PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

PANDIT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND

RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARAIKAL - 609 603

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

AGR 304 - PRACTICAL CROP PRODUCTION - II (RABI CROPS) (0+1)

PRACTICAL MANUAL CUM RECORD

COURSE TEACHERS : Dr. SANTOSH KUMAR MEENA

Dr. S. THIRUMENINATHAN
Dr. S. PAZHANISAMY

2023
 PANDIT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
KARAIKAL-609 603

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

AGR 304 – PRACTICAL CROP PRODUCTION – II (RABI CROPS) (0+1)

PRACTICAL MANUAL CUM RECORD

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is a bonafide record of work done by Mr./Ms.

…………………………………………….I.D.No. ……………………of III B.Sc.

(Hons.) Agriculture student during VI Semester of 2023.

Place: Karaikal
Date:

Course Teacher Examiner

 CONTENTS
Pag
Ex. Date of
Date Title of the Exercise e Signature
No. Submission
No.
1. Introduction, importance and
morphological characteristics of black
gram
2. Study of Soil and Climatic requirement of
black gram
3. Study of season and varieties of black
gram in Tamil Nadu
4. Acquiring skills in seed treatment
practices in black gram

5. Study and practices of main field

preparation, application of manures and
fertilizers for black gram
6.
Practicing sowing of black gram

7. Acquiring skills in pre emergence

application of herbicides and study on
weed management in black gram
8. Estimation of plant population and
acquiring skills in gap filling and thinning
9. Recording growth parameters and
assessing dry matter production
10. Observation on nutrient deficiency
symptoms and corrective measures
11. Observation on insect pests of black gram
and their corrective measures
12. Observation on diseases of black gram and
their corrective measures
13. Observation on yield parameters and
estimation of black gram yield
14. Harvesting, threshing, cleaning and
storage of the produce

15. Working out the economics for black

 gram cultivation
16.
Multi bloom technology
Ex. No.: 01 Date:
STUDY OF BOTANY OF BLACK GRAM
Introduction
Black gram is one of the important pulse crops grown throughout India. It is
consumed in the form of ‘dal’ (whole or split, husked, and un-husked) or perched. It is
used as nutritive fodder especially for milch animals. It is also green manuring crop.
High values of lysine make urd bean an excellent complement to rice in terms of balanced
human nutrition.
Black gram (Vigna mungo)
 It is popularly known as urd.
 It belongs to the Fabaceae or Leguminosae family
 Vigna mungo, also known as black gram, urad bean, urid bean, matimah,
matikolai, mash kalai, uzhunnu parippu, ulundu paruppu, minapa pappu, uddu, or
black matpe
 Vigna mungo is divided in to two sub species.
 V. mungo var. niger: It includes varieties which mature early and have
bold and black seeds.
 V. mungo var. viridis: It includes varieties having longer maturity period.
Seeds are small and green.
Nutrient content:
PROTIEN FAT CHO FIBRE
23.4% 1.4% 57.3% 4.8%

Origin and Distribution of Black Gram:

The primary centre of origin of black gram is India and its secondary origin is
central Asia. It is an important pulse crop in India, Pakistan, Myanmar and parts of
southern Asia, Africa and America. In India, it is primarily grown in Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
Botanical Description:
Root
It has a tap root system. It produces a branched root system with smooth and
rounded nodules.
Stem
 Stem is slightly ridged, covered with brown hairs and much branched from the
base.

Leaves
Leaves are large, pinnately trifoliate, and hairy with purplish tinge. The leaflets
are 5-10 cm long and ovate to lanceolate.
Flowers
o Flowers are pale yellow, small with a yellow spirally coiled keel
o They are borne in cluster of 5-6 on a short hairy peduncle in axillary
racemes
o They are self-fertile and self-pollinated
o Flowering is intermediated
Fruits
o Pods are short, erect to sub erect, brown to black in colour
o Hairy and with stout hooked beak and it containing about 4-6 seeds
o Pods do not shatter readily.
Seeds
o Seeds are small, oblong slightly truncated at ends
o Seeds have varying colour from black, dark brown to green.
o The testa is smooth and hilum white and concave
Economic importance
 Black gram is one of the important pulse crop grown in all the 3 seasons such as kharif,
rabi and summer and throughout India
 It is consumed in the form of dal (whole or split, huoiusked and unhusked or parched)
 It is the chief constituent of papad and of spiced balls – which make a delicious curry.

Unique characters of Urd bean

 It differs from other pulses in its peculiarity of attaining a somewhat mucilaginous pasty
when ground up with water character giving additional body to the mass
 In South India, the husked dal is ground into a fine paste and allowed to ferment and then
mixed with equal quantity of rice flour to make dosa and idli
 Urd bean is also fried to serve as savoury dish
 Urd dal is also used in the preparation of halwa and imarti
  Urd grain contains 24% protein, 60% CHO, 1.3% fat and is the richest source of
phosphoric acid among pulses (5-6% richer than others)
 It is used as a nutritive fodder specially for milch cattle
 It is also used as green manuring crop
 Being deep rooted crop, helps in binding soil particles and thus prevents soil erosion
 It fixes atmospheric N (42 kg/ha/year) to the soil through symbiosis and improves fertility
of soil.
Questions
1. Draw a neat sketch of black gram plant
2. Draw a neat sketch of different plant parts of the black gram
3. Write the difference between black gram and gram
Ex. No.: 02 Date:
STUDY OF SOIL AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT OF BLACK GRAM
Black gram is one of the most important pulse crop, grown across India. Black
gram or urd bean is grown in both kharif and spring/summer season. It is grown under
rainfed or semi irrigated condition as mixed crop, sole crop, catch crop or sequential crop.
Soil
 Black gram can be grown on variety of soils ranging from sandy soils to heavy
cotton soils.
 The most ideal soil is a well-drained loam with pH of 4.7 to 7.5
 Black gram cannot be grown on alkaline and saline soils.
 Heavier soils with more water retention capacity are considered ideal for its
cultivation.
 Deep loamy & light textured with good water drainage system is suitable for its
cultivation. It should not be grown in high waterlogged areas.

