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9
RESEARCH III
QUARTER 3
Week 2.2

Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment

Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 1

SUBJECT & Grade 9

QUARTER 3 WEEK 2 DATE _
GRADE/LEVEL RESEARCH III DD/MM/YYYY

TOPIC Statistical Tests

1. Utilizes appropriate statistical tools in analyzing data.
LEARNING (SSP-RS9-AID-III-q-t-7)
COMPETENCIES 2. Interprets data/ statistical results. (SSP-RS9-AID-III-u-v-8)
3. Test hypothesis (SSP-RS9-AID-III-v-w-9)
IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper and don not forget to answer all SAQs.

UNDERSTAND
Statistical Tests

There are different statistical tests or tools available for you to use to
analyze your data. But the question is, which one will you use for your
study? This lesson will help you determine which statistical test is
appropriate for your study.

What is a statistical test?

Statistical tests are used in hypothesis testing. They can be used to:
 determine whether a predictor variable (independent variable) has a statistically
significant relationship with an outcome variable (dependent variable).
 estimate the difference between two or more groups.
Statistical tests are based on the null hypothesis that there is no correlation or
difference between groups. Then they determine if the observed data fall outside of the
null hypothesis's predicted range of values.

What does a statistical test do?

A test statistic is a number that describes how much the relationship between
variables in your test differs from the null hypothesis of no relationship. The P-value is
then calculated (probability value). If the null hypothesis of no relationship were true,
the p-value estimates how likely it is that you would see the difference described by the
test statistic.
You can infer a statistically significant relationship between the predictor
(independent) and outcome (dependent) variables if the test statistic's value
is more extreme than the null hypothesis's statistic. If the test statistic's
value is less extreme than the null hypothesis's, you can conclude that there
is no statistically significant relationship between the predictor
(independent) and the outcome (dependent).

When to perform a statistical test?

Statistical tests can be performed on data that has been collected in a statistically
valid manner, such as through an experiment or observations made using probability

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 2

sampling methods. Your sample size must be large enough to approximate the true
distribution of the population being studied for a statistical test to be valid.
You need to know the following to determine which statistical test to use:
 Whether your data meets certain assumptions.
 The types of variables that you’re dealing with.

What are the statistical assumptions?

Statistical tests make some common assumptions about the data they are testing:
1. Independence of observations (a.k.a. no autocorrelation): The
observations/variables you include in your test are not related (for example,
multiple measurements of a single test subject are not independent, while
measurements of multiple different test subjects are independent).
2. Homogeneity of variance: the variance within each group being compared is
similar among all groups. If one group has much more variation than others, it
will limit the test’s effectiveness.
3. Normality of data: the data follows a normal distribution (a.k.a. a bell curve).
This assumption applies only to quantitative data.

You can infer a statistically significant relationship between the

independent and dependent variables if the test statistic's value is more
extreme than the null hypothesis's statistic. If the test statistic's value is
less extreme than the null hypothesis's, you can infer that there is no
statistically significant relationship between the independent and
dependent variables.

What are the types of variables?

What type of statistical test you can use is usually determined by the types of
variables you have.
 Quantitative variables represent amounts of things (e.g. the number of trees in
a forest). Types of quantitative variables include:
 Continuous (can be Ratio or Interval Scale): represent measures and can
usually be divided into units smaller than one (e.g. 0.75 grams).
 Discrete (a.k.a integer variables): represent counts and usually can’t be
divided into units smaller than one (e.g. 1 tree).

 Categorical variables represent groupings of things (e.g. the different tree

species in a forest). Types of categorical variables include:
 Ordinal: represent data with an order (e.g. rankings).
 Nominal: represent group names (e.g. brands or species names).
 Binary: represent data with a yes/no or 1/0 outcome (e.g. win or lose).

Select a test that is appropriate for the types of predictor and outcome
variables you have gathered. Since you are doing an experiment, these are
the independent and dependent variables.

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 3

You can use the given tables below to help you determine which statistical test best
matches your variables.

What is a parametric test?

Parametric tests usually have stricter requirements than nonparametric tests, and
are able to make stronger inferences from the data. They can only be conducted with
data that adheres to the common assumptions of statistical tests.

The most common types of parametric test include regression tests, comparison
tests, and correlation tests.

