provided in Metema. In the previous week, close to
120 people received PFA to address immediate psychosocial needs, while over 60 received sexual and reproductive
health services as well as counselling on birth preparedness for expecting mothers. Partners continue to support the
EPHI in conducting medical screenings at the Metema PoE.
Protection
In the first week of November over 1,200 children engaged in indoor and outdoor learning and playing activities at
child-friendly spaces (CFS) at the Kurmuk transit center in Benishangul Gumz, as well as Kumer site and Metema
transit center in Amhara. At the sites in Amhara, vulnerable adults and children (currently close to 800) with special
needs are receiving support with non-food items.
Shelter
In Metema, Ethiopian returnees are receiving support with regards to accommodation - 208 people in the first week of
November. The Awlala site has recently been constructed and equipped with the necessary basic
infrastructure/services ready to receive arrivals. However, the relocation of refugees and asylum seekers to Awlala is
reportedly delayed until security measures are in place: with deployment of new security officers. This situation
prolongs the congested conditions at the Metema PoE.
WASH
In Benishangul, at the Kurmuk transit center, people receive daily 10 litres of water per person, and 12 litres at Sherkole
refugee camp where some new arrivals are hosted. Fifty-six (56) people access one latrine in Kurmuk which remains
under the one latrine for 50 people standard. A recently constructed pair of latrine blocks with four seats at the
Sherkole camp allows for narrowing the gap in latrine access. Mobilization of resources by partners is necessary to
maintain water and latrine allocations in line with emergency standards.
In Metema, partners continue to provide potable, clean water to the PoE and regularly test water quality to ensure safe
drinking water for affected populations.
FUNDING
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A US$5 million allocation from the United Nations’ Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) was approved on 4 July
for life-saving assistance to new arrivals from Sudan in Ethiopia. The CERF IOM, WHO and UNHCR allocation, through
implementing partners, reinforces access to basic services for a forecasted 100,000 affected people in the Kumer
refugee site, Amhara, and in Kurmuk, Benishangul Gumz, in sectors of protection, emergency shelter and non-food
assistance, food, WASH, health and transportation for a duration of six months.
In response to addressing the humanitarian needs inside Sudan and the complexities of mixed movements response in
the region including Ethiopia, inclusive of the needs of internally displaced persons (IDPs), migrant returnees, third-
country nationals, host communities, and refugees, the United Nations and partners have launched regional and
country response plans in appeal for international community contributions:
Joint press release on the situation in Sudan and regional impact, issued on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly,
20 September (OCHA-UNHCR)
Sudan Emergency Regional Refugee Response Plan (May-December 2023) – Revised August 2023 (UNHCR)
Revised 2023 Sudan Humanitarian Response Plan (OCHA)
Response Overview for the Sudan Crisis and Neighbouring Countries (IOM)
US$1.5 billion in donor pledges secured at High-level Pledging Event to Support the Humanitarian Response in Sudan
and the Region, June 2023
The 2023 Ethiopia Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) is only 30 per cent funded out of the $3.99billion total
requirements, as of 16 November. Response to the influx of people due to the situation in Sudan comes on top of the
current needs. Additional funding is therefore urgently required to support this ongoing response in Ethiopia, as well as
to pre-existing humanitarian needs identified in the HRP.
Source of information: This situation update is prepared through collated public information and data from partners
and OCHA staff in the field, made available at the time of publication.
_______________________
Footnotes
(1) Ethiopian Public Health Institute 16 Nov 2023, Bacterial Disease Surveillance and Response weekly SITREP, Vol
#215
ANALYSIS (18 Dec 2023)
Funding Update
In its 11th month, the Ethiopia 2023 Humanitarian Response Plan stands at US$1.33 billion funded, a huge gap of