Climatic requirement
Temperature
 Black gram is a tropical crop, it requires hot and humid climate.
 It is basically a warm weather crop, chiefly grown during the kharif season.
However, in recent times in eastern, central and southern India, it is also grown as
a winter crop.
 Black gram tolerates drought and is heat tolerant but is susceptible to frost (frost
free condition from planting to maturity depending on the variety). It is not a
suitable crop for wet tropics.

 The maximum temperature and minimum temperature for black gram is 40 and
200C, respectively. Whereas, ideal temperature for its cultivation ranges between
25°C to 30°C but it can tolerate temperature up to 42°C.
 Black grams are responsive to day light length. Short day results in early
flowering, while long day results in late flowering. However black gram varieties
differ in their photoperiod response.
Rainfall:
 Black gram (urd) is grown successfully in areas with 400-600 mm rainfall.
 Heavy and continuous rains at the time of germination and flowering are harmful
for the crop.
 Black gram can be successfully grown in the lower and mid hills upto an elevation
of 1500 meters.
 Adequate rainfall is required from flowering to late pod filling for ensuring good
yield.
 High humidity and excess rainfall late in the season can result in disease problems
and harvesting losses due to delayed maturity.

Questions

1. Tabulate the area, production and productivity statistics of black gram in

Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, India and Worldwide.
2. Write the reasons for low productivity in pulses.
Ex. No.: 03 Date:
STUDY OF SEASON AND VARIETIES OF BLACK GRAM IN TAMIL NADU
During kharif, it is cultivated throughout the country. It is best suited to rice
fallows during rabi in southern and south-eastern parts of India. Black gram needs
relatively heavier soils than green gram.
The following varieties are grown in different seasons/ months in Tamil Nadu
Sl.
Season Growing Districts Varieties
No.
VBN (Bg) 4, VBN(Bg)
Adipattam (June- All districts except Kanyakumari
1. 5, TNAU (Black gram)
August) and Nilgiris
VBN 7, VBN 8
Vellore, Tiruvannamalai
VBN 3 VBN(Bg) 4,
Dharmapuri, Salem, Namakkal,
VBN (Bg) 5, TNAU
Puratasipattam Perambalur, Erode, Coimbatore,
(Blackgram) VBN 6,
2. (September- Madurai, Dindigul, Theni,
TNAU (Blackgram) Co
November) Pudukottai,, Sivagangai,
6, APK 1, VBN 8, VBN
Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar,
10.
Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli.
VBN 3, VBN (Bg) 4,
Markazhi – VBN (Bg) 5, TNAU
Thaipattam(Winter All districts except Kanyakumari (Blackgram) VBN 6,
3.
Irrigated) and Nilgiris TNAU (Blackgram) Co
6, TMV 1, VBN 8,
VBN 10
Rice fallows Thanjavur,Tiruvarur,
ADT 3, ADT 6, KKM
4. (January) Nagapattinam, Cuddalore,
1, VBN 6, VBN 9
Villupuram and Kanchipuram
Thanjavur, Tiruvarur,
Chithiraipattam Nagapattinam, Cuddalore,
5. (Summer Villupuram, Tiruchirappalli, ADT 5, VBN 8
Irrigated) Perambalur, Thiruvallur,
Kancheepuram

Questions
1. Write about the salient features of newly released black gram varieties from
TNAU and IIPR.
Ex. No.: 04 Date:
ACQUIRING SKILLS IN SEED TREATMENT PRACTICES IN BLACK GRAM
Seed treatment refers to the application of fungicide, insecticide, bio-control agent
and bio-fertilizers alone or in combination to seed.
Seed treatment is done with growth regulators viz. auxin, gibberellic acid etc. to
improve the performance of seed. Sometimes the seeds are treated with nutrients solution
to induce drought tolerance viz. K.
Seed treatment is a “genetic term which does not specify the application method
but indicates that the seeds are subjected to a compound (nutrient, chemical, hormones), a
process (such as wetting and drying) or to vigorous energy forms (such as heat, radiation,
electricity, magnetism) etc. to enhance the planting value of seed” (Scott, 1989).
Objectives of seed treatment:
 To protect seeds from disease causing pathogens.
 To protect seeds from storage pest.
 To break dormancy.
 To improve germination.
 To induce drought tolerance.
 For making convenience in sowing.
Seed treatment Methods:
a. Dry seed treatment / Dust seed treatment:
In this method the seed is treated with dust formulations which do not require
complicated equipment. In this method we use close barrel type rotating drum to avoid
inhalation of chemicals. Mostly fungicides are used in this method.
First of all, seeds are taken in drum and chemical is added to it. Then the drum is
rotated in order to mix thoroughly. Now the seed can be stored for 30 days without any
loss in viability. The chemical used is Carbendazim @ 2g/kg (or) Thiram @ 4 g/kg of
seed.
The biocontrol agents are Trichoderma viride @ 4g/kg (or) Pseudomonas
fluorescens @ 10g/kg seed. This treatment has to be done 24 hours prior to sowing.
b. Wet seed treatment:
Water soluble chemicals are used in this method. These chemicals are dissolved in
water kept in a container and the seeds are dipped for a certain period of time, then they
are dried properly. It is a time-consuming process. The chemical used is Carbendazim @
2g/kg of seed.
c. Slurry method:
This method is most suitable for applying wettable powder formulations. The
chemical is mixed with a small quantity of water and then the mixture is applied to the
seeds in automatic or semi-automatic machine. It is commonly used for biofertilizer
application.
d. Pelleting:
When the seeds are very closely attached to each other, sowing becomes tedious.
In this case we use this method of chemical application. By chemical application the
seeds also get separated. Seed are pelleted with chemicals and their shape gets changed.
Black gram seed treatment

Seed treatment with Fungicides: Treat the seeds with Carbendazim or Thiram @ 2 g/kg
of seed 24 hours before sowing (or)

Seed treatment with Bio-control agents: Treat the seed with talc formulation of
Trichoderma viride @ 4g/kg of seed (or) Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g/kg seed. First
treat the seeds with bio control biocontrol agents and then with bio fertilizers. Fungicides
and biocontrol agents are incompatible.

Seed treatment with Bio-fertilizers: Treat the seeds with 3 packets (600 g/ha) of
Rhizobial culture CRU-7 + 3 packets (600 g/ha) of PGPR and 3 packets (600 g/ha) of
Phosphobacteria developed at TNAU using rice kanji as binder. If the seed treatment is
not carried out apply 10packets of Rhizobium (2000 g/ha) + 10 packets of PGPR (2000
g/ha) and 10 packets (2000 g) of Phosphobacteria with 25 kg of FYM and 25 kg of soil
before sowing.

