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9
RESEARCH III
QUARTER 3
Week 3

Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment

Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
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SUBJECT & Grade 9

QUARTER 3 WEEK 3 DATE _
GRADE/LEVEL RESEARCH III DD/MM/YYYY

TOPIC z Test
1. Utilizes appropriate statistical tools in analyzing data.
LEARNING (SSP-RS9-AID-III-q-t-7)
COMPETENCIES 2. Interprets data/ statistical results. (SSP-RS9-AID-III-u-v-8)
3. Test hypothesis (SSP-RS9-AID-III-v-w-9)
IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper and don not forget to answer all SAQs.

UNDERSTAND
z Test

z Test and t Test are two similar statistical tests. The question is, when
should you perform the z Test and when should you perform the t Test.
The figure below will help you determine which one should you use.

Figure 1 Flow chart of determining whether to use z Test or t Test for data analysis.

If the sample size is large enough, then the z test and t-Test will conclude with
the same results. For a large sample size, Sample Variance will be a better estimate
of Population variance so even if population variance is unknown, we can use the
z test using sample variance.

Similarly, for a large sample, we have a high degree of freedom. And since t-
distribution approaches the normal distribution, the difference between the z score
and t score is negligible.

Note, because there are so many new concepts being introduced at

the same time, your first encounter with hypothesis testing can be
challenging and confusing. To fully grasp all of the concepts, carefully
follow each step in the examples and complete each Let’s Practice. These
concepts will only become clear after careful study and patience.

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Now let’s learn more about z Test, its definition, types and how to do z test
calculations.

What is the z Test?

z test is a statistical test where normal distribution is applied and is basically used
for dealing with problems relating to large samples when n ≥ 30.

Many hypotheses are tested using a statistical test based on the following general
formula:
(𝑶𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆) − (𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆)
𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 =
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓

The observed value is the statistic (such as the sample mean) that is computed
from the sample data. The expected value is the parameter (such as the population
mean) that you would expect to obtain if the null hypothesis were true – in other words,
the hypothesized value. The denominator is the standard error is the statistic being
tested (in this case, the standard error of the mean).

There are different types of z test each for different purpose. Some of the popular
types includes z test for a mean (single mean), z test for a proportion, z test for testing
the difference between two means. We will discuss each of these as we go along this
CapSLET.

What is z Test for a mean?

 We perform this test when we want to compare a sample mean with the
population mean.
 The z test is a statistical test for the mean of a population. It can be used when
n ≥ 30, or when the population is normally distributed and population standard
deviation (σ) is known.
 Formula: Where:
̅−𝝁 ̅ = sample mean
𝑿
𝑿
𝒛= 𝝁 = population mean
𝝈/√𝒏 𝝈 = population standard deviation
𝒏 = sample size

 Assumptions for the z Test for a mean when σ is known:

 The sample is a random sample.
 Either n ≥ 30, or the population is normally distributed if n < 30.

How to find the critical value for z test using the z distribution table?

To obtain the critical value, the researcher must choose an alpha level (level of
significance). The following examples show how to obtain the critical value depending
on the type of tailed-test.

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To find the z critical value for a Right-Tailed Test:

1. Identify the significance level (α).
2. Draw the figure (normal distribution curve) and indicate the appropriate area. In this
case, the critical region, with an area equal to α, will be on the right side of the mean.
3. Subtract the α from 1.000 to get the area. (area = 1 – α )
4. Find the area value in Table E closest to the value obtained from step 2. Then add
the value on the left column of the table and the top column of the table. The sum
is the z critical value (See sample Table E below).

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1: Situation B

A chemist invents an additive to increase the life of an automobile battery. If the mean
lifetime of the automobile battery without the additive is 36 months.
Hypotheses are: H0: μ = 36 and H1: μ > 36 (Right-Tailed test)
Suppose the chemist chose α = 0.01. The chemist must find the z value such that 1%
of the area falls to the right of the z value and 99% falls to the left of the z value as
shown on igure 2 (a).

SOLUTION:
Step 1: Identify the level of significance. α = 0.01
Step 2: Draw the figure and indicate the appropriate area.

(a) The critical region

Figure 2 Finding the Critical Value for α = 0.01 (Right-Tailed test).

Step 3: Find the area. area = 1 – α = 1 – 0.01 area = 0.9900

Step 4: Find the z critical value by finding the closest area value to the area calculated on
step 3. In this case, since the area calculated is 0.9900, we have to look for the area
in Table E closest to 0.9900.

z Critical Value = + 2.33

Figure 3 (A sample view of Table E) finding the critical value from Table E

Note: for a right-tailed test, use the positive value z (Table E).

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The critical and noncritical regions and the critical value are shown in Figure 4.