nearly 66.7 per cent out of the $3.99bn total requirements estimated at the beginning of the year.
Approximately $73.1 million in paid contributions from Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland,
Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and Türkiye have gone into the
2023 Ethiopia Humanitarian Fund (EHF) as of 23 November.
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Moreover, Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) and EHF allocations for a total of $95.5 million ensures
complementarity in the utilization of the rapid funds to address the dire needs of affected people. This includes the
First Reserve Allocations for EHF for $17 million to support vulnerable populations affected by multiple emergencies in
20 woredas in Oromia, South Ethiopia, Somali, and Southwest regions; the First Standard Allocation for EHF for $35
million to support IDPs in seven (7) woredas in Afar, Benishangul Gumz, Oromia, and Tigray; and the Second Reserve
Allocation for EHF for $8 million to support vulnerable populations in Amhara region.
In parallel, implementing partners have commenced projects under CERF's underfunded and rapid response window of
$35.5 million in response to the drought and cholera across the country, as well as the impact of the Sudan and
Amhara crisis.
Continued donors’ support is critical to enable humanitarian partners to maintain and strengthen the delivery of
assistance to vulnerable people in conflict and natural disaster-affected areas across the country.
VISUAL (18 Dec 2023)
National Access Map
ETHIOPIA
Situation Report
BACKGROUND (18 Dec 2023)
CLUSTER STATUS
The 2023 Ethiopian Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) appeals for US$3.99 billion to assist more than 20 million
people affected by conflict, violence and natural hazards across Ethiopia, including 13 million people suffering from the
most severe drought impact in southern and eastern Ethiopia. Women and children make up two thirds of crisis-
affected people in the country. Please refer to the 2023 HRP Summary here.
CLUSTER STATUS (18 Dec 2023)
Agriculture
Needs
Most of the central, northern, and eastern zones of Amhara, Tigray and Afar have reported El Niño related below
normal rainfall (July - October 2023), further complicated by ongoing conflict in most of the rural parts of the
region, triggering additional needs.
Per short-term EMI(1) and ICPAC(2) projection, high rainfall amounts in November have resulted in floods in
southern and southeastern parts of Ethiopia, requiring urgent response to emerging needs.
Approximately 25,154ha out of 230,218ha of surveyed land in Afar, Amhara, Dire Dawa, Oromia, Somali and
Tigray is infested with Desert Locust (DL) as of October. Awareness creation and training are necessary to
enhance the engagement of communities in DL surveillance and surveys.
About 495,000 returnees (331,000 flood-affected in Oromia and southern Ethiopia, and 164,000-affected conflict-
affected in Afar and Tigray) and over 300,000 IDP returnees in Amhara need urgent support to resume their
livelihood activities. While about 273,000 IDP returnees in Ethiopia's southern and southeastern parts require
support with agricultural inputs.
Response
Cluster continues with desert locust control activities in Afar and Somali, albeit with resource constraints.
400,000 households received agricultural inputs (fertilizer and seeds) as support to the Meher season-
agriculture production.
460,000 households received livestock treatment and vaccination support to cover 1.38 million livestock.
132,000 people/returnees received multi-purpose cash assistance to help them meet their immediate needs in
the affected regions as they engage in agriculture production during the Meher harvest season.
76,000 HH previously affected by the conflict and drought have been supported with livestock restocking with
small ruminants (goats and sheep) as an effort to support asset restoration.
Gaps
Funding/resources needed for desert locust control response, as well as for drought and floods response in
northern and southern parts of Ethiopia.
ETHIOPIA
Situation Report
Desert locust remains a big risk in areas experiencing conducive, wetter than normal conditions.
_______________________
Footnotes
(1) National Metrology Institute of Ethiopia
(2) Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC)