Questions

1. Describe about atmospheric nitrogen fixation by black gram.

2. Write the importance of various seed treatment materials and calculate the
quantity of various seed treatment materials required for your cropped area.
Ex. No.: 05 Date:
STUDY AND PRACTICES OF MAIN FIELD PREPARATION, APPLICATION OF
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS FOR BLACK GRAM
Field Preparation:

 Black gram being a legume crop requires proper drainage and ample aeration in
the field so that activities of the nitrogen fixing bacteria are not hampered at any
stage of plant growth.
 Field preparation depends on type of soil but generally for good soil tilth 3-4 cross
ploughing followed by harrowing and planking/rotavator are sufficient.
 Prepare the land to fine tilth and form beds and channels.

Rice fallow pulses:

 For relay cropping broadcast the seeds in the standing crop 5 to 10 days before the
harvest of the paddy crop uniformly under optimum soil moisture conditions so
that the seeds should get embedded in the waxy mire.
 For combined harvesting areas, broadcast the seeds before harvesting the paddy
crop with machineries

Amendments for soil surface crusting:

 To tide over the soil surface crusting apply lime at the rate of 2t /ha along with
FYM at 12.5 t/ha or composted coir pith at 12.5 t/ha to get an additional yield of
about 15 to 20%.

Manures and Fertilizer application

 Apply well decomposed Farm Yard Manure or composted coir pith at 12.5 t/ha
before last ploughing and incorporate thoroughly.
 In general, fertilizers are applied based on Soil Test Crop Response. If soil test is
not done, apply fertilizers basally before sowing
 Apply fertilizers basally before sowing.
Rainfed : 12.5 kg N + 25 kg P2O5 + 12.5 kg K2O +20 kg S*/ha
Irrigated : 25 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 25 kg K2O + 40 kg S*/ha
*Note : Applied in the form of gypsum if Single Super Phosphate is not applied
as a source of phosphorus
 Soil application of 25 kg ZnSO4/ha under irrigated condition (or) 12.5 kg ZnSO4
along with EFYM.
  Soil application of TNAU micronutrient mixture @ 5 kg/ha as Enriched FYM.
(Prepare enriched FYM at 1:10 ratio of MN mixture & FYM ; mix at friable
moisture incubate for one month in shade). 50 kg FeSO 4 as EFYM or 10 kg Fe
EDTA per ha.
Foliar Spray
 Foliar spray of 1% urea for yield improvement in black gram: For yield
improvement through increasing the physiological, biochemical attributes, foliar
spray of urea 1% on 30 and 45 day as after sowing is recommended. For rice
fallow pulses in Delta area, the present recommendation of foliar spray of 2%
DAP may be continued. Foliar spraying of 0.5% ZnSO 4, 1% FeSO4 + 0.1% citric
acid at 30, 45 DAS if the plants shown deficiency symptoms.
 Foliar spraying to mitigate moisture stress: Foliar spraying of 2% KCl + 100
ppm Boron during dry spell as mid-season management practice in black gram
during Rabi season is recommended to increase the yield over KCl spray alone.
 Foliar spray of NAA 40 mg/litre once at pre-flowering and another at 15 days
thereafter to reduce flower shedding.
 For rice fallow crops foliar spray of TNAU Pulse wonder @ 5 kg/ha once at
flowering to decreases flower shedding.
 For irrigated and rainfed crops, foliar spray of TNAU Pulse wonder @ 5 kg/ha
once at flowering
 Foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 mg/litre once at pre-flowering and another at 15
days thereafter to improve translocation efficiency and seed yield.

Questions

1. Draw a neat sketch of your black gram field layout

2. Calculate quantity of fertilizers required for your cultivated area by using straight
and complex fertilizers.
3. How to prepare 2 % DAP foliar spray for 3 acres.
Ex. No.: 06 Date:
PRACTICING SOWING OF BLACK GRAM

Seed rate
Varieties Pure crop Mixed crop
T 9, CO 5, TMV 1, VBN 1, VBN 2, VBN 3,
20 kg/ha 10 kg/ha
VBN (Bg) 4 ADT 5, TMV 1 (all varieties)
Rice fallow black gram - ADT3, KKM 1 25 kg/ha -

Sowing

 Black gram growing farmers sow the seeds by broadcasting method which is not
advised method.
 Always line sowing method is more advantageous as it require less seeds with
optimum plant population to get more yield.
 For irrigated crop dibble the seeds adopting 30 x 10 cm spacing
 For rainfed crop dibble the seeds adopting 25 cm x 10 cm spacing
 Two seeds can be placed in one hole to maintain population and extra germinated
seedlings per hole can be thinned after germination.
 For rice fallow black gram recommended quantity of seeds are broadcasted ten
days before harvesting of rice crop (soil at waxy condition).
 Broadcasting of seed should be done by experts to avoid overcrowding and over
spacing.
 Optimum plant population 3,25,000/ha

Questions
1. Calculate the quantity of black gram seed required for one hectare using data
provided below
Spacing – 30 x 10 cm
No. of seeds / hill – 2
Test weight / 100 seed weight – 3.6 g
Germination per cent - 85
Purity per cent – 98
2. Write the sowing experience of black gram with photos
3. Write about various sowing methods of black gram
Ex. No.: 07 Date:
ACQUIRING SKILLS IN PRE EMERGENCE APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES
Pre emergence herbicide application
Application of herbicides before a crop or weed has emerged. In case of annual
crops application is done after the sowing of the crop but before the emergence of weeds
and this is referred as pre-emergence to the crop.

