"KPK: Habibie Builds the Foundation for Eradicating Corruption in Indonesia"

Abstract
This article aims to review the important role of the third president of the Republic of Indonesia,
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, in starting the anti-corruption movement in Indonesia. This article quotes
the statement of the Spokesperson for the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) Febri Diansyah,
who said that Habibie was a figure who laid the foundation for eradicating corruption in Indonesia by
issuing two important laws, namely Law Number 28 of 1999 concerning the Implementation of a Clean
State. Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism; and Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of
Corruption Crimes. This second law provides the legal basis and instruments to ensnare perpetrators of
corruption in Indonesia. This article also states that Habibie respected press freedom, granted regional
autonomy, pardoned political vigilantes, and held democratic elections. All of these steps are
considered part of the reforms that will bring Indonesia into a new era. This article closes by
appreciating Habibie's contribution in bringing Indonesia into an era of reform and hopes that his
successor can continue Habibie's struggle against corruption in Indonesia.
Keyword: Habibie, Corruption, Collusion, Nepotism, Law, Indonesia.

“KPK: Habibie Membangun Fondasi Pemberantasan Korupsi di Indonesia”

Abstrak
Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengulas peran penting presiden ketiga Republik Indonesia, Bacharuddin
Jusuf Habibie, dalam memulai gerakan anti korupsi di Indonesia. Artikel ini mengutip pernyataan Juru
Bicara Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) Febri Diansyah, yang mengatakan bahwa Habibie adalah
tokoh yang meletakkan fondasi pemberantasan korupsi di Indonesia dengan mengeluarkan dua undang-
undang penting, yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Negara yang
Bersih dari Korupsi, Kolusi, dan Nepotisme; dan Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang
Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Kedua undang-undang ini memberikan landasan hukum dan
instrumen untuk menjerat para pelaku korupsi di Indonesia. Artikel ini juga menyebutkan bahwa
Habibie menghormati kebebasan pers, memberikan otonomi daerah, mengampuni para tahanan politik,
dan menyelenggarakan pemilihan umum yang demokratis. Semua langkah ini dianggap sebagai bagian
dari reformasi yang membawa Indonesia ke era baru. Artikel ini menutup dengan mengapresiasi
kontribusi Habibie dalam membawa Indonesia ke era reformasi dan mengharapkan agar penerusnya
dapat melanjutkan perjuangan Habibie dalam memberantas korupsi di Indonesia.
Kata kunci: Habibie, Korupsi, Kolusi, Nepotisme, Undang-Undang, Indonesia.

Summary
This article examines Habibie's role in starting the anti-corruption movement in Indonesia by issuing
two important laws and carrying out political reforms. This article also criticizes the RKUHP which is
considered to weaken the eradication of corruption in Indonesia.

Rangkuman
Artikel ini mengulas peran Habibie dalam memulai gerakan anti korupsi di Indonesia dengan
mengeluarkan dua undang-undang penting dan melakukan reformasi politik. Artikel ini juga
mengkritik RKUHP yang dinilai akan melemahkan pemberantasan korupsi di Indonesia.
 Abandonment: the act of giving up a legal right, claim, or interest, such as a property or a child. For example, a tenant who
moves out of a rented apartment without notice or payment may be accused of abandonment by the landlord.
 Abolish: to put an end to something, such as a law, a system, or an institution. For example, slavery was abolished in the
United States by the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865.
 Abridge: to shorten or reduce something, such as a book, a speech, or a right. For example, the First Amendment of the U.S.
Constitution prohibits Congress from making any law that abridges the freedom of speech, press, or assembly.
 Accessory: a person who helps or encourages another person to commit a crime, but who is not present at the time of the
crime. For example, a person who provides a getaway car for a bank robber is an accessory to the robbery.
 Accomplice: a person who participates in the commission of a crime, either as a principal or as an accessory. For example, a
person who holds a gun to a cashier while another person takes the money is an accomplice to the robbery.
 Accord: an agreement between two or more parties to settle a dispute or a claim. For example, a creditor may accept a lesser
amount of money from a debtor as an accord to discharge the debt.
 Accused: a person who is charged with a crime or a civil wrong. For example, a person who is arrested for murder is the
accused in a criminal case.
 Acquisition: the act of obtaining or gaining possession of something, such as a property, a company, or a right. For example,
a company may acquire another company by buying its shares or assets.
 Acquittal: a legal judgment or verdict that declares a person not guilty of a crime or a charge. For example, a jury may acquit
a defendant of murder if they find that there is not enough evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
 Action: a legal proceeding or a lawsuit brought by one party against another in a court of law. For example, a person who is
injured by a defective product may file an action against the manufacturer for damages.

 Bail: the money or bond put up to secure the release of a person who has been charged with a crime 1.
 Bail bond: a bond provided by an insurance company through a bail bondsman acting as agent for the company, to secure the
release from jail of an accused defendant pending trial2.
 Bad faith: intentional dishonest act by not fulfilling legal or contractual obligations, misleading another, entering into an
agreement without the intention or means to fulfill it, or violating basic standards of honesty in dealing with others 2.
 Bad debt: an uncollectible debt. The problem is to determine when a debt is realistically dead, which means there must be
some evidence of uncollectibility or a lengthy passage of time2.
 Best evidence: the original of a document or other item of evidence, as opposed to a copy or reproduction 3.
 Best evidence rule: a rule of evidence that requires the original of a document or other item of evidence to be produced in
court, unless it is shown to be unavailable for a valid reason3.
 Best interests of the child: a standard used by courts in deciding custody and visitation issues, based on what is most
beneficial for the child’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being3.
 Bestiality: the crime of engaging in sexual intercourse or other sexual acts with an animal 3.
 Beta (beta coefficient): a measure of the volatility or risk of a stock or a portfolio in relation to the market as a whole. A beta
of 1 means that the stock or portfolio moves in sync with the market, a beta of more than 1 means that the stock or portfolio
is more volatile than the market, and a beta of less than 1 means that the stock or portfolio is less volatile than the market 3.
 Beyond a reasonable doubt: the standard of proof required in criminal cases, which means that the evidence presented by
the prosecution must be so convincing that no reasonable person would doubt the guilt of the accused 3.