Regression tests
Regression tests are used to test cause-and-effect relationships. They look for
the effect of one or more continuous variables on another variable.
Predictor variable Outcome variable
Statistical Sample research
(Independent (Dependent
Test question
variable) variable)
Simple linear  Continuous  Continuous What is the effect of
regression  1 IV*  1 DV** income on longevity?
 Continuous  Continuous What is the effect of
Multiple
 2 or more IVs  1 DV income and minutes of
linear
exercise per day on
regression
longevity?
 Continuous  Binary What is the effect of
Logistic drug dosage on the
regression survival of a test
subject?
*IV refers to Independent Variable **DV refers to Dependent Variable

Comparison tests
Comparison tests look for differences among group means. They can be used
to test the effect of a categorical variable on the mean value of some other
characteristic.
t tests are used when comparing the means of precisely two groups (e.g. the
average heights of men and women). ANOVA and MANOVA tests are used when
comparing the means of more than two groups (e.g. the average heights of children,
teenagers, and adults).
Predictor variable Outcome variable
Statistical Sample research
(Independent (Dependent
Test question
variable) variable)
 Categorical  Quantitative What is the effect of two
Paired t-test  1 IV*  Groups come different test prep
(t test for from the same programs on the
dependent population average exam scores for
samples) students from the same
class?

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 4

Independent  Categorical  Quantitative What is the difference in

t-test (t test  1 IV*  Groups come average exam scores for
for from the different students from two
independent populations different schools?
samples)
 Categorical  Quantitative What is the difference in
ANOVA  1 or more IVs  1 DV** average pain levels
(Analysis of among post-surgical
Variance) patients given three
different painkillers?
MANOVA  Categorical  Quantitative What is the effect of
(Multivariate  1 or more IVs  2 or more DVs flower species on petal
Analysis of length, petal width, and
Variance) stem length?
*IV refers to Independent Variable **DV refers to Dependent Variable

Correlation tests
Correlation tests check whether two variables are related without assuming
cause-and-effect relationships.

These can be used to test whether two variables you want to use in (for example)
a multiple regression test are autocorrelated.
Predictor variable Outcome variable
Statistical Sample research
(Independent (Dependent
Test question
variable) variable)
How are latitude and
Pearson’s r Continuous Continuous
temperature related?

What is a nonparametric test?

Non-parametric tests don’t make as many assumptions about the data, and are
useful when one or more of the common statistical assumptions are violated. However,
the inferences they make aren’t as strong as with parametric tests.
Predictor variable Outcome variable
Statistical
(Independent (Dependent Use in place of
Test
variable) variable)
Spearman’s r  Quantitative  Quantitative Pearson’s r
Chi square of  Categorical  Categorical Pearson’s r
independence
Sign Test  Categorical  Quantitative One sample t test
 Categorical  Quantitative
Kruskal–
 3 or more IVs or ANOVA
Wallis H
groups
 Categorical  Quantitative
ANOSIM  3 or more IVs or  2 or more DVs MANOVA
groups

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 5

 Categorical  Quantitative
Wilcoxon
 2 IVs or groups  Groups come
Rank-Sum Independent t test
from different
test
populations
 Categorical  Quantitative
Wilcoxon
 2 IVs or groups  Groups come
Signed-rank Paired t test
from the same
test
population

Here is a flowchart to help you choose among parametric tests. For

nonparametric alternatives, please check the table above.

Figure 1 Choosing a statistical test.

SAQ-1: What will help you determine the appropriate statistical test for your
study? Explain briefly.
SAQ-2: Why is it important to use appropriate statistical test for your study?

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 6

You are done with this lesson. You may now proceed to Let’s Practice
section.

Let’s Practice! (Write your answer on your answer sheet.)

Direction: Read the given situation below and answer the given questions.
Proponents: Students of Megan Dehning’s class, Innovations Public Charter School
(HI-SEES, 2011-2012)
Title: “A Comparison of the Abundance and Diversity of Fish Species at Kahalu’u Bay”
Research Question:
Is there a difference in the abundance and diversity of fish close to shore and further from
shore at Kahalu’u Bay?
Hypothesis:
We think there will be more fish species in the water farther from shore because there is less
human activity and more coral, providing a greater food source.
Procedure:
The materials were collected and were split into two groups. A 50 meter transect line was
laid down in water that is close to shore and in water a further distance from shore. Being
careful not to hurt the coral reef while doing this. Give the fish a minute or two to get used to
the transect line. All the fish that are within 3 feet of the transect line were counted by putting
a tally mark next to that species on the data sheet. these steps were repeated until everyone
in the group has collected data. After all the data were collected, the transect line was
carefully picked up.