Pre emergence herbicide application for black gram

 Pre emergence application of Pendimethalin 1.0 litres ai/ha is recommended under
irrigated condition on 3 days after sowing
 PE application of Pendimethalin 0.75 litres ai/ha is recommended under rainfed
condition on 3 days after sowing
 For herbicide application Backpack/ Knapsack/Rocker sprayer fitted with flat fan
nozzle using 500 litres of water for spraying one ha.
Precautions
 For pre emergence herbicide application, soil moisture at Field capacity
condition is highly advisable to achieve higher weed control efficiency.
 Check the sprayer before starting spray. It should be working properly.
 Use only Flat fan or Evan spray nozzle for pre emergence herbicides
 Clean the sprayer with clean water before and after spraying.
 Calculate the amount of commercial products required for area to be sprayed.
 Do not spray herbicide on windy and rainy days.
 Judge the stage of crop and weeds in case of post-emergence application.
 Store the herbicide in labelled containers and way from food material and
children.
 Overlapping of spray should be avoided as possible
 To avoid the injury and inhalation of herbicides it is advisable to wear mask, sun
glass and etc.
The common weeds of black gram cops are
 Amaranthus viridis
 Celosia argentena
 Chloris barbata
 Commelina bengalensis
 Cyperus sp.
  Cleome viscosa
 Convolvulus arvensis
 Corchorus olitorius
 Digitaria longiflora
 Echinochloa sp
 Euphorbia hirta
 Phylanthus niruvi
 Tephrosia purpurea
 Trianthema portulacsatrum
 Gomphrene celosioides
Weed management in black gram
Critical period of weed control for black gram 30 to 35 days

1. Pre emergence application of Pendimethalin followed by one hand weeding at 20

DAS (or) EPOE application of quizalofop ethyl @ 50 g ai/ha -1 and imazethapyr @
50 g ai ha-1 on 15 – 20 DAS. If herbicides are not applied give two hand weedings
on 15 and 30 days after sowing.
2. For the irrigated blackgram PE isoproturon @ 0.5 kg ha -1 followed by one hand
weeding on 30 DAS.

Questions

1. Calculate the quantity of Pendimethalin to be sprayed in 1 ha area if recommended

dose is 1 lit a.i/ha with the 30% a.i in the commercial formulation.
2. List out various pre and post emergence herbicides with dose and time of
application.
3. Write the spraying experience of herbicide in your crop.
Ex. No.: 08 Date:
ESTIMATION OF PLANT POPULATION AND ACQUIRING SKILLS IN GAP
FILLING AND THINNING
Establishing a good plant stand in the field is important to ensure good crop
yields. Plant stand is expressed either as space between plants or as an optimum plant
population per unit area. Both these expressions are interrelated. We can determine the
plant population if information on plant spacing is provided. Similarly, if optimum plant
population is given, then inter-row and intra-row spacing can be determined.

To ensure adequate plant stand in research plots, a higher seed rate is used at
sowing and excess plants are later removed to maintain the required plant population. It is
therefore necessary to know the spacing between plants within the row and also the
number of plants to be maintained in a given length of row.

Estimation of plants per unit area

If the spacing of plants within the row and spacing between rows are given, then
we can calculate the number of plants per unit area.

Area (sq. m)
Plants per unit area = ---------------------------------
Plants spacing (sq. m)
In standing crop plant population per square meter is estimated by quadrate
method throwing a quadrate of 0.25 m2 in field randomly many times at many locations.
Generally, a greater number of throw increases the accuracy.
Sum of plant
Plant population per square meter = …..................................... x 4
No. of throw
Thinning and Gap filling
The objective of thinning and gap filling process is to maintain optimum plant
population. Thinning is the removal of excess plants leaving healthy seedlings. Gap filling
is done to fill the gaps by sowing of seeds or transplanting of seedlings in gap where early
sown seed had not germinated. It is a simultaneous process. Normally, these are practiced
a week after sowing to a maximum of 15 days.

Thinning and gap filling help in the efficient utilization of the plant nutrients. Black gram
has a good germination capacity as well as earlier crop canopy coverage. So removal of
excess plants at one place is necessary to maintain proper spacing and avoid the
competition.
Question

1. Estimate the plant population in m 2, acre and hectare using spacing and quadrate
method for your crop.
2. Write the experience of gap filling and thinning practices in your plot.
Ex. No.: 09 Date:
RECORDING GROWTH PARAMETERS AND ASSESSING DRY MATTER
PRODUCTION
Growth Parameters

The factors that contribute to growth are termed as growth parameters. The
important growth parameters are:

1. Plant height

The plant height is measured to know how fast the crops grow in a period of time.
It should be measured from the base of the plant to the tip of the longest leaf in stretched
condition and mean value of five plants is calculated and expressed as cm.

2. Dry matter production

Dry matter production is commonly used as a parameter characterizing growth

because it usually has the greatest economic importance. Fresh weight is less useful
because it fluctuates depending on the moisture status of the plant. The amount of dry
matter produced depends on photosynthesis which in turn depends on large and efficient
assimilating area, adequate supply of solar radiation and CO2 and favorable environmental
conditions. Dry matter production is calculated by keeping the plant samples in hot air
oven at 65° C for 24 to 48 hours and then the dry weight is taken. It is expressed in
g/plant or kg/ha.

3. Leaf area index

The leaves of the plant are normally its main organs of photosynthesis and the
total area of leaves per unit area of the land surface is termed as leaf area index (LAI).

L × W ×K × Number of leaves plant -1

LAI=
Land area occupied by the plant ( cm 2 )

Where,
L - Length of the leaf (cm)
W - Maximum width of the leaf (cm)
K - Correction factor
4. Root length
 The five plants are randomly removed from outside of the plot area. The plants are
removed carefully with the help of scoop to avoid root damage. The root length from the
collar region to the tip of the root is measured in cm and mean value expressed as root
length cm.