 Causation: the act or process of causing something to happen or exist, or the relationship between a cause and its effect. For
example, in a negligence case, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant’s breach of duty was the causation of the plaintiff’s
injury.
 Certiorari: a writ or order by which a higher court reviews a decision of a lower court. For example, the U.S. Supreme Court
may grant certiorari to review a case from a federal or state appellate court.
 Chattel: an item of personal property, such as a car, a piece of furniture, or a livestock animal. For example, a farmer may
own several chattels, such as cows, pigs, and chickens.
 Civil law: the branch of law that deals with disputes between private parties, such as individuals, corporations, or
organizations. Civil law covers matters such as contracts, torts, property, family, and human rights. For example, a civil law
case may involve a breach of contract, a personal injury, or a divorce.
 Class action: a lawsuit in which one or more plaintiffs sue on behalf of a large group of people who have a common interest
or claim. For example, a class action may be filed by consumers who bought a defective product, by employees who suffered
discrimination, or by shareholders who were defrauded.
 Clear and convincing evidence: a standard of proof that requires the evidence to be highly and substantially more likely to
be true than not. For example, clear and convincing evidence may be required to terminate parental rights, to prove fraud, or
to obtain a restraining order.
 Common law: the body of law that is derived from judicial decisions, rather than from statutes or constitutions. Common
law is based on the principle of stare decisis, which means that courts must follow the precedents set by previous courts. For
example, common law governs areas such as contracts, torts, and property in many countries, especially those that were
influenced by the English legal system.
 Consideration: something of value given or promised by one party to another in exchange for a contract. Consideration may
be money, goods, services, or a promise to do or not to do something. For example, a consideration for a sale contract may be
the payment of the price by the buyer and the delivery of the goods by the seller.
 Constitution: the fundamental law of a nation or a state that establishes the structure, powers, and limits of the government
and the rights and duties of the citizens. For example, the U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the United States and
consists of a preamble, seven articles, and 27 amendments.
 Contract: a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations for each party. A
contract may be written, oral, or implied by the conduct of the parties. For example, a contract may be formed when a buyer
offers to buy a car from a seller, and the seller accepts the offer.

 Damages: the money awarded by a court to a person who has suffered loss or injury because of the act or omission of
another.
 Defamation: the act of harming the reputation of another by making a false statement to a third person. Defamation can be
either libel (written or published) or slander (spoken or oral).
 Defendant: the person against whom a lawsuit is brought or a criminal charge is filed.
 Defense: the argument or evidence presented by a party to show why they should not be held liable for a claim or a charge.
 Default: the failure to perform a legal or contractual obligation, such as paying a debt or appearing in court.
 Delegation: the act of transferring a duty, power, or authority to another person or entity.
 Discovery: the process of obtaining information from the opposing party or from witnesses prior to trial. Discovery can
include depositions, interrogatories, requests for admissions, requests for production of documents, and subpoenas.
 Dissent: the disagreement of one or more judges with the decision of the majority of the court. A dissenting opinion is a
written statement explaining the reasons for the dissent.
 Due process: the principle that the government must respect the legal rights of a person before depriving them of life, liberty,
or property. Due process can be either procedural (requiring fair and impartial procedures) or substantive (requiring a valid
and reasonable basis for the government action).
 Duty: a legal obligation or responsibility that one owes to another or to society. For example, a driver has a duty to drive with
reasonable care and avoid injuring others.

 Easement: the right to use the real property of another for a specific purpose, such as access, utility lines, or drainage 1.
 Emancipation: the legal process by which a minor becomes free from the control and authority of their parents or guardians 2.
 Eminent domain: the power of the government to take private property for public use, with just compensation to the owner 3.
 En banc: a French term meaning “in the bench,” used to refer to a session of an appellate court in which all the judges
participate, instead of a smaller panel.
 Entrapment: a defense to a criminal charge that claims that the defendant was induced by a law enforcement agent to
commit a crime that they would not have otherwise committed.
 Equity: the branch of law that deals with fairness and justice, as opposed to strict legal rules. Equity can also refer to the
value of a property after deducting any debts or liabilities.
 Estoppel: a legal principle that prevents a person from asserting or denying something in court that contradicts what they
have already said or done, or what has been legally established as true.
 Evidence: any type of proof presented in court to support or refute a claim or a charge. Evidence can include testimony,
documents, photographs, objects, or scientific tests.
 Ex parte: a Latin term meaning “from one party,” used to describe a proceeding or an order that is made by or for one party
without notice or participation of the other party.
 Extradition: the process of transferring a person who is accused or convicted of a crime from one state or country to another
that has jurisdiction over the crime.

 Fiduciary: a person or entity that has a duty to act in good faith and with loyalty and care for the benefit of another, such as a
trustee, an agent, or an executor1.
 Foreclosure: the legal process by which a lender takes possession of a mortgaged property and sells it to recover the loan
amount, when the borrower fails to make the required payments2.
 Forgery: the crime of making or altering a document, signature, or other object with the intent to deceive or defraud 3.
 Fraud: the intentional misrepresentation or concealment of a material fact to induce another to act to their detriment, such as
by entering into a contract or transferring property.
 Free speech: the right to express one’s opinions, beliefs, or ideas without fear of censorship or retaliation by the government
or others. Free speech is protected by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and similar provisions in other countries.
 Frivolous: lacking any legal merit or basis, or intended to harass or delay. A frivolous lawsuit, claim, or defense may be
dismissed by the court and subject to sanctions or penalties.
 Fugitive: a person who flees or escapes from the jurisdiction of a court, law enforcement, or other authority, especially to
avoid arrest, prosecution, or imprisonment.
 Furlough: a temporary leave of absence from work, usually without pay, granted by an employer for economic reasons or as
an alternative to layoffs.
 Future interest: a right or claim to a property or an asset that will take effect or become possessory at a future time or upon
the occurrence of a certain event, such as the death of a current owner or the reaching of a certain age by a beneficiary.
 Felony: a serious crime that is punishable by more than one year of imprisonment or death. Examples of felonies include
murder, rape, robbery, and arson.