0.9900
Critical
Noncritical region
region 0.01
z Critical Value =
+ 2.33
\
+ 2.33
Figure 4 The Critical and Noncritical Regions for α = 0.01 (Right-Tailed test).
s0.01
Now let’s proceed to situation C andinlet’s
αFind this area tablefind out how to determine the z critical
as shown.
value for this situation. = 0.01 (Right-Tailed test).

To find the z critical value for a Left-Tailed Test:

1. Identify the significance level (α).
2. Draw the figure (normal distribution curve) and indicate the appropriate area. In this
case, the critical region, with an area equal to α, will be on the left side of the mean.
3. Use the z value that corresponds to the area equivalent to α in Table E.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2: Situation C

A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by using a special type of insulation in houses.
If the average of the monthly bill is $78.
Hypotheses are: H0: μ = $78 and H1: μ < $78 (Left-Tailed test)
The alternative hypothesis is H1: μ < $78. Hence, the critical value falls to the left of the
mean. This test is thus a left-tailed test. Suppose the contractor decides to use α = 0.01 as
its level of significance.

SOLUTION:
Step 1: Identify the level of significance. α = 0.01
Step 2: Draw the figure and indicate the appropriate area.

(a) The critical region

Figure 5 Finding the Critical Value for α = 0.01 (Left-Tailed test).

Step 3: Find the z critical value by finding the closest area value to α, which in this case is
0.01.

Note: for a left-

tailed test, use the
negative value z
(Table E).

z Critical Value =
- 2.33

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The critical and noncritical regions and the critical value are shown in Figure 6.

0.9900

Critical
Noncritical
region
region
0.01

z Critical Value = - 2.33

\

- 2.33
Figure 6 The Critical and Noncritical Regions for α = 0.01 (Left-Tailed test).
s0.01
αFind this area in table as shown.
Let’s now proceed to situation A, in this case how to we determine the z critical value
= 0.01 (Right-Tailed test).
in a two-tailed test.
To find the z critical value for a Two-Tailed Test:
1. Identify the significance level (α).
2. Draw the figure (normal distribution curve) and indicate the appropriate area. In
this case, α must be divided by 2; one half of the area will be to the right of the
mean, and one half will be to the left of the mean.
3. Use the z value that corresponds to α/2 (alpha divided by 2) for the left value. It
will be negative. For the right value, use the z value that corresponds to the area
equivalent to 1 – α/2. It will be positive.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3: Situation A
A medical researcher is interested in finding out whether a new medication will have any
undesirable side effects. The researcher particularly concerned with the pulse rate of the
patients who take the medicine. Will the pulse rate increase, decrease, or remain the same
after a patient takes the medication? Since the researcher knows that the mean pulse rate
for the population under study is 82 beats per minute. Say for example, the researcher
decides to use 0.05 level of significance.
Hypotheses are: H0: μ = 82 and H1: μ ≠ 82 (Two-Tailed test)
The alternative hypothesis is H1: μ ≠ 82. Hence, the critical region is half of the α; one half
of the area will be to the right of the mean, and one half will be to the left of the mean.

SOLUTION:
Step 1: Identify the significance level (α). α = 0.05
Step 2: Draw the figure (normal curve) and indicate the proper area.
Left: one half of α – that is, α/2 = 0.05/2 area = 0.025
Right: one half of α – that is, α/2 = 0.05/2 area = 0.025

Critical
region 0.9500 Critical
0.025 region
0.025
Find the value in Table E -z + z Find the value in Table E
Step 3: Find the z critical value.
Left: Find the area in Table E that corresponds to α/2. In this case:
α/2 = 0.05/2 = 0.025 (look for this value on Table E (negative z)).

Note, the z value is negative ( – z value).

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Right: Find the area in Table E that corresponds to 1 – α/2. In this case:
1 – α/2 = 1 – 0.05/2 = 0.975 (look for this value on Table E (positive z)).

Note, the z value is positive ( + z value).

The z Critical Value for a Two-Tailed test with α = 0.05 is

z Critical Value = – 1.96 and + 1.96 or z Critical Value = ± 1.96

The critical and noncritical regions and the critical values of this example are shown in
Figure 8.

– 1.96 + 1.96
Figure 8 The Critical and Noncritical Regions for α = 0.05 (Two-Tailed test).
s0.01
αFind this area in table as shown.
= 0.01 (Right-Tailed test).
This might be overwhelming for you. But continue to follow the
steps and practice determining the z Critical Value using different type
of tailed-test and level of significance. Moreover, this CapSLET
contains the Table E after the Disclaimer section. You may use the
given table to answer the Let’s Practice questions and further
calculations that involve z Test.

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Let’s Practice 1! (Write your answer on your answer sheet.)