5. Root nodules
Root nodules are counted by using below given nodulation scoring method.

Questions
1. Record the observations on growth parameters of black gram at various growth
stages
Ex. No.: 10 Date:
OBSERVATION ON NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS AND CORRECTIVE
MEASURES FOR BLACKGRAM
Aim:
To study about the nutrient deficiency and their management in Black gram field
Deficient:
When the concentration of an essential element is low enough to limit yield
severely and distinct deficiency symptoms are visible. Extreme deficiencies can result in
plant death. With moderate or slight deficiencies, symptoms may not be visible, but yields
will still be reduced.
Deficiency
The term implies limited access to vital chemical elements causing deviations in
crop development. The Nutrient deficiency symptoms usually appear on the plant when
one or more nutrient are in short supply. In many cases, deficiency may occur because an
added nutrient is not in the form the plant can use. Deficiency symptoms for specific
elements are included on the “Key to nutrient disorders.”
Nitrogen Deficiency
Symptoms
 Symptoms appear in older leaves
 Leaves become pale green in colour and later it turns yellow
 Reduction in leaf number
 Stems become thin and weak with reduced branches
 Older leaves turn yellow and die prematurely
Correction Measures
 Soil application of 10-20 kg N/ha (or)
 Foliar spray of 2% DAP (20g/lit) two times at 15 days interval. (Soak 2 kg DAP in
20 lit of water and leave it overnight. Next day morning, filter the solution. Add 1
lit per tank (10 lit capacity tank) and 20 tanks (200 lit) should be sprayed for an
acre.
Phosphorus Deficiency
Symptoms:
 Reddish Purple colour of old leaves
 Plants small and stunted, leaves dark green.
 Leaves are tilted upward
  Leaves show brown spots after flowering
 Poor root growth
Correction Measure:
 Foliar spray of DAP 2% at fortnightly interval.
Potassium Deficiency
Symptoms:
 Yellow patches appear in leaf margin then these patches join, lead to yellowish
leaf.
 Dark spots will appear on the affected portion.
 Curling of leaf.
 Basal portion of leaves only shows the symptoms.
 Yellow discoloration of leaves appears from the base and top leaves remain green
the bluish green leaves show black to brown tips internodes sharp and pale
yellowish symptom appear on the margin and in-between the veins.
Correction Measure:
 Soil application of Murate of potash spraying of 1% potash at flowering stage.
Calcium Deficiency
Symptoms:
 Tips of primary leaves become necrotic and narrow chlorotic bands develop
around leaf margins.
 Tissues between the veins tend to ridge. Terminal buds deteriorate and petioles
break down.
 Primary leaves become soft and drop off.
Correction Measure:
 Foliar spray of CaSO4 1% at fortnightly intervals.
Magnesium Deficiency
Symptoms
 Leaves along with veins appear in green colour then it turns to yellowish colour.
 Basal leaves are green in colour.
 Later leaves spots are appeared in between the veins.
 Leaves are curled downward direction.
 Lowest, leaves become white to yellow with the base of the leaf remaining green.
 Pale brown necrotic spots develop with dark brow margin.
 Brown spots appear on the pods.
Correction Measure
 Foliar spray of MgSO4 1% at fortnightly intervals.
Sulphur Deficiency
Symptoms
 Deficient plants become chlorotic.
 New leaves are first affected,
 But gradually the entire plant becomes uniformly chlorotic.
Correction Measure
 Foliar spray of CaSO4@0.5-1.0%
Iron Deficiency
Symptoms
 Yellowish green discolorations appear in newly arising leaves.
 But veins remain green in colour.
 Interveinal chlorosis.
 Finally whole leaves turn to yellow in colour this is called sogai disease.
Correction Measure
 Spraying of 1% FeSO4 – 10 days interval of 3 times. Application of 25 kg of
FeSO4 as basal dose.
Manganese Deficiency
Symptoms:
 Deficiency symptoms appear in older leaves of young plants.
 Leaves are yellow in colour. But veins are remained in green colour.
 Later, reddish pale yellow colour leaves are produced.
 Young leaves turn completely yellow dark brownish black spots appear on the
leaf.
Correction Measure:
 Spraying of 1% MnSO4 during 20, 30, 40 DAS or application 10 kg of MnSO4 as
a basal dose.
Zinc Deficiency
Symptoms:
 Deficiency will appear one month after germination.
 Interveinal areas of leaves become yellow and die prematurely.
 Reduction of growth in plants.
 Yellowish smaller leaves, veins remain green in colour.
Correction Measure:
 Application of basal dose ZnSO4 at the rate of 25 kg per ha.
 Spraying of 0.5% ZnSO4 during 20, 30, 40th day after sowing.
Boron Deficiency
Symptoms
 Upper internodes of the stem are shortened, giving the plants a rosette
appearance.
 Upper leaves near the growing points turn yellow and sometimes red.
 Symptoms are most severe at the leaf tips while the leaf bases remain green.
Correction Measure
 Foliar spray of Borax 0.2% at fortnightly intervals.
Questions
1. Draw a neat sketch of major nutrient deficiency symptoms in Black gram.
2. What are the nutrient deficiency symptoms observed in the Black gram field, and
write their corrective measure in the Black gram field

Sl. Nutrient deficiency Symptoms Corrective

No observed in the field measures

Conclusion
Ex. No.: 11 Date:

OBSERVATION ON INSECT PESTS OF BLACK GRAM AND THEIR CORRECTIVE

MEASURES
Aim:
To study about insect pests and their management in Black gram field
Important pests of Black and Green gram
I. Borers
1. Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera
Symptoms of damage
 Defoliation in early stages
 Larva’s head alone thrust inside the pods and the rest of the body hanging out.
 Pods with round holes
Management
 ETL: 10% of affected pods
Spray any one of the following insecticides (Spray fluid 500 l/ha)
 Emamectin benzoate 5%SG 220 g/ha
 Indoxacarb 15.8%SC 333 ml/ha
 NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%
 Neem oil 2%
2. Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis
Symptoms of damage
 Defoliation in early stages
 Larva’s head alone thrust inside the pods and the rest of the body hanging out.
 Pods with round holes.
Management
 ETL: 3/plant
 Phosalone 0.07% (Spray fluid 625 ml/ha)
Note: When the activity of coccinellid predator (both grubs and adults) is seen,
insecticide application should be avoided.
3. Spiny pod borer, Etiella zinckenella
Symptoms of damage
 Dropping of flowers and young pods
 Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has entered
Management
Spray any one of the following insecticides (Spray fluid 500 l/ha)
 Emamectin benzoate 5%SG 220 g/ha
 Indoxacarb 15.8%SC 333 ml/ha
 NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%
 Neem oil 2%
4. Blue butterfly: Lampides boeticus
Symptoms of damage
 Buds, flowers and young pods with boreholes
 Presence of slug like caterpillar.
 Honey dew secretion with black ant movements.
Management
Spray any one of the following insecticides (Spray fluid 500 l/ha)
 Emamectin benzoate 5%SG 220 g/ha
 Indoxacarb 15.8%SC 333 ml/ha
 NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%
 Neem oil 2%
5. Grass blue butterfly: Euchrysops cnejus
Symptoms of damage
 Buds, flowers and young pods with boreholes and presence of slug like caterpillar.
 Larval entry hole on the pod is plugged with excreta.
Management of pod borer complex
 ETL 10% affected parts
 Deep summer ploughing in 2-3 years to eliminate quiescent pupa.
 Early sowing, short duration varieties.
 Avoid closer plant spacing.
 Grow tall sorghum as comparison crop to serve as biological bird perches
 Collect and destroy larvae and adults to the extent possible
 Install pheromone traps at a distance of 50 m @ 5 traps/ha for each insect pest.
 Install Bird perches @ 50/ha.
 Setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to kill moth population.
 Control is achieved by releasing of Trichogramma chlionis at weekly intervals
@1.5 lakh/ha/ week for four times.
 Conserve green lacewing, predatory stink bugs, spider, ants
  Application of NPV 250 LE /ha with teepol 0.1% and Jaggery 0.5% thrice at 10 –
15 days interval commencing from flowering stage. (Note: Insecticide / Ha NPV
spray should be applied when the larvae are in early stage).
 Bt @ 600 g, neem oil/ pungum oil 80 EC @ 2ml/lit
 Spray NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%.
 Apply any one of insecticides at 25 kg/ha. quinalphos 4D, carbaryl 5D
 Spray insecticides like Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1000 ml/ha.
II. Sucking pests
1. Bean Aphids: Aphis craccivora
Symptoms of damage
 Leaves, inflorescence stalk and young pods covered with dark coloured aphids
 Honey dew secretion with black ant movements
Management
Spray any one of the following insectcides (Spray fluid 500 l/ha)
 Emamectin benzoate 5%SG 220 g/ha
 Indoxacarb 15.8%SC 333 ml/ha
 NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%
 Neem oil 2%.
2. Leaf hopper - Empoasca kerri
Symptoms of damage
 Leave mottled and yellowish in colour
 Green colour insects found under surface of leaves
Management:
 Spray the infested crop with methyl-o- demeton 750 ml in 700 - 1000 L water per
hectare
3. Pod bugs: Riptortus pedestris
Symptoms of damage
 Pods with black spots
 Shedding of green pods
 Poorly filled pods with shriveled grains inside
Management:
 Dimethoate 30% EC 500ml/ha
 Methyl demeton 25%EC 500ml/ha
 Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 100-125 ml/ha
  Thiamethoxam 25% WG 100 g/ha
4. Whitefly – Bemisia tabaci
Symptoms of damage
• Leave mottled and yellowish in colour
• Vector of yellow mosaic virus
Management of sucking pests
Spray any one of the following (Spray fluid 250 l /ha)
• Methyl demeton 25 EC 500 ml/ha
• Dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml/ha
III. Flower feeder

5. Blister beetle: Mylabris phalerata

Symptoms of damage
 The adult feeds voraciously on buds and flowers.
Management
 Manual collection or collection with insect net and killing of adults in kerosenized
water appears to be the only possible solution.
Questions
1. Draw a neat sketch of major insect pest symptoms in Blackgram.
2. What are the insect pest symptoms observed in the Blackgram field, and write
their corrective measure taken in the Blackgram field
Sl. Name of the Pest Symptoms of Damage Corrective Measures
No observed

Conclusion

Ex. No.: 12 Date:

OBSERVATION ON DISEASES OF BLACK GRAM AND THEIR CORRECTIVE

MEASURES
Aim:
 To study about disease and their management in Blackgram field
1. Powdery Mildew: Erysiphe polygoni
Symptoms
 White powdery patches appear on leaves and other green parts which later become
dull colored. These patches gradually increase in size and become circular
covering the lower
surface also.
 When the infection is severe, both the surfaces of the leaves are completely
covered by whitish powdery growth. Severely affected parts get shriveled and
distorted.
 In severe infections, foliage becomes yellow causing premature defoliation. The
disease also creates forced maturity of the infected plants which results in heavy
yield losses.
 The pathogen has a wide host range and survives in oidial form on various hosts in
off-season.
 Secondary spread is through air-borne oidia produced in the season.
Management
 Spray NSKE 5% or Neem oil 3% twice at 10 days interval from initial disease
appearance.
 Spray Eucalyptus leaf extract 10% at initiation of the disease and 10 days later.
 Spray Carbendazim 500 g or wettable sulphur 1500g/ha or Propiconazole 500
ml/ha at initiation of the disease and 10 days later
2. Rust: Uromyces phaseoli
Symptoms
 Numerous spots with pale brown centre and reddish brown margin on leaves,
branches and pods
 Defoliation during flower and pod formation
Management
 Spray any one of the following fungicides at initiation of disease. If necessary,
repeat the spray 15 days later.
Mancozeb 72 WP @ 1000g/ha
Wettable sulphur 80 WP @ 1500g/ha
Chlorothalonil 75% WP@ 1000 g/ha
Captan 70% + Hexaconazole 5% WP @ 750ml/ha
 Sulphur 85% DP @ 15-20 kg/ha
3. Yellow Mosaic: Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus
Symptoms
 Yellow patches or spots on leaves and pods
 Infected plant produce small and distorted pods
 Early infection causes death of the plant before seed set
Management
 Seed soaking with borax @ 2g/kg +10% nochi leaf extract @ 300 ml/kg for 30
minutes followed by seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 5 ml / kg of seed
 Soil application of Bacillus subtilis @ 2.5 kg/ ha with 250 kgs of farm yard
manure
 Border row planting of maize (2 rows)
 Rogue out virus infected plants upto 25 DAS
 Installing yellow sticky traps @ 5 Nos. / acre
 Foliar spray of borax @ 0.1% and nochi leaf extract 10% at 30 DAS
 Need based spraying of acetamiprid 20 SP @ 250g / ha
4. Leaf Crinkle: Leaf Crinkle Virus
Symptoms
 Chlorosis, crinkling and curling of leaves
 Hortened petioles and internodes.
 Stunted plant with dark green leaves.
 Delayed flowering with malformed flower buds.
Management
 Removal of weed hosts
 Seed treatment with Dimethoate 30 EC (or) Imidacloprid 600 FS @ 5 ml /kg of
seed
 Rogue out the infected plants up to 45 days
 Foliar spray of notchi leaf extract 10% at 30 DAS or neem formulation 3 ml/lit
 Spray any one of the following insecticides and repeat after 15 days, if necessary.
Methyl demeton 25 EC @500 ml/ha
Dimethoate 30 EC @ 500 ml/ha
5. Cercospora leaf spot: Cercospora canescens
Symptoms
  Numerous spots with pale brown/grey centre and reddish/dark brown margin on
leaves, branches and pods.
 Defoliation during flower and pod formation.
 Severe infection leads to premature senescence
Management
 Remove and burn infected plant debris
 Spray any one of the following fungicides at initiation of disease and second spray
at 10 days later.
 Carbendazim 50% WP @ 500 g/ha
 Mancozeb 72 WP @1000g/ha
 Tebuconazole 25.9% EC @ 500 ml/ha
 Azoxystrobin 5.1%w/w + Tebuconazole 9.1% w/w + Prochloraz 18.2 %
w/w EC @ 1250 ml/ha
 Metiram 55% + Pyraclostrobin 5% WG @ 1500-1750ml/ha
6. Anthracnose: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Symptoms
 Circular, black, sunken spots with dark center and bright red orange margins on
leaves and pods.
 Severe infections spread entire leaf gives blighted appearance
 Affected parts wither off.
Management
 Remove and destruct plant debris
 Seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 2g/kg
 Spray any one of the following fungicides at initial symptom appearance
 Mancozeb 72 WP @ 1000g/ha
 Carbendazim 50% WP @ 500/ha
 Tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 500 g/ha
 Tebuconazole 25.9% EC @ 500 ml/ha
7. Root Rot and Leaf Blight: Rhizoctonia solani
Field diagnostic symptoms
 Yellowing, drooping of leaves and death of plants
 Dark brown lesions on stem and bark shows shredding symptom.
 Easily pulled out leaving dried, rotten root portions in the ground
 Black minute sclerotia on rotten stem and root tissues
 Integrated disease management
 Seed treatment with Trichoderma asperellum @ 4 g/kg or Bacillus subtilis @ 10
g/kg of seed
 Basal application of zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha
 Basal application of neem cake @ 150 kg/ha
 Soil application of T. asperellum – 2.5 kg / ha + 250 kg of well decomposed FYM
at 30 days after sowing
 Spot drenching with Carbendazim 50 WP @ 1 gm/ lit.
Questions
1. Draw a neat sketch of major insect pest symptoms in Black gram.
2. What are the insect pest symptoms observed in the Black gram field, and write
their corrective measure taken in the Black gram field.

