Transmission Electron Microscopy

Chapter 3
Elastic Scattering of Electrons

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Transmission Electron Microscopy

Chapter 3
Elastic Scattering of Electrons

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 Outline

• Scattering of Electrons

• Scattering from Isolated Atom

Atomic-Scattering Factor f( )

• Scattering from a Crystal

Structure Factor F( )

• Plane and Direction

• Selection Rule

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 The Interactions of Electrons and Matters

• Elastically Scattered Electron

1. Coherent ( electrons are in phase)
Bragg diffracted electrons
Selected area electron
diffraction (SAED)
Bright-field TEM image
Dark-field TEM image
Two beam condition
Weak beam
Phase contrast imaging (HRTEM)
objectiveaperurefullyopen
2. Incoherent
Mass-thickness contrast imaging
Z-contrast imaging (HAADF STEM)
Backscattered electrons
High-angle annular dark- field (HAADF) imaging
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 Angles in TEM

• The angle of incidence :

The angle that electrons
incident onto the specimen.

• The scattering angle ( ): The

angular range that electrons
scattered.

• The angle of collection :

The fraction of the scattered
electrons collected by
apertures or detectors.

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 Scattering of Electrons

Electrons are scattered mainly in the forward direction

Z: 29 Z: 79

• Monte Carlo simulation of the paths followed by electrons as

they pass through thin foil.

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 Scattering of Electrons
diffraction beharior
• Elastic scattering is usually
θ< 100 coherent, if the specimen is thin
and crystalline.

• Elastic scattering usually occurs < 5o

at relatively low angles (1–10o),
i.e., it is strongly peaked in the
forward direction.

• At higher angles (>10o) elastic

scattering becomes more
incoherent.
can ' t seediffraction behavior

• Inelastic scattering is almost : Scattering Angle

θ> 100 always incoherent and is a very
: Solid Angle
larger angle scattering behavior.

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 Scattering from Isolated Atom

• The elastic scattering from an isolated atom involves Coulomb forces.

• The electron may interact with the

electron cloud, resulting in a small
angular deviation.
• If the electron penetrates the
electron cloud and approaches the
nucleus, it will be strongly attracted
and may be scattered through a
larger angle, in rare cases, it can
approach 180o.
• Elastic electron-electron interactions
usually result in a relatively low
scattering angle, while electron-
nucleus interactions cause higher-
angle scattering.
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Scattering from Isolated Atom

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 → # of
scatteringee

Scattering
angle

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山
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 The Atomic-Scattering Factor

Elastic Electron-Cloud Scattering

1+
=
8 sin 2

Elastic Nuclear Scattering

:
:
:

• is a measure of the amplitude

of an electron wave scattered from
an isolated atom. • decreases as increases.
• decreases as decreases.
• is proportional to the • increases with Z for any
scattered intensity. value of .

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 Interference pattern
Double slit

Real space Diffraction space

Reciprocal space

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 Potnetial Position

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 Real space
Reciprocal space

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 Scattering from a Crystal
Structure Factor F( )

fi is the fourier transfer of the potential

energy Ui at the ni th atom.
ri is the of victors of the ni th
atom at real space.

H is the reciprocal lattice

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 Scattering form a Crystal
• Scattering from an atom • Scattering from a Crystal

Incident Incident Scattered

Beam Beam Beam

Scattered
Beam

-scattering Factor

1+
= =
8 sin
2

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 Structure Factor

The scattering from i atom

The position of the i atom

=
=( , , )

The specific crystal plane =

=( )

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 Scattering form a Plane of Atoms
When discussing the scattering of electrons in the atomic planes or crystal, it is
appropriate to use “diffraction” instead of “scattering”.

1
= = =

kI

sin = 2

kD
or

2 sin
=

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Scattering from Two Points

• The path difference of R1 and R2 is

AC + CD = sin

• If equals the Bragg angle,

2 sin
= sin and =

• If 1, 2 sin = =

= =

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 Meaning of n in Bragg’s Law

• P1, P2 and P3 will scatter in

g 2g 3g phase when
-g

2 sin = = =2
2
G: The diffracted beam
• The diffraction from a set of
g: the vector from O to G plane with spacing ,
O: The direct beam
sin =

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 Real Space and Reciprocal Space

Bragg Condition
2 sin
= = =
Crystal

Real Space Reciprocal Space

• The lattice represents the • The points in the lattice are
arrangements of the unit associated with particular
cells of atoms in the crystal. sets of planes in the crystal.

+
Basis Real Lattice Reciprocal Lattice
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 Structure Factor

F( ) F( )

Amorphous Specimen Crystalline Specimen

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 Crystal System

• The determination of allowed reflections of crystals is discussed

under unit-cell basis.

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 Crystal System

• Bravais Lattice

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 Miller Indices

• Miller indices are vector representations for the orientation of an

atomic plane in a crystal lattice.

1. Determination of the intercepts of the

plane.

2. Taking the reciprocals of the intercepts.

hkl) = (1/1 1/1 1/ ) = (110)

3. Finding the smallest integer of the

indices.

, , and are the translational vectors of the unit cell

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 Miller Indices

, , and are the translational vectors of the unit cell

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 Miller Indices

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 Miller Indices

(230)
(111)

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 Directions in the Crystal

1. Determination of vector length projection

in 3 in units of a, b, and c.
Lengths of projection are 1a, 1/2 b and 0c.

2. Find the smallest integer of the indices

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 Direction and Plane

• The direction is normal to the crystal plane with same indices in

the cubic crystal.

(111)

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 Selection Rule

• Selection rule is introduced to predict or determine which

reflection is allowed for specific crystal structure.

• The amplitude of the scattered beam from a unit cell is

Structure
= ( ) Factor (F)

• is the vector which defines • = , in perfect crystal,

the location of each atom
within the unit cell. = + +
( ) can be referred to the
= + +
crystal plane of materials.
, , are the translational vector
of the unit cell in the real space , , are the translational vector
of the unit cell in the reciprocal space

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 Selection Rule for SC

• One atom is in the unit cell of SC

crystal,

• The structure factor of SC is

= =
Simple Cubic
for any h, k, l value

• The reflection from every plane in SC can be appeared in

the DP.

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 Selection Rule for BCC

• Two atoms are in the unit cell of

BCC crystal,

• The structure factor of BCC is

( z 1
n

}
k
2
f{ iO
e2π e + +
=
[ +
\ \

= 1+ ( ) Body-Centered Cubic

= 2 , if + + is even. (100)
X (101) (111)
X (200)
= 0, if + + is odd. (210)
X (211) (221)
X (222)
πi 四
π四 Miseven → e =
1
e πi四
曲 is odd → e = -

1
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「
 Selection Rule for FCC

• Four atoms are in the unit cell of

FCC crystal,

r 0 0

• The structure factor of FCC is

( ) ( ) ( ) Face-Centered Cubic
= 1+ + +

= 4 , if , , are all even

or odd. (200) (111) (220) (311) (222)
= 0, if , , is X (121)
even (240) (311) (120) X (123)X
and odd.

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 Selection Rule for HCP

• We can view HCP as a simple

rhombohedral cell with a two-
atom basis,

• The structure factor of HCP is

( ) Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystal

= 1+

= 0, if + = and is odd.
0, others

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 Summary_Selection Rule

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFFU39A3fPY

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 Any Questions?

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