Direction: Given the hypotheses and level of significance (α), (A) identify the type of
tailed test; (B) determine the z Critical Value; and (C) draw the z normal curve with the
proper labels and z critical value.
Example:
A. Ho: μ = k and H1: μ < k Ho: μ = k and H1: μ < k
1. α = 0.10 α = 0.10
2. α = 0.05 Answer:
3. α = 0.01 (A) Left – Tailed test
(B) CV = – 1.28
B. Ho: μ = k and H1: μ > k (C)
1. α = 0.10
2. α = 0.05 Noncritical
3. α = 0.01 Critical region
region
C. Ho: μ = k and H1: μ ≠ k 0.10
1. α = 0.10
2. α = 0.05
3. α = 0.01 – 1.28

You are now done with determining the z Critical Value, at this point
let’s proceed to using the critical value for calculations involving z Test for
a mean.

How to perform z Test for a mean computation (Traditional Method)?

To learn how to compute z Test for a mean, please look at sample problem 4.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4: Days on Dealer’s Lots
A researcher wishes to see if the mean number of days that a basic, low-price, small
automobile sits on a dealer’s lot is 29. A sample of 30 automobile dealers has a mean of
30.1 days for basic, low-price, small automobiles. At α = 0.05, test the claim that the mean
time is greater than 29 days. The standard deviation of the population is 3.8 days.
Source: Based on information from Power Information Network.
SOLUTION:
Given: 𝝁 = 29 days n = 30 ̅ = 30.1 days
𝑿 𝝈 = 3.8 days α = 0.05
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
H0: μ = 29 and H1: μ > 29 (claim)
Critical value
Step 2: Find the critical value.
Since α = 0.05 and the test is a right-tailed test, the critical value is z = + 1.65 (Review
the lesson on how to determine the z Critical Value).
Step 3: Compute the test value.
̅−𝝁
𝑿 𝟑𝟎.𝟏−𝟐𝟗 𝟏.𝟏
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛= Test value
𝝈/√𝒏 𝟑.𝟖/√𝟑𝟎 𝟑.𝟖/𝟓.𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟕𝟓
𝟏.𝟏
𝒛= 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗
𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟐
Step 4: Make the decision.
Since the test value, + 1.59, is less than the critical value, + 1.65, and is not in
the critical region, the decision is to not reject the null hypothesis.

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This test is summarized in the figure below.

0.9500

Do not Reject
reject 0.05

+ 1.65
+ 1.59
Step 5: Summarize the results.
There is not enough evidence to support the claim that the mean time is greater
than 29 days.

Even though in sample problem 1 the sample mean is 30.1 is higher than the
hypothesized population mean of 29 days, is not significantly higher. Thus, the
difference may be due to chance. When the null hypothesis is not rejected, there
is still a probability of a type II error (i.e. of not rejecting the null hypothesis when
it is false). Also note that when the null hypothesis is not rejected, it cannot be
accepted as true. There is merely not enough evidence to say that it is false. This
guideline may sound a little confusing, but the situation is analogous to a jury
trial. The verdict is either guilty or not guilty and is based on the evidence
presented. If a person is judged not guilty, it does not mean that the person is
prived innocent; it only means that there was not enough evidence to reach the
guilty verdict.

Let’s try another sample problem.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 5: Cost of Rehabilitation
The Medical Rehabilitation Education Foundation reports that the average cost of
rehabilitation for stroke victims is $24,672. To see if the average cost of rehabilitation is
different at a particular hospital, a researcher selects a random sample of 35 stroke victims
at the hospital and finds that the average cost of their rehabilitation is $26,343. The standard
deviation of the population is $3,251. At α = 0.01, can it be concluded that the average cost
of stroke rehabilitation at a particular hospital is different from $24,672?
Source: Snapshot, USA Today
SOLUTION:
Given: 𝝁 = $24,672 n = 35 ̅ = $26,343
𝑿 𝝈 = $3,251 α = 0.01
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
H0: μ = $24,672 and H1: μ ≠ $24,672 (claim)
Critical values
Step 2: Find the critical value.
Since α = 0.01 and the test is a two-tailed test, the critical values are z = + 2.58 and
z = – 2.58 (or z = ± 2.58). (Review the lesson on how to determine the z Critical Value).
Step 3: Compute the test value.
̅−𝝁
𝑿 𝟐𝟔 𝟑𝟒𝟑−𝟐𝟒 𝟔𝟕𝟐 𝟏 𝟔𝟕𝟏
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛=
𝝈/√𝒏 𝟑 𝟐𝟓𝟏/√𝟑𝟓 𝟑.𝟖/𝟓.𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟑
𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟏
𝒛= 𝒛 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟑𝟐 𝒛 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟒 Test value
𝟓𝟒𝟗.𝟓𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟒

Step 4: Make the decision.