Sl. Name of the Disease Corrective

Causal Organism Symptoms
No observed Measures

Conclusion
Ex. No.: 13 Date:
OBSERVATION ON YIELD PARAMETERS AND ESTIMATION OF BLACK GRAM
YIELD
Aim
To study the yield and yield parameters of Blackgram and know about the
estimation of the Blackgram yield
Yield
Yield is usually referred to economic yield. The total dry matter produced by a crop is
known as biological yield and a fraction of the biological yield which is useful for mankind is
known as economic yield.
Objectives of estimating Yield
The yield can be known well in advance which will be useful to fix up the market price

 To take up necessary post-harvest measures

 To know about the food stock of our country
 To know about the relative performance of different varieties of the same crop
Estimation of yield
Yield is estimated using the yield contributing characters or yield attributes of a crop. The
yield attributes for different crops vary. Basically yield attributes consists of plant population at
the time of harvest, number of fruits or grains per plant and test weight.
Yield/ha = Population/ha x Yield/plant
YIELD PARAMETERS
Economic yield is a product of a number of sub factors called yield parameters and the
various yield parameters that contribute to economic yield are as follows:
o Plant population at the time of harvest
o Number of grains per plant and
o Test weight
1. Plant population
Any crop yield is the result of plant population maintained at the time of harvest.
Establishment of optimum plant population is essential to realize maximum yield. Plant
population per unit area can be found by the following formula:
Area
Plant population = ------------
Spacing
2. Number of grains per plant
Grains are developed during reproductive phase of the crop. This phase is more sensitive
to moisture, nutrients and solar radiation. Fruit set percentage i.e. the number of flowers that
develop into fruits/grains decide the number of grains per plant. Water, nutrients, temperature,
light and other environmental factors at levels other than optimum usually reduce the number of
grains per plant.

3. Test weight
Test weight is nothing but 1000 grain weight. Photosynthesis during the grain filling
period is normally the most important source of test weight of grains. Grain filling period is the
most important period at which no stress in growth factors should occur. Most specifically
potassium is essential for grain filling which ultimately helps in getting higher test weight. In
general, for high crop yield, the crops should quickly produce enough leaf area to intercept most
of the light for maximum dry matter production, after which it should maintain high light
interception and should partition assimilate in the largest quantities possible to the organs of
economic value without affecting quality.
Utility of Yield Parameters
Yield parameters are useful in assessing the theoretical yield well in advance which in
turn helps to fix up the target of food production.
To estimate the yield of crops, the various yield attributing characters have to be
observed. The yield parameters are observed from 5-10 tagged plants and the mean value is
arrived. With these mean values and population, the anticipated yield is computed. Generally for
green manures and forage crops, only yield of biomass is estimated.

Yield attributing parameters

PULSES
1. Number of pods per plant - Pods from each picking from the tagged plants are counted
and the mean value is expressed in number per plant.
2. Number of seeds per pod - The ten pods from five tagged plants are threshed and the
mean value is expressed as seed per pod.
3. 100 seed weight - Weight of two samples of hundred seeds is taken from each plot and
mean weight of hundred seeds is expressed in gram.
Black gram
 Number of branches per plant
 Number of pods per branch
 Number of seeds per pod
 Length of pod
 Test grain (100 grain) weight

Harvest Index
Economic yield
Harvest Index = -------------------------
Biological yield
Seed yield: The seed yield is estimated by the following formula
Test weight
Plant population x No of pods/plant x No. of kernels/pod x ….......................
100

Question
1. Take the observations on yield attributing parameters of Black gram
2. Estimate the yield and Harvest Index of Black gram

Conclusion
Ex. No.: 14 Date:
HARVESTING, THRESHING, CLEANING AND STORAGE OF THE PRODUCE

Aim
To study the harvest and post-harvest techniques for the Blackgram
Harvesting
Harvesting is the process of removal of entire plants or economic parts after
maturity. The economic product may be grain, seed leaf, root or entire plant. The
remaining portion of the stem that is left on the field after harvest is known as stubble.