 Garnishment: a legal process by which a creditor obtains a court order to seize a portion of a debtor’s income or assets to
satisfy a debt1.
 Good faith: honesty, fairness, and sincerity in one’s dealings with others, especially in contract law 2.
 Grand jury: a group of citizens selected to hear evidence presented by a prosecutor and determine whether there is probable
cause to issue an indictment against a suspect in a criminal case 3.
 Grantor: a person who transfers property or a right to another, such as the seller of real estate or the creator of a trust 4.
 Guardian: a person appointed by a court to protect and manage the personal care or financial affairs of a minor or an
incapacitated person.
 Guaranty: a promise made by one party (the guarantor) to pay or perform the obligation of another party (the principal) in
case of default.
 Guilty: the state or condition of having committed a crime or a civil wrong, as determined by a verdict, a plea, or an
admission.
 Guilty plea: a formal statement by a defendant in a criminal case admitting that they committed the crime charged, usually in
exchange for a reduced sentence or a dismissal of other charges.
 Habeas corpus: a Latin term meaning “you have the body,” used to describe a writ or order that commands a person or
authority holding another in custody to produce the prisoner and justify the detention.
 Hearsay: an out-of-court statement offered as evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted, such as a witness’s
testimony about what someone else said or wrote. Hearsay is generally inadmissible unless it falls under one of the
exceptions or exemptions to the hearsay rule.

 Habeas corpus: a writ or order that commands a person or authority holding another in custody to produce the prisoner and
justify the detention1.
 Hearsay: an out-of-court statement offered as evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted, such as a witness’s
testimony about what someone else said or wrote. Hearsay is generally inadmissible unless it falls under one of the
exceptions or exemptions to the hearsay rule2.
 Homicide: the killing of one human being by another, either lawfully or unlawfully. Homicide can be classified as murder,
manslaughter, or justifiable homicide depending on the circumstances and the intent of the killer 3.
 Hostile witness: a witness who is adverse to the party who called them to testify or who is uncooperative or dishonest during
the examination4.
 Hung jury: a jury that is unable to reach a unanimous verdict after a reasonable period of deliberation. A hung jury results in
a mistrial and may require a new trial with a different jury.
 Hypothecation: the act of pledging property as security for a debt without transferring the title or possession to the creditor.
 Harmless error: an error by a judge or a lawyer that does not affect the outcome or the rights of the parties in a trial and
therefore does not warrant a reversal or a new trial on appeal.
 Harassment: the act of subjecting another person to unwanted, abusive, or annoying behavior that interferes with their rights,
privacy, or well-being. Harassment can be based on factors such as race, sex, religion, disability, or sexual orientation and
can take various forms, such as stalking, cyberbullying, or sexual harassment.
 Hold harmless: a clause in a contract or an agreement that relieves one party from liability for any damages or losses
suffered by the other party as a result of the performance or nonperformance of the contract or agreement.
 Holographic will: a will that is entirely handwritten and signed by the testator, without any witnesses. A holographic will is
valid in some states if it meets certain requirements, such as being dated and expressing the testator’s intent to dispose of
their property after death.

 Immunity: the exemption or protection from legal action, liability, penalty, or prosecution granted by law or authority to a
person or a group. For example, a witness may be granted immunity from prosecution in exchange for their testimony in a
criminal case.
 Impeachment: the process of charging a public official, such as the president or a judge, with misconduct or abuse of power
and bringing them to trial before a legislative body. For example, the U.S. House of Representatives may impeach a federal
official by a majority vote, and the U.S. Senate may convict and remove the official by a two-thirds vote.
 Inadmissible: not allowed or accepted as evidence in a court of law, usually because it is irrelevant, unreliable, prejudicial,
or obtained illegally. For example, a confession obtained by coercion or torture is inadmissible in a criminal trial.
 Incapacity: the lack of legal ability or qualification to do something, such as to make a contract, to execute a will, or to
consent to a medical treatment. Incapacity may be due to various factors, such as age, mental illness, intoxication, or
disability.
 Incorporation: the act or process of forming a legal entity, such as a corporation, that is separate and distinct from its owners
or members. Incorporation provides certain benefits and protections, such as limited liability, perpetual existence, and tax
advantages.
 Indemnity: the obligation or duty of one party to compensate another party for a loss or damage that they have suffered or
may suffer in the future. For example, an insurance policy is a contract of indemnity, in which the insurer agrees to pay the
insured for any covered losses.
 Injunction: a court order that commands or prohibits a person or a group from doing a certain act, usually to prevent harm or
to preserve the status quo. For example, a court may issue an injunction to stop a strike, to prevent a pollution, or to protect a
trade secret.
 Insolvency: the condition of being unable to pay one’s debts as they become due or having liabilities that exceed one’s
assets. Insolvency may lead to bankruptcy, liquidation, or reorganization.
 Interrogatory: a written question or a set of questions that one party in a lawsuit sends to another party to obtain information
or facts relevant to the case. Interrogatories are a form of discovery and must be answered under oath within a specified time
limit.
 Intestate: the state or condition of dying without a valid will. Intestate succession is the process of distributing the property
of a person who died intestate according to the laws of the state where they resided.

 Joint tenancy: a form of co-ownership of property in which two or more persons have equal shares and rights to the
property, and the survivor among them automatically inherits the property upon the death of another 1.
 Judgment: the official and final decision of a court in a lawsuit, which determines the rights and obligations of the parties
involved2.
 Jurisdiction: the authority or power of a court to hear and decide a case, which depends on the subject matter, the parties,
and the location of the event or transaction involved3.
 Jury: a group of citizens selected and sworn to hear the evidence in a trial and render a verdict based on the facts and the law.
 Justice: the fair and impartial administration of law, or the quality of being just, right, or fair.
 Juvenile: a person who is under the age of legal adulthood, usually 18 or 21, depending on the state or country. Juvenile law
is the branch of law that deals with the rights and obligations of minors and the procedures for handling juvenile offenders.
 Jus cogens: a Latin term meaning “compelling law,” used to describe a principle of international law that is so fundamental
and universally accepted that no nation can violate or opt out of it. For example, genocide, slavery, and torture are considered
jus cogens violations.
 Jus soli: a Latin term meaning “right of the soil,” used to describe the principle of citizenship by birthplace, regardless of the
parents’ nationality or status. For example, the U.S. follows the jus soli rule, which grants citizenship to anyone born on U.S.
soil.
 Jus sanguinis: a Latin term meaning “right of blood,” used to describe the principle of citizenship by descent, based on the
parents’ nationality or status. For example, many European countries follow the jus sanguinis rule, which grants citizenship
to children of their citizens, regardless of where they are born.
 Jurisprudence: the science or philosophy of law, or the study of the principles and theories behind the application and
interpretation of law.