Camp Coordination and Camp Management
Needs
Preparedness for flood events, congested living conditions and school decommissioning/rehabilitation are
increasing needs of IDPs.
Response
Contributed to the resumption of learning at Bazen Elementary School (Shire, Tigray) via decommissioning and
rehabilitation of the school, following the return of IDPs.
350-meters flood mitigation canals across sites in Ethiopia completed; 220 meters road rehabilitated (Qoloji 2
site in Jigjiga, Somali region); 65 shelter/facility maintenance activities completed across sites; five communal
kitchens and 11-foot bridges completed (Sabacare4 site Mekelle, Tigray); and 20 streetlights installed to ensure
security in Selekleka site, Shire, Tigray.
894,760 people reached with CCCM services (including Coordination & Information Management, Site
Development/Improvements and Community Participation).
Gaps
Only 176 out of 811 sites are managed by CCCM partners. Limited partners presence and funding gap continue
to hamper CCCM interventions, notably, Coordination & Information Management and Site Development and
Improvements. 13 per cent of the required funding for CCCM under the 2023 Humanitarian Response Plan has
been received as of September, leaving a gap of $36.9M.
ETHIOPIA
Situation Report
Education
Needs
7.6 million children are out-of-school due to conflict and climate shocks.
4.6 million students affected by conflict, drought, floods, landslides and windstorms who are at risk of dropping
out of schools are failing to get required support.
Response
Gaps
The cluster is significantly underfunded, with 2023 HRP funding at just 1 per cent.
Over 9,160 schools are damaged, of which 30 per cent are severely damaged and 70 per cent partially damaged,
resulting in children learning in unconducive and unsafe environments (under trees and in damaged buildings).
Emergency Shelter & Non-Food Items
Needs
Shelter repair kits and NFI items needed for spontaneous and organized returnees (particularly those with
damaged houses).
Alternative shelter solutions required for IDPS currently living in schools (Tigray).
Need to secure resources for the expansion of existing IDP sites, including the provision of maintenance
materials, to accommodate relocations (new and secondary).
Continuing need to secure funding for response to displacements.
Response
79 per cent of people targeted for NFI and ESNFI assistance in eight regions have been supported in kind and in
cash.
NFI and ESNFI assistance make up only 2 per cent and 25 per cent, respectively, of the population covered by
ongoing activities as the cluster strategizes to provide further NFIs primarily for the newly displaced, flood
affected, and other events outside of their control.
111,000 people have received shelter repair assistance (10 per cent of targeted population), among them largely
IDPs in six regions (Afar, Amhara, Benishangul Gumz, southern parts of Ethiopia, Somali, and Tigray). However,
Shelter Repair now accounts for 32 per cent of the population covered by activities committed to IDPs (in sites)
ETHIOPIA
Situation Report
and returnees in Amhara, Benishangul Gumz and Tigray.
Emergency Shelter (ES) assistance also shows a big percentage (41 per cent) of the population covered by
ongoing activities compared to only 11 per cent of the population reached through completed activities. Most
ongoing ES activities are Cash for Rent committed to populations in Amhara, Oromia and Tigray.
Gaps
Cluster shows a gap of 55 per cent (1.8M) against a 3.2M people targeted for assistance and who have varying
levels and kinds of shelter and NFI needs.
IDP sites in Tigray have very limited capacity to accommodate additional shelters to help relocate IDPs to free
schools for the resumption of classes. Huge investment for improvement of existing sites is required to create
space for additional shelters, much more so for setting up new sites and building new shelters.
In Afar, cluster operations are faced with challenges in accessing communities in parts of Zone 2 due to difficult
terrain or roads. Clusters also have resource constraints in their response to the cholera and dengue fever
outbreaks in Zone 3.
As of 30 September, with few partners receiving additional funding for 2023, ESNFI supplies in stock are
committed to only three regions, Benishangul Gumz, Oromia and Tigray and can cover only 110,000 people out
of 1.3M people yet to receive assistance. Pipeline supplies are only enough for 137,000 people across seven
regions covered by the cluster.
Food
Needs
An estimated 15.4 million people are projected to be food insecure in the second half of 2023 due to various
shocks including conflict and negative impact of droughts from previous agricultural seasons. Food insecure
people includes IDPs from the Displacement Tracking Matrix report(3), which indicates that there are 4.39(4)
million IDPs and 3.24(5) million returnees in the country who need humanitarian assistance until they have
access to food from own sources;
The lingering impact of previous drought seasons is contributing to worsening food insecurity in the southern
and south-eastern parts of the country. There are concerns of deteriorating food security situation in Amhara
and Tigray regions, following indications of drought-like conditions in some zones;
Food insecurity is expected to worsen in low-lying areas in southern and south-eastern parts of the country, due
to wetter than normal October-December season(6), resulting in flood events. About 892,620 people are
projected(7) to be food insecure due to flooding, including 372,000 people who are likely to be displaced in flood
risk regions;
ETHIOPIA
Situation Report