Crop can be harvested at physiological maturity or at harvest maturity. Crop is

considered to be at physiological maturity when the translocations of photosynthates are
stopped to economic part. In other word, physiological maturity refers to a developmental
stage after which no further increase in dry matter occurs in the economic part.
Blackgram should be harvested when 75% of the pods mature indicating full
darkish pod and brittle on slight pressure. Over maturity may result in shattering of grains.
Harvested crops should be sufficiently dried and then threshed
Harvesting following care should be taken during harvesting:

 Harvesting should be done timely.

 Timely harvesting ensures optimum grain quality and consumer acceptance.
 Harvesting before the crops mature, usually result lower yields, higher proportion
of immature seeds, poor grain quality and more chances of disease attack during
storage.
 Delay in harvesting, results in shattering of pods and other losses caused by birds,
rats, insects etc.
 Harvest the crop, when a large percentage of the pods are fully matured.
 Separate out the admixtures of other crop prior to harvesting, avoid harvesting
during adverse weather condition i.e. rains and overcast weather.
 Avoid pest infestation prior to harvesting. Use proper harvest equipment i.e.,
sickle etc.
 All the harvested stems should be kept in one direction in order to ascertain
efficient threshing.
 The harvested bundles should be stacked in a dry place. The stacking should be
cubical to facilitate circulation of the air around. Keep the harvested stems for drying
 in the sun. Keep the harvested crop separately from one variety to another to get true
type of variety

Threshing
 Threshing is the process of beating plants in order to separate the seeds or
grains from the straw.
 To maintain the high quality of the harvested grains, it should be threshed
immediately after harvesting.
 Avoid field drying and stacking for several days as it affects grain quality
due to over drying. Stacked grains of high moisture content results in discoloration or
yellowing.
Winnowing
This is an agricultural method developed by ancient cultures for separating grain
from chaff. It is also used to remove weevils or other pests from stored grain.
Threshing, the loosening of grain or seeds from the husks and straw is the step in
the chaff-removal process that comes before winnowing.

Storing the grains

 Storage in bags and find out the moisture percentage present in the grain through
grain moisture meter before storage
 Loose storage

 Storage in bags is convenient for short term storage, where grain is intended for
very early onward movement.
 For short term storage, no control measures against insects are needed.

 In loose/bulk storage method, large quantity of grains can be stored in per unit
volume of space and the infestation of insects/pests is lower.
 The basic requirements of a good storage practice for Blackgram are: a healthy,
clean, and uniformly dried grain, maintain 8-10 % of moisture content in the grain
and a structure that will maintain a suitable environment that will prevent pests.
Questions
1. If the weight of 1.5 t Black gram grain just after harvest contains 19%
moisture, calculate the weight at 12% moisture.
2. Write about the harvesting experience of Black gram in your field.
Conclusion
Ex. No.: 15 Date:
WORKING OUT THE ECONOMICS FOR BLACK GRAM CULTIVATION
Aim
To estimate the cost incurred in producing crop in an unit area and profit obtained from
the same unit area.
Information required
 Costs of all inputs like fertilizers, chemicals, seeds etc.
 Labour cost
 Tractor and animal cost for field operations
 Market price of produce
Cost of cultivation
 Cost of cultivation is the total expenditure incurred for raising crops in an unit area.
The cost included for this purpose consists of own or hired human labour, owned or
hired bullock labour, value of seed, manures, fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation
charges.
 A poor farmer may choose a system with lesser cost of cultivation though it gives
lesser profit, because of limited resources
Gross Returns
The total monetary value of economic produce and byproducts obtained from the
crops raised in the cropping system is calculated based on the local market prices.
Net Returns
Net return is obtained by subtracting cost of cultivation from gross return. It is a
good indicator of suitability of a crop/cropping system since this represents the actual
income to the farmer
Net return = Gross return – Cost of cultivation
Cost-benefit Ratio
Cost-benefit ratio is the ratio of gross returns to cost of cultivation, which can also
be expressed as returns per rupee invested. This index provides an estimate of the benefit
a farmer derives for the expenditure incurs in adopting a particular crop/ cropping system.
Any value above 2.0 is considered safe as the farmer gets Rs. 2 for every rupee invested.
Gross income
Benefit Cost Ratio = ----------------------------------
Total cost of cultivation
Questions: 1. Calculate the benefit cost ratio of Blackgram
Cost of cultivation of Black gram (Rs. ha-1)

S. Name of the Amount

Inputs Labour
No. operation (Rs. ha-1)
Quantity Cost A B Cost
I. Field preparation

II. Seeds and sowing

III. Manuring

IV. Weeding

V. After cultivation practices

VI. Plant protection

VII. Harvesting

Conclusion
Ex. No.: 16 Date:
MULTI BLOOM TECHNOLOGY
Aim
To Study the Multi bloom technology
Multi bloom technology
A special technology being practiced in Pattukottai block of Tanjore district for
blackgram and greengram. The soil is alluvial and rich in organic matter and nutrients.
The crop is sown during early summer (Jan.-Feb.) as normal crop and fertilizer is applied
as per the recommendation for irrigated crop. In addition to that, top dressing of Nitrogen
is done with an extra dose of 25 to 30 kg through urea. Since pulses are indeterminate
growth habit and continue to produce new flashes, the top dressing will be done on 40-45
days after sowing. The crop completes its first flesh of matured pods during 60-65th day,
further their second new flesh within 20-25 days. Therefore, two fleshes of pods can be
harvested at a time within the duration of 100 days.
Objectives
 To improve the quantity of pods.
 To increase the crop growth and production is high in less duration.
 To produce chlorophyll
 Enhances the photosynthesis
Advantages
 It is responsible for vigorous growth and the development of a dense.
 High yield in less duration.
 Increases the profits.
 Reduce the field operation like ploughing.
 Important key nutrient element for plants.
Questions:
1. Special futures of Multi bloom technology
2. Major constraints for adoption of multi bloom technology.
Conclusion