Reject the null hypothesis, since the test value, + 3.04 falls in the critical
region, + 2.58.

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This test is summarized in the figure below.

0.9900
0.005
0.005

– 2.58 + 2.58 + 3.04

Step 5: Summarize the results.
There is enough evidence to support the claim that the average cost of
rehabilitation at the particular hospital is different from $24,672.

SAQ-1: When should you use z Test for a mean?

Let’s Practice 2! (Write your answer on your answer sheet.)

Direction: Read each problem carefully. Perform each of the steps in hypothesis
testing (z Test). Use the traditional method of hypothesis testing, show your solution
and box your final answer.

1. Operating Costs of an Automobile. The average cost of owning and operating

an automobile is $8121 per 15,000 miles including fixed and variable costs. A
random survey of 40 automobile owners revealed an average cost of $8350 with
a population standard deviation of $750. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude
that the average is greater than $8121? Use α = 0.01.
Source: New York Times Almanac 2010.

2. Ages of US Senators. The mean average of Senators in the 109th Congress

was 60.35 years. A random sample of 40 senators from various state senates
had an average of 55.4 years, and the population standard deviation is 6.5 years.
At α = 0.05, is there sufficient evidence that state senators are on average
younger than the Senators in Washington?
Source: World Almanac and Book of Facts 2010.

3. Transmission Service. A car dealer recommends that transmissions be

serviced at 30,000 miles. To see whether her customers are adhering to this
recommendation, the dealer selects a sample of 40 customers and finds that the
average mileage of the automobiles serviced is 30,456. The standard is 1684
miles. Determine whether the owners are having their transmissions serviced at
30,000 miles. Use α = 0.10. Do you think the α value of 0.10 is appropriate significance
level? Explain.

You are now done learning how to do calculations involving z Test

using the Traditional Method. You may find it difficult to summarize the
results of a hypothesis test. Figure 9 shows the four possible outcomes.
This will guide you as you practice doing z Test calculations.

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Figure 9 Outcomes of a Hypothesis-Testing situations (z Test).

s0.01
αFind this area in table as shown.
= 0.01 (Right-Tailed test).
Many hypothesis testing situations involve proportions. A proportion
is the same as a percentage of the population. A hypothesis test
involving a population proportion can be considered as a binomial
experiment when there are only two outcomes and the probability of a
success does not change from trial to trial. Since a normal distribution
can be used to approximate the binomial distribution when np ≥ 5 and nq
≥ 5, the standard normal distribution can be used to test hypotheses for proportions.

What is z Test for a Proportion?

 Is used to test a hypothesis on a specific value of the population proportion.

 Formula: Where:
̂−𝒑
𝒑 ̂=
𝒑
𝑿
𝒛= 𝒏
(sample proportion)
√𝒑𝒒/𝒏 𝒑 = population proportion
𝒏 = sample size
 Assumptions for the z Test for a mean when σ is known:
1. The sample is a random sample.
2. The condition for a binomial experiment are satisfied.
3. np ≥ 5 and nq ≥ 5.

How to do z Test for a Proportion calculation (Traditional Method)?

The steps for hypothesis testing are the same as those shown in z Test for a Mean
calculation. Table E is used to find the critical values.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6: People Who are Trying to Avoid Trans Fats
A dietician claims that 60% of people are trying to avoid trans fats in their diets. She
randomly selected 200 people and found out that 128 people stated that they were trying to
avoid trans fats in their diets. At α = 0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the dietician’s
claim? Source: Based on a survey by the Gallup Poll.
SOLUTION:
𝟔𝟎%
Given: 𝒑 = 60% (
𝟏𝟎𝟎
) = 0.60 X = 128 𝒏 = 200 α = 0.05

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Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.

H0: p = 0.60 (claim) and H1: p ≠ 0.60
Critical values
Step 2: Find the critical values.
Since α = 0.05 and the test is a two-tailed test, the critical values are z = + 1.96 and
z = – 1.96 (or z = ± 1.96). (Review the lesson on how to determine the z Critical Value).
Step 3: Compute the test value.
̂.
First, it is necessary to find 𝒑
𝑿 𝟏𝟐𝟖
̂= =
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 and 𝒒 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎
𝒏 𝟐𝟎𝟎

Substitute in the formula.

̂−𝒑
𝒑 𝟎.𝟔𝟒−𝟎.𝟔𝟎 𝟎.𝟎𝟒
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛=
√𝒑𝒒/𝒏 √(𝟎.𝟔𝟎)(𝟎.𝟒𝟎)/𝟐𝟎𝟎 √𝟎.𝟐𝟒/𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟎.𝟎𝟒
𝒛= 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟖 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 Test value
√𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐

Step 4: Make the decision.