Prices of staple food (maize, sorghum and teff) sustained an upward trend across most markets throughout the
third quarter of 2023(8), due to combined effects of challenging macro-economic environment, consecutive
below-average harvests in previous seasons and localized conflicts. Increase in food prices will contribute to
worsening food insecurity; particularly in drought affected regions and among the most vulnerable people,
including IDPs.
Response
An estimated 17.97 million people received food assistance (24 per cent of whom were assisted by government
and the remaining from the other main food partners), between January and October. At least one cycle of food
was distributed, including through distribution of carry-over resources (cash and in-kind food) from the 2022
HRP;
3.7 million people in August, and 2.6 million people (out of a targeted 3.6 million and with a prioritization of IDPs
in 11 regions as of 3 November) received government food assistance;
As part of the Shock Responsive Safety Net programme, 3.5 million people were assisted with a one-month
allocation of cash for food at a value of $27.7 million;
Over 788,720 people in a first cycle and an estimated 29,980 people in a second cycle of food distribution
piloted to test and verify enhanced controls and measures for food assistance delivery and distribution received
food assistance under vulnerability-based targeting criteria from government and partner resources between 31
July and 1 November in the Tigray region.
Gaps
The food cluster is only 40 per cent funded as of 06 November, which is $865.9 million(9) out of the total
requirement of $2.165 billion. Additional resources are required for partners to provide a complete food basket
or cash equivalent.
_______________________
Footnotes
(3) DTM Ethiopia National Displacement Report 16 (November 2022 - June 2023): Link
(4) Ethiopia - Site Assessment Round 33, Link & Ethiopia - Site Assessment Round 33 – Tigray: Link
(5) Ethiopia — Village Assessment Survey 16, Link & Ethiopia — Village Assessment Survey 16 – Tigray: Link
(6) El Nino and IOD Conditions in Eastern Africa, Link
(7) Flood contingency plan for the Bega season
(8) Eastern Africa market and Trade update, WFP, Link
(9) Based on FTS as of 20th of September 2023 + distributions by EDRMC.
ETHIOPIA
Situation Report
Health
Needs
Cholera: 26,398 cholera cases including 362 deaths reported between 27 August 2022 and 1 November 2023.
The majority of cases are reported from Oromia region followed by South Ethiopia, Amhara, Somali, Sidama,
Afar, Central Ethiopia, Dire Dawa, Benishangul Gumz and Harari.
Malaria: 2.9 million malaria cases reported between 1 January and 29 October 2023, an increase of 25 per cent
from the previous month and higher than the number of malaria cases reported in the same time period in 7
years. Over 50 per cent of cases are reported from Oromia, followed by Amhara(10) and Southwest. Insecurity is
impeding vector control interventions aimed at reducing the mosquito population, further aggravating the
shortages in malaria supplies, including bed nets, rapid diagnostic tests, and drugs.
Measles: 20,782 measles cases including 159 deaths (across 20 affected woredas) reported between 1 January
and 29 October 2023. Rooted in the low immunization coverage a further 24 per cent increase in cases during
October, and to 24 per cent increase during September observed. Amhara Public Health Institute reports 32
woredas with measles cases in Amhara alone. Measles outbreaks are expanding in different districts of South
Ethiopia and Sidama regions, where very few health partners are currently active.
Response
Cholera: As of 1 November, active cholera reported in Oromia, Central Ethiopia, Dire Dawa, Somali, and Harari.
Over 300 Cholera Treatment Centres (CTC) and 506 Oral Rehydration Points are set up throughout cholera-
affected woredas. Risk communication and hygiene promotion efforts have been strengthened, supporting
treatment of drinking water at the point of collection. Partners continue to support health authorities with
technical expertise, medical and logistics supplies, while some local NGO partners support in hard-to-reach
areas. Over 6.2 million people have so far been vaccinated with one dose of Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) in 54
woredas of Amhara, CER, Oromia, SER, Sidama and Somali.
Malaria: The health cluster works closely with health authorities, NGO partners, and donors to send additional
malaria supplies to Amhara. Health cluster partners are supporting the last-mile delivery of malaria supplies,
including bed nets, rapid diagnostic tests, and drugs, as well as training of health workers in the latest malaria
treatment protocols.
Measles: The Measles Outbreak Response Vaccination Campaign in Amhara reached 100 per cent of the
482,956 children under 10, and 108 per cent of the targeted 229,949 children under 10 in Oromia. The campaign
in Somali was completed in four woredas. A strong focus on strengthening routine immunization is needed to
prevent measles outbreaks from occurring.
Gaps
Lack of supplies and essential drugs in Amhara (anti-malarial, chronic diseases, essential drugs).
Lack of engagement by development partners to address root causes of cholera (lack of safe drinking water and
open defecation).
ETHIOPIA
Situation Report
Lack of funding to support local partners with last-mile delivery of life-saving supplies.
_______________________
Footnotes
(10) Amhara public health institute reports 328,279 cases cases between between 9 July and 14 October 2023 – data
from only 60 per cent of Amhara’s health facilities, with data missing from those woredas that are hard-to-reach.

Logistics
Needs
Information on physical access constraints and flow of partners pipeline for Amhara region.
Safe access and additional routes to transport humanitarian supplies via road to hard-to-reach areas.
Response
Enabled exchange of information and updates among 32 partners through three cluster hubs located in Addis
Ababa, Mekele and Shire.
Facilitated the road transportation of 108 MT of humanitarian cargo on behalf of eight partners. 88 per cent of
the cargo was destined for the Tigray region, 15 per cent for Addis Ababa and three per cent for the Amhara
region.
1,366 m3 of humanitarian supplies was received for storage from five partners, 76 per cent was received in
Adama, 13 from Mekelle and 11 per cent from Addis Ababa. As of 31 October 2023, the closing stock at hand
was 4,332 m3 of humanitarian cargo from twelve partners.
Gaps
Limited visibility on partners pipeline of planned relief items (to be received and distributed), which limits
planning ahead for storage and transportation services.

Nutrition
ETHIOPIA
Situation Report
Needs
Severity of acute malnutrition is observed in 30 zones from 8 regions in relation to climate shocks, conflict, and
disease outbreaks:
Per assessments (SMART) very high prevalence of global acute malnutrition (GAM) at greater than 15 per
cent in some zones of Tigray and between 10 and 15 per cent in other zones in the region.
Oromia region reported an increase in severe acute malnutrition (SAM) cases in CU5 in previous months.
In the previous 8 months alone, the number of deaths among children related to acute malnutrition in
stabilization centers has increased in Afar, Amhara, Oromia, and Somali regions, including due to co-
morbidities and late referrals in relation with conflict and humanitarian access.
Response
Massive active case finding interventions in conflict affected areas helped increases access to nutrition services.
520,663 (46 per cent) of targeted SAM cases in CU5 admitted in nutrition centers.
1,478,171 (66 per cent) of targeted moderate acute malnutrition cases in CU5 received assistance.
907,287 (95 per cent) of pregnant and lactating women in need received nutrition assistance.
Gaps
High defaulter rates in SAM cases in Afar and Tigray(11): many children who are admitted do not complete their
treatment and are at risk of complications and death, mainly due to inadequate services (poor sensitization and
community understanding, insufficient ready-to-use therapeutic food supply) or barriers to access (treatment
associated costs, distance/transportation).
The presence of co-morbidities. An adequate response to disease outbreaks is needed.