Results:

Conclusion:
Our hypothesis regarding the total number of fish observed in waters farther from shore
versus closer to shore was supported because 54.2% of all fish surveyed were found in
waters further from shore.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What type of research question is the example asking (e.g., descriptive, measuring
associations, measuring differences)?
2. Can you identify all of the variables measured by the research project?
3. How many variables are there? Is there a distinction between the independent
variable(s) (IV) and the dependent variable(s) (DV)?
4. What type of data is the measurement collecting (e.g., ordinal, nominal, interval)?
5. Using the available resources, can you determine what type of statistical analysis
to apply?

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 7

You will learn more about each statistical tests as we go through the
quarter. For now, you are done with this lesson. But before you
evaluate how much you have learned today, let’s go back to a few key
points.

REMEMBER
Key Points

 Statistical tests are used in hypothesis testing to help the researchers analyze
and interpret the data collected.
 To help you determine which statistical test to use for your study, you need to
know (1) whether your data meets certain assumptions and (2) the type of
variables that you have (nature of your independent and dependent variables).
 Parametric statistical procedures rely on assumptions about the shape of the
underlying population's distribution as well as the shape or parameters of the
assumed distribution. Nonparametric statistical methods make no or few
assumptions about the shape or parameters of the population distribution from
which the sample was taken.
 Parametric tests includes simple linear regression, multiple linear regression,
logistic regression, Pearson’s r, paired t test, independent t test, ANOVA, and
MANOVA.
 Nonparametric tests includes Chi square for independent sample, Spearman’s
r, Sign test, Kruskal–Wallis H, ANOSIM, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, and Wilcoxon
Sign-Sum test.

TRY
Let’s see how much you have learned today!

Read each question carefully. Choose the best answer and write the CAPITAL
LETTER of the choice corresponding to your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about statistical tests?
A. It is an estimate of the difference between two or more groups.
B. It determine whether the independent variable has a statistical signifincant
relationship with the dependent variable.
C. Statistical tests are solely based on the alternative hypothesis.
D. It determines if the observed data fall outside of the null hypothesis’s predicted
range of values.
2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the common assumptions about the data
when doing a statistical test?
A. The observations you include in your test are not related.
B. The data follows a normal distribution.
C. The variance within each group being compared is similar among all groups.
D. It is only used when the researcher is only interested in conitnuous type of data.
3. A sample of people where grouped into an omnivore, vegetarian, vegan, or fruitarian.
What type of data is the given grouping?
A. Continuous B. Nominal C. Ordinal D. Ratio
4. Which of the following refers to the type of variable which represent groupings of
things?
A. Quantitative B. Continuous C. Categorical D. Discrete

Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS
 8

5. What statistical test is appropriate for the given research question: “What is the effect
of two different feeding management system on the weight of 45 days old chicken?”
A. Paired t test B. Independent t test C. MANOVA D. z test
6. Using figure 1 as a basis, what it the appropriate statistical test for a study with a
categorical type of independent variable and a quantitative type of dependent
variable; and where you compare the means of the groups with one dependent
variable (outcome variable)?
A. Chi square B. t test C. ANOVA D. ANOVA
7. What would be the alternative statistical test for ANOVA when you use a
nonparametric test?
A. ANOSIM C. Spearman’s r
B. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test D. Kruskal–Wallis H
8. What is the appropriate statistical test for a study that would use a nonparametric
test which has two or more independent variables that are categorical in nature, has
a continuous type of dependent variable and where groups come from the same
population?
A. Wilcoxon Signed-rank test C. Spearman’s r
B. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test D. Kruskal–Wallis H
9. Which of the following statistical tests is appropriate for this research question: “How
are the number of cars a company owns and its revenue related?
A. ANOVA B. Independent t test C. Pearson’s r D. Paired t test
10. For study which will use a parametric test with 2 independent variables (categorical
type in nature) and 1 quantitative dependent variable, what is the appropriate
statistical to analyze the data collected from this study?
A. ANOVA B. Simple linear regression C. MANOVA D. Pearson’s r
Bevans, Rebecca. “Statistical Tests: Which One Should You Use?,”
December 28, 2020.
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/statistical-tests/.
REFERENCE
Figure:
Figure 1- https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/statistical-tests/

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Prepared by: RIZZA EARL VEVERLY T. ANGELES, SST-III

Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School - JHS