Do not reject the null hypothesis since the test value, + 1.15 falls outside the
critical region, + 1.96 as shown in Figure 10.
This test is summarized in the figure below.

– 1.96 + 1.96
+ 1.15
Step 5: Summarize the results.
There is not enough evidence to reject the claim that 60% of the people are
trying to avoid trans fats in their diets.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 7: Replacing $1 Bills with $1 Coins

A statistician read that at least 77% of the population oppose replacing $1 bills with $1 coins.
To see if this claim is valid, the statistician selected a sample of 80 people and found that 55
were opposed to replacing the $1 bills. At α = 0.01, test the claim that at least 77% of the
population are opposed to the change. Source: USA TODAY.

SOLUTION:
𝟕𝟕%
Given: 𝒑 = 77% (
𝟏𝟎𝟎
) = 0.77 X = 55 𝒏 = 80 α = 0.01

Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.

H0: p = 0.77 (claim) and H1: p < 0.77
Critical value
Step 2: Find the critical value.
Since α = 0.01 and the test is a left-tailed, the critical value is z = – 2.33. (Review the
lesson on how to determine the z Critical Value).
Step 3: Compute the test value.
̂.
First, it is necessary to find 𝒑
𝑿 𝟓𝟓
̂= =
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 and 𝒒 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑
𝒏 𝟖𝟎

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Substitute in the formula.

̂−𝒑
𝒑 𝟎.𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓−𝟎.𝟕𝟕 − 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟓
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛=
√𝒑𝒒/𝒏 √(𝟎.𝟕𝟕)(𝟎.𝟐𝟑)/𝟖𝟎 √𝟎.𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟏/𝟖𝟎
− 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟓
𝒛= 𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟏 𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟓
√𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟓
Test value
Step 4: Make the decision.
Do not reject the null hypothesis since the test value, – 1.75, does not fall in
the critical region, – 2.33 as shown in Figure 11.
This test is summarized in the figure below.

Do not reject

Reject

– 2.33
– 1.75
Step 5: Summarize the results.
There is not enough evidence to reject the claim that at least 77% of the
population oppose replacing $1 bills with $1 coins.

SAQ-2: When should you use z Test for a Proportion?

Let’s Practice 3! (Write your answer on your answer sheet.)

Direction: Read each problem carefully. Perform each of the steps in hypothesis
testing (z Test). Use the traditional method of hypothesis testing for calculating the z
Test for Proportion, show your solution and box your final answer.
1. Overweight Children. Health issues due to being overweight affect all age
groups. Of children and adolescents 6-11 years of age, 18.8% are found to be
overweight. A school district randomly sampled 130 in this age group and found
that 20 were considered overweight. At α = 0.05, is this less than the national
proportion? Source: World Almanac.
2. After-School Snacks. In the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, it
was reported that 54% of kids said that they had a snack after school. A random
sample of 60 kids was selected, and 36 said that they had a snack after school.
Use α = 0.01. On the basis of the results, should parents be concerned about
their children eating a healthy snack?

You are now done with z Test for a proportion. Now what if you were
to compare two different means where both the population standard
deviation is known, what statistical test will you use? Continue to the next
lesson to find out which statistical test is appropriate for this situation.

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 13

Suppose a researcher wishes to determine whether there is a difference in the

average age of nursing students who enroll in a nursing program at a community
college and those who enroll in a nursing program at a university. In this case, the
researcher is not interested in the average age of all beginning nursing students;
instead, he is interested in comparing the means of the two groups. His research
question is, Does the mean age of nursing students who enroll at a community college
differ from the mean age of nursing students who enroll at a university? Hence, the
hypotheses are
Ho: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ1 ≠ μ2
Where: μ1 = mean age of all beginning nursing students at the community college.
μ2 = mean age of all beginning nursing students at the university.

Another
If there isway if difference
no difference the hypotheses
in population for this situation
means, subtracting them willisgive a
o: μIf1 they
difference of zeroH(0). – μ2are
= 0different, H1: μ1them
andsubtracting – μ2will
≠ 0give a number
other than zero (0). Both methods of stating hypotheses are correct; however,
the first method will be use in this lesson.

Type equation here.

What is z test for testing the difference between two means?