Poor quality of nutrition services/ reduced presence of key partners.
Access to services and associated costs.
_______________________
Footnotes
(11) The region with the highest defaulter rate is Afar during the 3rd quarter 7.21 per cent followed by Tigray in the
second quarter with 5.65 per cent.

Protection
Needs
ETHIOPIA
Situation Report
Need for additional resources to support an approximate 8,000 children attached to the streets affected by the
conflict in the Amhara region, as well individuals with Gender Based Violence (GBV) and Sexual and
Reproductive Health (SRH) needs.
An increase in the number of conflict-related sexual violence cases reported(12) from data availed at accessible
and functioning health facilities in Amhara’s Debark, Debre Berhan, Debre Tabor, Dessie, Gondar, Sekota and
Woldiya woredas (around 40 per cent of survivors are under the age of 18).
Response
4.9 million people are targeted for protection services under 2023 HRP.
18 Child Protection partners reached around 70,000 individuals in 99 woredas in September.

57,533 individuals assisted with housing, land, and property activities in September in Benishangul-Gumz,
Oromia, Sidama, Somali, and in southern parts of the country.
365 kits procured to meet the GBV and SRH needs of an estimated 77,050 people in need, among whom 3,000
are GBV survivors.
A directive on Alternative Childcare and Support was issued in October, by the Ministry of Women and Social
Affairs with the support of cluster partners.
Gaps
HRP funding for cluster at 12 per cent with a $302M gap.
Due to lack of funding 43 per cent of targeted individuals have not been reached, and partners in some areas
will likely have to suspend activities before the end of the year.
Some areas remain inaccessible due to insecurity/hostilities.
_______________________
Footnotes
(12) Amhara Bureau of Woman and Children Affairs (BoWCA)

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
Needs
Per the 2023 HRP, 8.6 million people are targeted for WASH services, including 2.9 million people in drought-
affected areas.
ETHIOPIA
Situation Report
As response to an active cholera outbreak is ongoing in Oromia, Sidama, SNNP, Somali, and Southern Ethiopia
regions, scaled up response in WASH services is required to contribute to prevention (in non-affected areas) and
control of the outbreak.
Response
From 1 January to June 2023
About 46 per cent of a targeted 8,063,987 million people assisted with water supply.
More than 364,414 people assisted with sanitation facilities out of 723,872 targeted.
Hygiene kit items provided to 14 per cent of a targeted 3.36 million people in need.
Around 1,786,134 people assisted with hygiene and sanitation promotion out of 7,605,977 people targeted.
Gaps
Limited or absence of partners’ capacity in some woredas affected with multiple crises remains a challenge.
Limited funding remains a key constraint for impact of the previous drought, flood, and cholera response.
Longer term investment for durable solution in WASH remains challenging. This includes phasing out from water
trucking to rehabilitation or construction of durable water points.
OCHA coordinates the global emergency response to save lives and protect people in humanitarian crises. We
advocate for effective and principled humanitarian action by all, for all.
https://twitter.com/OCHA_Ethiopia
https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/ethiopia
https://reliefweb.int/country/eth
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ETHIOPIA

HIGHLIGHTS (10 Jan 2024)

About 4 million people in drought-affected Afar,

Overlap of food insecurity, high malnutrition rates

US$8 million allocated under the Ethiopian

An integrated multi-sectoral humanitarian

KEY FIGURES FUNDING (2023) CONTACTS

BACKGROUND (10 Jan 2024)

The humanitarian impact of climate crises

Drought and floods

Scaling up food response

(6) Multiagency Meher seasonal assessment (November-December 2023)

(7) 2023 Ethiopia Humanitarian Response Plan

FEATURE (18 Dec 2023)

Health champions help curb the spread of cholera in Ethiopia

A year after the first cholera cases in Ethiopia’s current outbreak

ANALYSIS (18 Dec 2023)

Situation Update #34 The Impact of the Situation in Sudan on

Over 91,500 people entered Ethiopia from Sudan since April;

More than 9,000 refugees received food assistance in Kurmuk

At least 18 cholera cases have been reported in Metema

NEEDS AND RESPONSE

Health and nutrition

Revised 2023 Sudan Humanitarian Response Plan (OCHA)

ANALYSIS (18 Dec 2023)

VISUAL (18 Dec 2023)

National Access Map

BACKGROUND (18 Dec 2023)

CLUSTER STATUS (18 Dec 2023)

(1) National Metrology Institute of Ethiopia

CLUSTER STATUS (18 Dec 2023)

CLUSTER STATUS (18 Dec 2023)

CLUSTER STATUS (18 Dec 2023)

Emergency Shelter & Non-Food Items

and returnees in Amhara, Benishangul Gumz and Tigray.

CLUSTER STATUS (18 Dec 2023)

(6) El Nino and IOD Conditions in Eastern Africa, Link

(7) Flood contingency plan for the Bega season

(8) Eastern Africa market and Trade update, WFP, Link

(9) Based on FTS as of 20th of September 2023 + distributions by EDRMC.

CLUSTER STATUS (18 Dec 2023)

CLUSTER STATUS (18 Dec 2023)

CLUSTER STATUS (18 Dec 2023)

The presence of co-morbidities. An adequate response to disease outbreaks is needed.

Access to services and associated costs.

CLUSTER STATUS (18 Dec 2023)

18 Child Protection partners reached around 70,000 individuals in 99 woredas in September.

HRP funding for cluster at 12 per cent with a $302M gap.

Some areas remain inaccessible due to insecurity/hostilities.

(12) Amhara Bureau of Woman and Children Affairs (BoWCA)

CLUSTER STATUS (18 Dec 2023)

From 1 January to June 2023

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