 Kangaroo court: a mock court or a court that does not follow the proper rules of law and justice, often used to oppress or
ridicule someone.
 Kaplowitz doctrine: a legal principle that allows a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant who
has committed a tortious act within the state, even if the defendant did not intend to cause harm in the state.
 Keogh plan: a type of retirement plan for self-employed individuals or unincorporated businesses, which allows them to
make tax-deductible contributions and defer taxes on earnings until withdrawal.
 Kickback: an illegal payment or benefit given to someone in exchange for a favor, such as a referral, a contract, or a
purchase.
 Kinship care: the placement of a child in the custody of a relative or a close friend, rather than in foster care or adoption,
when the child’s parents are unable or unwilling to care for the child.
 Knock-for-knock agreement: an agreement between two or more insurers to waive their rights of subrogation against each
other in the event of a claim involving their insured parties, regardless of who is at fault.
 Know your customer (KYC): a set of rules and procedures that financial institutions and other businesses must follow to
verify the identity and suitability of their customers, as well as to prevent money laundering, fraud, and terrorism financing.
 Korematsu v. United States: a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in 1944, which upheld the constitutionality of the
internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, based on the government’s claim of military necessity.
 Ku Klux Klan Act: a federal law enacted in 1871, which authorized the president to use military force and suspend the writ
of habeas corpus to protect the civil rights of African Americans from the violence and intimidation of the Ku Klux Klan and
other white supremacist groups.
 Kyoto Protocol: an international treaty adopted in 1997, which commits its parties to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
in order to combat global warming and climate change.

 Laches: the legal doctrine that a legal right or claim will not be enforced or allowed if a long delay in asserting the right or
claim has prejudiced the adverse party (hurt the opponent) as a sort of “legal ambush.”
 Landlord: a person who owns real property and rents or leases it to another, called a “tenant.”
 Lien: the right or claim of a creditor to hold or sell the property of a debtor as security or payment for a debt.
 Litigation: the process of bringing or defending a lawsuit in a court of law.
 Locus standi: a Latin term meaning “place of standing,” used to describe the right or capacity of a party to bring a lawsuit or
to appear in a court.
 Lunacy: the state or condition of being legally insane or mentally incompetent.
 Larceny: the crime of unlawfully taking and carrying away the personal property of another with the intent to deprive the
owner of it permanently.
 Libel: the act of harming the reputation of another by making a false written or published statement to a third person.
 License: the permission or authority granted by law or agreement to do something that would otherwise be illegal or
prohibited, such as to practice a profession, to operate a vehicle, or to enter a premises.
 Legislation: the act or process of making or enacting laws, usually by a legislative body such as a parliament or a congress.

 Malpractice: the negligence or misconduct of a professional, such as a doctor, lawyer, or accountant, that results in injury or
damage to a client or patient.
 Mandamus: a writ or order issued by a court to compel a public official or a lower court to perform a duty that they are
legally obligated to do.
 Manslaughter: the unlawful killing of another person without malice or premeditation, either voluntarily (upon a sudden
impulse) or involuntarily (during the commission of an unlawful act or a lawful act without due caution).
 Marital property: the property acquired by either or both spouses during their marriage, which is subject to division upon
divorce or death, unless there is a valid agreement to the contrary.
 Mediation: a method of alternative dispute resolution in which a neutral third party (the mediator) helps the parties to a
dispute reach a voluntary settlement by facilitating communication and negotiation.
 Mens rea: a Latin term meaning “guilty mind,” used to describe the mental state or intent required to commit a crime. For
example, murder requires the mens rea of malice aforethought, which means the deliberate intention to kill or cause serious
harm.
 Miranda warning: a statement of the rights of a person who is arrested or detained by the police, such as the right to remain
silent, the right to an attorney, and the warning that anything said can be used against the person in court. The Miranda
warning is based on the U.S. Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona (1966), which held that a confession obtained without
informing the suspect of these rights is inadmissible.
 Misdemeanor: a minor crime that is punishable by a fine or a short term of imprisonment, usually less than one year.
Examples of misdemeanors include petty theft, trespassing, vandalism, and disorderly conduct.
 Mitigating circumstances: the facts or conditions that reduce the severity or culpability of a crime or a civil wrong, and may
result in a lesser sentence or a lower amount of damages. For example, self-defense, provocation, or mental illness may be
considered mitigating circumstances in some cases.
 Mortgage: a legal agreement in which a person borrows money to buy property (such as a house) and pays back the money
over a period of years. The borrower gives the lender a lien on the property as security for the loan, which means that the
lender can foreclose on the property if the borrower fails to make the payments.

 Negligence: the failure to exercise the care toward others that a reasonable or prudent person would do in the circumstances,
or taking action that such a reasonable person would not.
 Nexus: the connection or link between things, people, or events, especially as related to the law. For example, a nexus may
exist between a crime and a jurisdiction, a tax and a state, or a business and a regulation.
 Nolo contendere: a Latin term meaning “I do not wish to contend,” used by a defendant in a criminal case to plead no
contest, which means that they do not admit or deny the charge, but accept the punishment as if they were guilty.
 Nonfeasance: the failure to perform a duty or an act that one is obligated or expected to do. For example, a public official
may be guilty of nonfeasance if they neglect to provide a service or a protection that they are required to do by law.
 Nonprofit: an organization or a corporation that is not conducted or maintained for the purpose of making a profit, but rather
for a charitable, educational, religious, or public service goal. A nonprofit may be exempt from paying taxes and may receive
donations that are tax-deductible for the donors.
 Notary public: a person authorized by the state to administer oaths, witness signatures, certify documents, and perform other
official acts, usually for a fee. A notary public must verify the identity and the voluntariness of the person signing a document
and must affix their seal and signature to indicate their notarization.
 Notice: the information or knowledge of a fact or a circumstance, or the act of informing or giving notice to someone. Notice
may be actual (express or direct) or constructive (implied or indirect), and may affect the rights and obligations of the parties
involved. For example, a landlord must give a tenant a notice of eviction before terminating the lease.
 Novation: the substitution of a new contract, debt, or obligation for an old one, usually by the agreement of all the parties
involved. Novation extinguishes the original contract, debt, or obligation and creates a new one with the same or different
terms. For example, a novation may occur when a tenant assigns their lease to another person with the consent of the
landlord.
 Nuisance: the use or enjoyment of one’s property or rights in a way that annoys, disturbs, or injures another person or the
public. A nuisance may be public (affecting the community or a public right) or private (affecting a specific individual or
property). A nuisance may be the result of an act, an omission, or a condition. For example, a nuisance may be caused by
excessive noise, foul odor, pollution, or dangerous animals.
 Nunc pro tunc: a Latin term meaning “now for then,” used to describe a court order or a document that corrects a previous
error or omission, or that records an earlier act that was not previously recorded.

 Objection: the act of challenging or opposing something, such as a statement, a question, or a piece of evidence, in a court of
law. An objection may be made by a party or their lawyer to prevent the admission of improper or prejudicial material or to
preserve a point for appeal.
 Offer: a proposal or a promise to do or refrain from doing something, which creates a power of acceptance in another person
and forms the basis of a contract. An offer must be clear, definite, and communicated to the offeree.
 Ombudsman: a person who investigates and resolves complaints from the public against a government agency, a
corporation, or an institution, usually in an independent and impartial manner.
 Opinion: a written or oral statement of a judge or a court explaining the reasons for a decision or a ruling. An opinion may be
concurring (agreeing with the majority but for different reasons), dissenting (disagreeing with the majority), or per curiam
(issued by the court as a whole rather than by a single judge).
 Oral argument: the presentation of a case by lawyers before a court or a tribunal, in which they summarize the facts, the
law, and the arguments in support of their positions. Oral argument may be limited by time or by the rules of the court or the
tribunal.
 Order: a written or oral command or direction issued by a court or a judge, requiring or forbidding an act or a course of
action. An order may be interlocutory (temporary or provisional) or final (conclusive or permanent).
 Ordinance: a law or a regulation enacted by a municipal or a local government, such as a city or a county. An ordinance may
deal with matters such as zoning, traffic, health, safety, or public welfare.
 Original jurisdiction: the authority or power of a court to hear and decide a case in the first instance, before it is reviewed by
another court on appeal. For example, the U.S. Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving ambassadors,
public ministers, consuls, or states.
 Overrule: to reject, reverse, or set aside a decision or a precedent made by a lower court or an authority. For example, a
higher court may overrule a lower court’s judgment, or a judge may overrule an objection made by a lawyer.
 Oversight: the act or process of supervising, monitoring, or regulating the activities or performance of a person, a group, or
an organization, usually by a higher authority. For example, Congress has the power of oversight over the executive branch
of the government.

 Parole: the conditional release of a prisoner before the end of their sentence, under the supervision of a parole officer and
subject to certain rules and restrictions.
 Perjury: the crime of lying or making a false statement under oath in a court of law or in any official proceeding.
 Plaintiff: the person or party who initiates a lawsuit by filing a complaint with the court against the defendant(s) seeking
damages or relief.
 Plea: a formal statement by a defendant in a criminal case indicating whether they are guilty or not guilty of the charge(s)
against them. A plea may also be nolo contendere (no contest), which means that the defendant does not admit or deny the
charge, but accepts the punishment as if they were guilty.
 Power of attorney: a legal document that authorizes one person (the agent or attorney-in-fact) to act on behalf of another
person (the principal) in certain matters, such as financial, medical, or legal affairs.
 Precedent: a previous decision, rule, or practice that guides or influences future decisions, especially in courts of law. The
principle of stare decisis, which means “to stand by things decided,” requires courts to follow the precedents established by
higher courts within the same jurisdiction.
 Probate: the legal process of proving the validity of a will and administering the estate of a deceased person according to the
terms of the will. The probate court appoints an executor or an administrator to collect the assets, pay the debts, and distribute
the property to the beneficiaries.
 Pro bono: a Latin term meaning “for the good,” used to describe the provision of free or low-cost legal services to people
who cannot afford to pay for them. Many lawyers and law firms have a policy or a requirement to perform a certain amount
of pro bono work each year.
 Prosecutor: a public official, such as a district attorney or a U.S. attorney, who represents the government in a criminal case
and seeks to prove the guilt of the defendant. The prosecutor has the burden of proof to establish the elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.
 Public defender: a lawyer appointed by the court or employed by the government to represent defendants in criminal cases
who cannot afford to hire their own lawyers.

 Quash: to annul or set aside a decision, an order, a subpoena, or an indictment by a court or an authority.
 Quasi: a prefix that means “as if” or “similar to,” used to describe things or actions that are not exactly or fully what they
appear, but have to be treated as such. For example, a quasi contract is an obligation that is imposed by law even though there
is no actual contract.
 Quid pro quo: a Latin term that means “something for something,” used to describe an exchange of goods, services, favors,
or benefits between parties. For example, a quid pro quo may occur when a politician offers a bribe to a voter in return for
their vote.
 Quiet title: a legal action to establish or confirm the ownership of a property and to remove any defects, claims, or
encumbrances on the title.
 Quitclaim deed: a type of deed that transfers whatever interest or right the grantor has in a property to the grantee, without
any warranty or guarantee of title. A quitclaim deed is often used to clear up any doubts or disputes over the ownership of a
property.
 Quorum: the minimum number of members or participants that must be present or voting to make a decision, a meeting, or a
proceeding valid or effective.
 Quo warranto: a writ or order that challenges the authority or the legality of a person or an entity to hold or exercise a public
office, a franchise, or a privilege. For example, a quo warranto may be issued to remove an usurper or an intruder from a
position or a right.
 Qualified: a term that means “limited,” “conditional,” or “subject to exceptions,” used to describe or modify a right, a power,
a privilege, a immunity, a statement, or an opinion. For example, a qualified endorsement is an endorsement that limits the
liability of the endorser, such as “without recourse.”
 Quantum meruit: a Latin term that means “as much as he deserved,” used to describe a claim or a remedy that allows a
person to recover a reasonable amount for the services or the work that they have performed, even if there is no contract or
agreement.
 Quasi contract: a legal obligation that is imposed by law or by a court to prevent unjust enrichment, even though there is no
actual contract or agreement between the parties. A quasi contract is based on the principle of quantum meruit.

 Ratification: the confirmation or adoption of an act or agreement that was not previously valid or binding, such as a treaty or
a contract.
 Reasonable doubt: the degree of certainty required for a jury or a judge to convict a defendant in a criminal case, which
means that no other logical explanation can be derived from the evidence except that the defendant is guilty.
 Rebuttal: the act of contradicting or refuting the evidence or arguments of the opposing party in a trial, usually by presenting
additional evidence or witnesses.
 Reciprocity: the mutual exchange or recognition of rights, privileges, or benefits between states or nations, such as driver’s
licenses or trade agreements.
 Reckless: the state or quality of being careless, heedless, or indifferent to the consequences of one’s actions, especially when
causing or risking harm to others.
 Remand: the act or order of sending a case or a person back to the original court or authority for further action or
consideration.
 Remedy: the means or method of correcting or redressing a wrong or enforcing a right, usually through a court order or a
judgment. A remedy may be legal (such as damages or injunction) or equitable (such as specific performance or rescission).
 Res ipsa loquitur: a Latin term that means “the thing speaks for itself,” used to describe a situation where the negligence or
fault of a party is obvious or inferred from the circumstances or the nature of the injury, without the need for direct evidence.
 Res judicata: a Latin term that means “the thing has been decided,” used to describe a final and conclusive judgment on the
merits of a case that bars the parties from relitigating the same issue or claim in a subsequent action.
 Restitution: the act or process of restoring or returning something to its original or rightful owner, or of compensating a
person for a loss or injury caused by another.
 Search warrant: a court order that authorizes law enforcement officers to search a specific place or person for specified
items or evidence and to seize them if found.
 Self-defense: the use of reasonable force to protect oneself or others from imminent harm or danger, such as an attack or an
assault. Self-defense is a common defense to a charge of homicide or assault.
 Separation of powers: the division of governmental authority and functions into three branches: the legislative, the
executive, and the judicial. The separation of powers is a constitutional principle that aims to prevent the concentration and
abuse of power by any one branch.
 Service of process: the delivery or notification of a summons, a complaint, a subpoena, or other legal document to a person
or a party who is required to respond or to appear in court. Service of process may be done by personal delivery, mail,
publication, or other methods prescribed by law or by court rules.
 Settlement: the resolution or termination of a dispute or a lawsuit by mutual agreement of the parties, usually involving the
payment of damages or the performance of an obligation by one party to another. A settlement may be made before or after
the commencement of a legal action, or even during a trial.
 Statute: a law or an act passed by a legislative body, such as a congress or a parliament. A statute may also refer to a written
law enacted by a state or a federal government.
 Statute of limitations: a law that sets a time limit for bringing a lawsuit or a criminal prosecution, based on the date of the
occurrence of the event or the discovery of the injury. The purpose of a statute of limitations is to ensure the fairness and the
reliability of legal actions by preventing the delay or the loss of evidence or witnesses.
 Subpoena: a writ or an order that commands a person or an entity to appear in court or to produce documents or other
evidence at a specified time and place, or to face a penalty for failure to comply.
 Summary judgment: a judgment or a decision granted by a court in favor of one party and against another without a full
trial, when there is no genuine issue of material fact to be resolved and the party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
 Sustain: to uphold, affirm, or confirm a ruling, an objection, or an argument, usually by a judge or a court.
 Testament: a synonym for a will, or a part of a will, that declares how a person wants their property to be distributed after
their death.
 Testimony: the oral or written statement of a witness under oath or affirmation, usually in a court of law or in a deposition, in
response to questions or examination by the parties or their lawyers.
 Tort: a civil wrong or injury, other than a breach of contract, that causes harm or loss to another person or their property, and
that entitles the injured party to sue the wrongdoer for damages. Examples of torts include negligence, assault, battery,
defamation, and fraud.
 Trademark: a word, a name, a symbol, a design, or a combination of them that identifies and distinguishes the source, the
origin, or the sponsorship of a product or a service from those of others, and that is legally registered and protected as the
exclusive property of the owner.
 Transcript: the official written record of a proceeding, such as a trial, a hearing, or a deposition, that contains the verbatim
account of what was said and done by the parties, the witnesses, the lawyers, and the judge or the presiding officer.
 Trespass: the unlawful entry or intrusion into the land or the property of another without permission or justification, or the
act of exceeding the scope or the limits of one’s right or privilege. Trespass may also refer to the intentional or negligent
interference with the person or the personal property of another, such as by assault, battery, or conversion.
 Trial: the formal examination and determination of a legal controversy or a criminal charge in a court of law or before a
tribunal, following established rules and procedures. A trial usually involves the presentation of evidence, the examination of
witnesses, the arguments of the lawyers, and the instructions of the judge or the presiding officer to the jury or the fact-finder.
 Trust: a legal arrangement or a relationship in which one person or entity (the trustee) holds and manages the property or the
assets of another person or entity (the trustor or the settlor) for the benefit of a third person or entity (the beneficiary). A trust
may be created by a will, a deed, a contract, or a declaration of trust, and may be revocable or irrevocable, and express or
implied.
 Tortfeasor: a person who commits or is liable for a tort.
 Turpitude: the quality or state of being morally corrupt, depraved, or vile.

 Uberrimae fidei: a Latin term meaning “of the utmost good faith,” used to describe a contract or an agreement that requires
the parties to disclose all material facts and not to conceal or misrepresent anything. For example, insurance contracts are
based on the principle of uberrimae fidei.
 Ultra vires: a Latin term meaning “beyond powers,” used to describe an act or a decision that exceeds the authority or the
jurisdiction of a person or an entity, such as a corporation, a court, or a government. For example, a corporate officer who
makes a contract without the approval of the board of directors may act ultra vires.
 Unconscionable: a term that describes a contract, a clause, or a conduct that is so unfair, unreasonable, or oppressive that it
shocks the conscience or defies justice. For example, a contract that charges an exorbitant interest rate or that waives the right
to sue may be unconscionable and unenforceable.
 Undue influence: the improper use of power, pressure, or persuasion by a person or a party who is in a position of trust,
confidence, or authority over another person or party, to induce them to act or to refrain from acting in a way that benefits the
influencer and harms the influenced. For example, a will that is made by a testator who is coerced by a beneficiary may be
invalidated for undue influence.
 Uniform Commercial Code (UCC): a set of laws that governs the sale of goods, the secured transactions, the negotiable
instruments, and other commercial matters in the United States. The UCC was drafted by the American Law Institute and the
 National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, and has been adopted in whole or in part by all 50 states, the
District of Columbia, and the territories.
 Unilateral contract: a type of contract that is formed by a promise made by one party in exchange for an act or a
performance by another party. The contract becomes binding only when the other party performs the act or the performance.
For example, a reward offer is a unilateral contract that is accepted by finding and returning the lost item.
 Usury: the practice of charging an excessive or illegal rate of interest for a loan or a credit. Usury laws vary by state and by
type of lender, and may impose a limit on the interest rate or the amount of interest that can be charged.
 Utilitarianism: a theory of ethics that evaluates the moral worth of an action or a rule based on its consequences or
outcomes, and that holds that the best action or rule is the one that produces the greatest good or happiness for the greatest
number of people.
 Utopia: a term that refers to an ideal or perfect society, state, or place, where everyone lives in harmony, justice, and peace.
The term was coined by Sir Thomas More in his book Utopia (1516), which describes a fictional island with a flawless social
and political system.
 Uxoricide: the act of killing one’s wife, or a person who kills his wife.
o Vacate: a term that means to annul, cancel, or set aside a decision, an order, a judgment, or a proceeding, usually by a higher
authority or a court. For example, a court may vacate a default judgment if the defendant shows a good cause for not
appearing in the case.
o Venue: a term that refers to the proper or the most convenient location or place for a trial or a lawsuit, usually determined by
the residence of the parties, the place where the event or the transaction occurred, or other factors. For example, a criminal
case must be tried in the venue where the crime was committed.
o Verdict: a term that refers to the formal and final decision or finding of a jury or a judge on the issues of fact in a trial or a
lawsuit. For example, a jury may return a verdict of guilty or not guilty in a criminal case, or a verdict of liable or not liable
in a civil case.
o Veto: a term that means the power or the right of a person or an authority to reject or prevent the enactment of a law, a bill, a
resolution, or a decision made by another person or authority. For example, the president may veto a bill passed by the
Congress, or a governor may veto a bill passed by the state legislature.
o Vicarious liability: a term that refers to the legal responsibility of a person or an entity for the wrongful acts or omissions of
another person or entity, based on their relationship or connection. For example, an employer may be vicariously liable for
the negligence of an employee, or a parent may be vicariously liable for the torts of a minor child.
o Void: a term that describes a contract, a deed, a document, or an act that is null, invalid, or without legal force or effect from
the beginning, and that cannot be enforced or ratified. For example, a contract that is illegal or that lacks an essential element
is void.
o Voidable: a term that describes a contract, a deed, a document, or an act that is valid and enforceable on its face, but may be
annulled or set aside by one of the parties due to some defect, fraud, mistake, or coercion. For example, a contract made by a
minor or by a person who is mentally incompetent is voidable by that person.
o Volenti non fit injuria: a Latin term that means “to one who consents, no injury is done,” used to describe a defense or a
doctrine that bars or reduces the recovery of damages by a person who voluntarily and knowingly exposed himself or herself
to a risk of harm or injury. For example, a spectator at a baseball game assumes the risk of being hit by a foul ball and cannot
sue the stadium or the players for negligence.
o Voluntary manslaughter: a term that refers to the unlawful killing of another person without malice or premeditation, but
with an intent to kill or to cause serious harm, usually in the heat of passion or under a great provocation. For example, a
person who kills his or her spouse after catching them in adultery may be charged with voluntary manslaughter.
o Voir dire: a French term that means “to speak the truth,” used to describe the process of questioning and examining the
prospective jurors or the witnesses by the judge or the lawyers, to determine their qualifications, competence, or bias. For
example, a lawyer may challenge a juror for cause or peremptorily during the voir dire.
o Waiver: a term that refers to the voluntary and intentional relinquishment or surrender of a right, a claim, or a privilege,
either by an express statement or by an implied conduct. For example, a person may waive the right to a jury trial or the right
to an attorney by signing a written waiver or by failing to assert the right in a timely manner.
o Warranty: a term that refers to a promise or a guarantee made by a seller or a manufacturer to a buyer or a consumer, that a
product or a service is of a certain quality, condition, or performance, or that it will be repaired or replaced if defective or
unsatisfactory. For example, a warranty may be express (stated clearly and explicitly) or implied (inferred by law or custom).
o Warranty deed: a term that refers to a type of deed that transfers the title or the ownership of a real property from a grantor
(seller) to a grantee (buyer), and that contains certain covenants or warranties by the grantor, such as the warranty of seisin,
the warranty of quiet enjoyment, and the warranty of further assurance. For example, a warranty deed assures the grantee that
the grantor has a valid title and the right to sell the property, and that the property is free from any liens or encumbrances.
o Will: a term that refers to a legal document that declares how a person wants his or her property or estate to be distributed
after his or her death, and that names one or more persons or entities to manage or administer the estate. A will may also
appoint a guardian for a minor child or a pet, or create a trust for a beneficiary. A will must be signed by the testator (the
person who makes the will) and witnessed by two or more persons to be valid.
o Witness: a term that refers to a person who has personal knowledge or information about a fact or an event that is relevant to
a case or a lawsuit, and who testifies or gives evidence under oath or affirmation, either orally in a court or a deposition, or in
writing in an affidavit or a declaration. A witness may be an eyewitness (who saw or heard the event) or an expert witness
(who has special knowledge or expertise on a subject).
o Writ: a term that refers to a written order or a command issued by a court or an authority, directing a person or a party to do
or to refrain from doing a certain act, or to appear before the court or the authority. For example, a writ of habeas corpus is an
order that requires a person who is holding another person in custody to produce the prisoner and to justify the detention.

o Yates v. United States: a U.S. Supreme Court case in 1957, which held that the Smith Act, which prohibited the advocacy of
overthrowing the government by force or violence, did not apply to the mere expression of abstract ideas or beliefs, but only
to the incitement of concrete action.
o Year and a day rule: a common law rule that required that a person must die within a year and a day of an injury or a wound
inflicted by another person, in order for the latter to be held criminally liable for homicide. The rule has been abolished or
modified in most jurisdictions, due to the advances in medical science and forensics.
o Yellow dog contract: a term used to refer to a contract or an agreement between an employer and an employee, in which the
employee agrees not to join or remain a member of a labor union, as a condition of employment. Yellow dog contracts are
illegal and unenforceable under the federal law.
o Yield: a term used in finance and economics to refer to the rate of return or the income generated by an investment, such as a
bond, a stock, or a bank account, usually expressed as a percentage of the principal or the face value.
o Yield burning: a term used to refer to an illegal practice in which a financial institution artificially lowers the yield or the
interest rate of a bond, by buying high-yield bonds and selling them to municipalities at a lower yield, in order to create
profits or to avoid taxes.
o Yield spread: a term used to refer to the difference between the yields or the interest rates of two different bonds or
securities, usually of different quality, maturity, or risk. Yield spread is often used as a measure of the relative attractiveness
or the riskiness of an investment.
o Yield to maturity (YTM): a term used to refer to the total yield or the interest rate that an investor will receive if they hold a
bond or a security until its maturity date, taking into account the current price, the face value, the coupon rate, and the time to
maturity.
o Yo-yo sale: a term used to refer to a fraudulent or deceptive practice in which a car dealer sells a vehicle to a buyer at a low
interest rate, and then calls the buyer back and claims that the financing was not approved, and that the buyer has to agree to a
higher interest rate or return the vehicle.
o Young offender: a term used to refer to a person who commits a crime or a delinquent act when they are under the age of
legal adulthood, usually 18 or 21, depending on the jurisdiction. Young offenders are usually subject to a different set of laws
and procedures than adult offenders, such as the juvenile justice system.
o Youthful Offenders: a term used to refer to young offenders who are eligible for special treatment or leniency under the law,
such as diversion, probation, or expungement, based on their age, the nature of their offense, or their potential for
rehabilitation.
o ZBA: an abbreviation for zoning board of appeals, which is a local government body that hears and decides on requests for
variances, exceptions, or waivers from the zoning regulations or ordinances of a municipality.
o Zero coupon bond: a term used to refer to a type of bond that does not pay periodic interest or coupons, but is sold at a deep
discount from its face value, and pays the full face value at maturity. Zero coupon bonds have a higher yield and a longer
duration than regular bonds.
o Zero coupon convertible debenture: a term used to refer to a type of hybrid security that combines the features of a zero
coupon bond and a convertible bond. A zero coupon convertible debenture does not pay interest, but can be converted into
the common stock of the issuer at a specified price or ratio.
o Zero tolerance policy: a term used to refer to a policy or a rule that imposes a strict or severe punishment for any violation
or infraction, regardless of the circumstances, the severity, or the frequency of the offense. Zero tolerance policies are often
adopted by schools, workplaces, or law enforcement agencies, to deter or prevent certain behaviors, such as drug use,
violence, or harassment.
o Zoning: a term used to refer to the division or the regulation of land or property by a municipality or a local government,
according to its use, location, size, or character. Zoning laws or ordinances are intended to promote the orderly development,
the health, the safety, and the welfare of the community.
o Zoning variance: a term used to refer to an exception or a deviation from the zoning regulations or ordinances of a
municipality, granted by the zoning board of appeals or a similar authority, to a property owner who shows that the strict
enforcement of the zoning rules would cause them undue hardship or practical difficulty.
o Zone of danger: a term used to refer to an area or a situation where a person is exposed to a risk of physical harm or injury
by the negligence or the wrongful act of another person. A person who is within the zone of danger may recover damages for
their physical injuries, as well as for their emotional distress caused by the fear of harm.
o Zone of privacy: a term used to refer to a sphere or an area of personal or intimate information, activities, or choices that are
protected from the interference or the intrusion of the government or the public, under the constitutional right to privacy. For
 example, the zone of privacy may include the decisions regarding marriage, procreation, contraception, abortion, or sexual
orientation.

 Undang-Undang Nomor 11 tahun 2008, dituliskan menjadi Law Number 11 of 2008 atau ditulis Law No. 11 of 2008

 Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 52 tahun 2017 tentang Pendidikan, dituliskan menjadi Government Regulation of
Republic of Indonesia Number 52 of 2017 on Education

 Peraturan Daerah Nomor 2 tahun 2017 tentang Kawasan Tanpa Rokok di Kota Yogyakarta, diterjemahkan menjadi Regional
Regulation Number 2 of 2017 on Non Smoking Area in Yogyakarta City

 Peraturan Bupati (PERBUP) Nomor 18 tahun 2016 , dapat diterjemahkan menjadi Regent Regulation Number 18 of 2016

 Peraturan Walikota (PERWALI) No. 22 Tahun 2017, diterjemahkan menjadi Mayor Regulation Number 22 of 2017

 Keputusan Menteri No. 004/U/2002 Tentang Akreditasi Program Studi PT, dituliskan menjadi Ministerial Decree No. 004/U/2002
on Accreditation of Study Program at Higher Education

The Official Translation of Laws and Regulations into English is carried out by the Minister. Implementation of the Official
Translation of Legislation as referred to in paragraph (1) is delegated to the Director General.