 Is used when you are comparing two sample means and where the population
standard deviation (variance) is known.
 Formula:
Where:
̅ 𝟏 −𝑿
(𝑿 ̅ 𝟐 ) − (𝝁𝟏 −𝝁𝟐 ) ̅ = sample mean
𝒛= 𝑿
𝝁 = population mean
𝝈𝟐 𝝈 𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = population variance
√ 𝟏+ 𝟐
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝝈 = population standard deviation
𝒏 = sample size

 These tests can also be one-tailed, using the following hypotheses:

Right – tailed Left – tailed
HO: μ1 = μ2 or HO: μ1 – μ2 = 0 HO: μ1 = μ2 or HO: μ1 – μ2 = 0
H1: μ1 > μ2 H1: μ1 – μ2 > 0 H1: μ1 < μ2 H1: μ1 – μ2 < 0

 Assumptions for the z Test to determine the difference between two

means:
1. Both samples are random samples.
2. The samples must be independent of each other. that is, there can be no
relationship between the subjects in each sample.
3. The standard deviations of both populations must be known, and if the
sample sizes are less than 30, the population must be normally or
approximately normally distributed.

The theory behind testing the difference between two means is based on
selecting pairs of samples and comparing the means of the pairs. The population
means need not be known. All possible pairs of samples are taken from
populations.

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 14

How to do z test for testing the difference between two means

calculation (Traditional Method)?

The steps for hypothesis testing are the same as those shown in z test for testing
the difference between two means calculation. Table E is used to find the critical values.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8: Hotel Room Cost
A survey found that the average hotel room rate in New Orleans is $88.42 and the
average room rate in Phoenix is $80.61. Assume that the data were obtained from two
samples of 50 hotels each and that the standard deviations of the populations are $5.62 and
$4.83 respectively. At α = 0.05, can it be concluded that there is a significant difference in
the rates? Source: USA TODAY.

SOLUTION:
̅ 𝟏 = $88.42
Given: 𝑿 ̅ 𝟐 = $80.61
𝑿 𝝈𝟏 = $5.62 𝝈𝟐 = $4.83 𝒏𝟏 = 50 𝒏𝟐 = 50 α = 0.05

Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.

Ho: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 (claim) Critical Values
Step 2: Find the critical value.
Since α = 0.05 and the test is two-tailed, the critical values are z = + 1.96 and z =
– 1.96 or z = ± 1.96. (Review the lesson on how to determine the z Critical Value).
μ need not to be known, in
this case, (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 ) = 0
Step 3: Compute the test value.
0
̅ 𝟏 −𝑿
(𝑿 ̅ 𝟐 ) − (𝝁𝟏 −𝝁𝟐 ) (𝟖𝟖.𝟒𝟐−𝟖𝟎.𝟔𝟏) − (𝝁𝟏 −𝝁𝟐 ) 𝟕.𝟖𝟏
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝟐 𝟐
𝒛=
𝝈𝟐 𝟐 √(𝟓.𝟔𝟐) +(𝟒.𝟖𝟑) 𝟑𝟏.𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟑.𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟗
√ 𝟏 +𝝈𝟐 𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎
√ + 𝟓𝟎
𝒏𝟏 𝒏 𝟐 𝟓𝟎

𝟕.𝟖𝟏 𝟕.𝟖𝟏 𝟕.𝟖𝟏

𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛=
√𝟎.𝟔𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟖+𝟎.𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟖 √𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟔𝟔 𝟏.𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟕

𝒛 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟗 𝒛 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟓 Test value

Step 4: Make the decision.

Reject the null hypothesis at α = 0.05, since 7.45> 1.96 as shown in Figure 12.
This test is summarized in the figure below.

Step 5: Summarize the results.

There is enough evidence to support the claim that the means are not equal.
Hence, there is a significant difference in the rates.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 9: College Sports Offerings

A researcher hypothesizes that the average number of sports that colleges offer for males
is greater than the average number of sports that colleges offer for females. A sample of the
number of sports offered by colleges is shown. At α = 0.10, is there enough evidence to
support the claim? Assume σ1 and σ2 = 3.3. Source: USA TODAY.

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 15

Males Females
6 7 9 11 6 15 7 6 11 18 7 7 8 7
6 10 5 5 7 18 11 7 14 8 5 5 6 5
6 11 7 6 5 9 6 8 4 13 8 6
6 14 7 11 5 6 10 5 12 5 6 5
15 9 11 5 11 5 16 5 11 6 7 5
9 9 8 10 5 8 7 7 13 5 7 5
8 6 5 8 10 6 9 10 5 13 8 10
9 9 18 12 8 8 7 5 6 14 8 6
SOLUTION:
Given: 𝝈𝟏 = 3.3 𝝈𝟐 = 3.3 𝒏𝟏 = 50 𝒏𝟐 = 50 α = 0.10
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
Ho: μ1 = μ2 and H1: μ1 > μ2 (claim) Critical Value
Step 2: Find the critical value.
Since α = 0.10 and the test is right-tailed, the critical values are z = + 1.28 (Review
the lesson on how to determine the z Critical Value).
Step 3: Compute the test value.
*Since sample mean is not given, but we have the raw data. We need to compute for
the sample means first.

̅𝟏 = ∑ 𝑿 =
𝑿
𝟒𝟐𝟖
= 𝟖. 𝟔 ̅𝟐 = ∑ 𝑿 =
𝑿
𝟑𝟗𝟕
= 𝟕. 𝟗
𝒏 𝟓𝟎 𝒏 𝟓𝟎

*Since the sample means are already computed, we can now proceed to
compute for the z value by substituting the values.
μ need not to be known, in
this case, (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 ) = 0
̅ 𝟏 −𝑿
(𝑿 ̅ 𝟐 ) − (𝝁𝟏 −𝝁𝟐 ) (𝟖.𝟔 − 𝟕.𝟗) − 𝟎 𝟎.𝟕
𝒛= 𝒛= 𝟐 𝟐
𝒛=
𝝈𝟐 𝟐 √(𝟑.𝟑) +(𝟑.𝟑) 𝟏𝟎.𝟖𝟗 𝟏𝟎.𝟖𝟗
√ 𝟏 +𝝈𝟐 𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎
√ + 𝟓𝟎
𝒏𝟏 𝒏 𝟐 𝟓𝟎

𝟎.𝟕 𝟎.𝟕 𝟎.𝟕

𝒛= 𝒛= 𝒛=
√𝟎.𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟖+𝟎.𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟖 √𝟎.𝟒𝟑𝟓𝟔 𝟎.𝟔𝟔

𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟏 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔 Test value

Step 4: Make the decision.

Since the test value, 1.06, falls in the noncritical region, the decision is not to
reject the null hypothesis as shown in figure 13.
This test is summarized in the figure below.

+ 1.28
Step 5: Summarize the results. 1.06
There is not enough evidence to support the claim that the colleges offer more
sports for male than they do for females.

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 16

SAQ-1: When should you use z test as your statistical test?

SAQ-2: What is the difference between z test for a mean, z test for a
proportion, and z test for testing the difference between two means?

Remember, we use z Test only when the population variance (σ2) or population
standard deviation (σ) is known.

You are now done with this lesson. You may now proceed to Let’s Practice section
to further improve your computation skills.

Let’s Practice 4! (Write your answer on your answer sheet.)

Direction: Read the given situation below and answer the given questions.
1. Women Science Majors. In a study of women science majors, the following
data were obtained on two groups, those who left their profession within a few
months after graduation (leavers) and those who remained in their professions
after they graduated (stayers). Test the claim that those who stayed had a higher
science grade point average than those who left. Use α = 0.05.
Leavers Stayers
̅ 𝟏 = 3.16
𝑿 ̅ 𝟐 = 3.28
𝑿
𝝈𝟏 = 0.52 𝝈𝟐 = 0.46
𝒏𝟏 = 103 𝒏𝟐 = 225
Source: Paula Rayman and Belle Brett, “Women Science Majors: What Makes a Difference in
Persistence after Graduation?” The Journal of Higher Education .

2. Per Capita Income. The average per capita income for Wisconsin is reported
to be $37,314 and for South Dakota it is $37,375 – almost the same thing. A
random sample of 50 workers from each state indicated the following sample
statistics.
Wisconsin South Dakota
Size 50 50
Mean $40,275 $38,750
Population standard deviation $10,500 $12, 500
At α = 0.05, can we conclude a difference in means of the personal incomes?
Source: New York Times Almanac.

You are now done with this lesson! But before you evaluate how much
you have learned today, let’s go back to a few key points.

REMEMBER
Key Points

 z Test is used when n ≥ 30 and that the population variance (or population
standard deviation) is known. In case the n < 30, you may still use z test provided
that the data are normally or approximately normally distributed.
 There different kinds of z Tests depending on the data to be anlayzed. Three of
the common types are:
 z test for a mean is used when we want to compare a sample mean with
̅ −𝝁
𝑿
the population mean. Formula: 𝒛 = 𝝈/√𝒏

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 17

 z test for a proportion is used when used to test a hypothesis on a specific

̂−𝒑
𝒑
value of the population proportion. Formula: 𝒛 =
√𝒑𝒒/𝒏
 z test for testing the difference between two means used when you are
comparing two sample means and where the population standard
̅ 𝟏 −𝑿
(𝑿 ̅ 𝟐 ) − (𝝁𝟏 −𝝁𝟐 )
deviation (variance) is known. Formula: 𝒛 =
𝝈𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 +𝝈𝟐
√
𝒏 𝟏 𝒏𝟐

TRY
Let’s see how much you have learned today!

Read each question carefully. Choose the best answer and write the CAPITAL
LETTER of the choice corresponding to your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Which of the following is TRUE about critical value(s)?
A. It is the range of values of the test value that indicates that there is a significant
difference and that the HO should be rejected.
B. It separates the critical region from the noncritical region.
C. It is the range of values of the test value that indicates that the difference was
probably due to chance and that the HO should be not rejected.
D. It is the maximum probability of committing a type I error.
2. What will be the z critical value for a test with the following hypotheses: Ho: μ = k
and H1: μ ≠ k, tested at α = 0.01?
A. – 2.33 B. + 2.33 C. ± 1.65 D. ± 2.58
3. Which of the following refers to the statistical test that is used when we want to
compare a sample mean with the population mean?
A. z test for a propotion C. z test for testing the difference between two means
B. z test for a mean D. z test
4. A study was conducted on the cost of rehabilitation of stroke patients at a particular
hospital. The claim of the study is that the average cost of stroke rehabilitation is
different from the the population mean ($25,411). The critical values are ± 2.58 and
the test value is – 0.15. What would be the decision given the values?
A. Reject the null hypothesis
B. Do not reject the null hypothesis
C. It is an invalid study.
D. There is enough evidence to support the claim.
̂−𝒑
𝒑
5. In the formula for z test for a proportion: 𝒛 = ̂ represents?
, what does 𝒑
√𝒑𝒒/𝒏
A. Sample proportion B. Population proportion C. Sample size D. Proportion
6. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the assumptions for testing a proportion
(z test)?
A. The sample is a random sample.
B. The conditions for a binomial experiment are satisfied.
C. np ≥ 5 and nq ≥ 5
D. The observations must be dependent of one another.

7. When should you use z test?

A. When you have a large data.
B. When the population variance or population standard deviation is known.
C. Both A and B
D. None of the given choices.
8. What is the difference between z test and t test?

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 18

A. z test is used when population variance (population standard deviation) is known

while t test is used when population variance (population standard deviation) is
unknown.
B. z test is used when population variance (population standard deviation) is
unknown while t test is used when population variance (population standard
deviation) is known.
C. z test is used when there are 3 or more groups while t test is used when you have
2 groups of data.
D. z test is used when there are 2 groups of data while t test is used when there are
3 or more groups of data.

For items 9 – 10 please refer to the situation below.

Self-Esteem Scores. Researchers collected data shown here on a self-esteem
questionnaire. At α = 0.05, can it be concluded that there is a difference in the self-
esteem scores of the two groups?
Leavers Stayers
̅ 𝟏 = 3.05
𝑿 ̅ 𝟐 = 2.96
𝑿
𝝈𝟏 = 0.75 𝝈𝟐 = 0.75
𝒏𝟏 = 103 𝒏𝟐 = 225
Source: Paula Rayman and Belle Brett, “Women Science Majors: What Makes a Difference in Persistence after
Graduation?” The Journal of Higher Education.

9. What statistical test is appropriate for this study?

A. z test for a mean C. t test
B. z test for a proportion D. z test for testing the difference between 2 means
10. What will be the alternative hypothesis for this study?
A. H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 B. H1: p ≠ 2.96 C. H1: μ > 2.96 D. H1: μ1 > μ2
Bluman, Allan G. “z Test for a Mean”. In Elementary Statistics: A Step by
Step Approach, A Brief Version, 6th ed., 411–22. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2013.
Bluman, Allan G. “z Test for a Proportion”. In Elementary Statistics: A Step
by Step Approach, A Brief Version, 6th ed., 435–22. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2013.
Bluman, Allan G. “Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Using the z
Test”. In Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, A Brief
REFERENCE/S Version, 6th ed., 468–78. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2013.
“Z-Test Basics and the Different Z-Tests.” explorable.com. Accessed April
8, 2021. https://explorable.com/z-test.
Figures:
Figure 2-6 -https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/161721/why-does-
the-p-value-double-when-using-two-tailed-test-compared-to-one-
tailed-on
Figure 7-8 - https://towardsdatascience.com/one-tailed-or-two-tailed-test-
that-is-the-question-1283387f631c
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Table E The Standard Normal Distribution (z Score Table)

Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution

For z values less than – 3.49, use 0.0001.

z Table
Find values on the left of the mean in
this negative Z score table. Table entries for
z represent the area under the bell curve to
the left of z. Negative scores in the z-table
correspond to the values which are less than
the mean.

Source: “Z Table and Z Score Calculation.” Z Score Table. Accessed April 15, 2021.
http://www.z-table.com/.

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 20

Table E The Standard Normal Distribution (z Score Table) - Continued

Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution

For z values greater than 3.49, use 0.9999.

z Table
Find values on the right of the mean in
this z-table. Table entries for z represent the
area under the bell curve to the left of z.
Positive scores in the Z-table correspond to
the values which are greater than the mean.

Source: “Z Table and Z Score Calculation.” Z Score Table. Accessed April 15, 2021.
http://www.z-table.com/.

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Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS