Hardware Project of ICT

Blind Stick Project

Submitted by:

1. Samia Shoukat (23-cs-86)

2. Hajira Azfar (23-cs-44)

Submitted to:

Dr. Muhammad Munwar Iqbal

Department of Computer Science

University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

Fall 2023
 ABSTRACT

This project endeavors to create an Arduino-based smart blind stick tailored for the visually
impaired, featuring an innovative combination of ultra-sonic sensors and a buzzer for improved
navigation and obstacle detection. Recognizing the increasing prevalence of advanced
technology in homes, the focus here extends beyond conventional smart home applications to
address the unique needs of individuals with visual impairments.

The proposed smart blind stick integrates ultra-sonic sensors to detect obstacles in the user's path,
enhancing their ability to navigate safely. Through this interface, users can send ON/OFF
commands to the stick, activating a buzzer for immediate feedback.

The Arduino board processes signals from the ultra-sonic sensors providing real-time feedback to
the user through the buzzer. This project aims to enhance accessibility, independence, and
overall convenience for visually impaired individuals, merging assistive technology with a
practical and innovative approach to address mobility challenges-
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my heartfelt gratitude to the Almighty Allah for blessing me with the strength,
determination, and competence to undertake and present this research work.

I extend my sincere Durood to the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him),
whose guidance has illuminated the path of Islam and provided essential principles for leading a
balanced and comprehensive life.

I am profoundly thankful to my supervisor, Assistant Professor Dr. Muhammad Munwar Iqbal,

for his invaluable guidance in steering my research in the right direction. Under his supervision, I
was provided with an educational and supportive environment to successfully complete this
research.

Special appreciation goes to my parents, whose unwavering encouragement and support have
been a constant throughout my life. Their commitment to providing me with a quality education
has been instrumental in my academic journey.

I extend my thanks to my dear sisters, brothers, colleagues, and friends for their endless support
and affection throughout my study period. Their encouragement and inspiration have played a
pivotal role in my academic achievements.
Introduction
The Blind Stick Project is an innovative assistive technology designed to improve the mobility
and independence of visually impaired individuals. In response to the limitations of traditional
white canes, this project utilizes Arduino-based electronics, infrared sensors, and other
components to create an intelligent walking aid.

In contemporary society, where technological advancements are prevalent, the Blind Stick
Project addresses the need for innovative solutions to enhance the quality of life for the visually
impaired. The primary goal is to develop a sophisticated device capable of detecting obstacles in
real-time while also incorporating features for remote control and user-friendly operation.

Key components include the Arduino microcontroller, serving as the system's central processor,
infrared sensors for obstacle detection, a buzzer for auditory alerts, and a rechargeable battery for
portability. This project is significant for providing visually impaired individuals with a more
advanced and versatile mobility aid.

Project Aim
The Blind Stick Project aims to improve the mobility and independence of visually impaired
individuals by developing a sophisticated assistive device. Through the integration of infrared
sensors, the project focuses on real-time obstacle detection, providing immediate feedback to
users about potential obstacles in their path. Emphasis is placed on designing a user-friendly
interface to ensure ease of interaction, catering to individuals with varying levels of
technological familiarity. The project strives to enhance users' spatial awareness, ultimately
empowering them with a reliable and advanced tool for navigating diverse environments, thereby
fostering increased independence in their daily lives
Project Objective
The Arduino-based blind stick project aims to enhance the mobility of visually impaired
individuals by utilizing ultrasonic sensors and an Arduino microcontroller. The device provides
real-time feedback through vibrations or sound alerts, helping users detect obstacles and navigate
their surroundings with increased confidence and safety. The project emphasizes cost-
effectiveness and customization to cater to diverse user needs, ultimately empowering the
visually impaired community through accessible and inclusive technology.

Project scope and limitation

The project faces limitations. Environmental factors such as extreme weather conditions,
variations in lighting, or reflective surfaces may impact the accuracy of the obstacle detection
system. The project's success is dependent on the proper functioning of electronic components,
and technical failures could affect its reliability. Cost constraints may arise due to the integration
of advanced technologies, and there could be a learning curve for users unfamiliar with
technology. Battery life is also a limitation, requiring careful management and optimization for
sustained operation. Addressing these limitations and refining the technology will be crucial for
the successful implementation and impact of the Blind Stick Project.

Description of the Project

The Blind Stick Project represents a noteworthy innovation within the domain of Arduino-based
assistive technology. This smart blind stick employs infrared ultrasonic sensors, a buzzer, a
battery, jumper wires, and an Arduino microcontroller to enhance navigation and obstacle
detection for individuals with visual impairments.

The Arduino microcontroller is intricately connected to ultrasonic sensors, a buzzer, and a

portable power source, typically a rechargeable battery, ensuring mobility and convenience for
the user. The ultrasonic sensors play a pivotal role in detecting obstacles in the environment,
enabling the blind stick to sense and respond to objects in its path. Upon detecting an obstacle,
the integrated buzzer
provides immediate audio feedback to the user, enhancing their situational awareness and safety
during navigation.

The compact and portable design, powered by the rechargeable battery, allows users to carry the
smart blind stick effortlessly. The use of jumper wires facilitates seamless connectivity between
different components, contributing to the overall efficiency of the device.

The practical applications of this smart blind stick are versatile, empowering visually impaired
individuals to navigate their surroundings with greater confidence. The buzzer alerts the user to
obstacles, and the device can be easily controlled through a simple interface on the Arduino.

Hardware Requirement
The list of components mentioned here.

1. Arduino UNO

2. 9 V Power supply

3. Connecting wires (male to female)

4. Ultrasonic sensor
5. buzzer

Software Requirement
1. Arduino 1.6.9 compiler
Description of Hardware Required

Arduino uno
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P . It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to- serial converter.

Some Technical Specification of Arduino Uno are:

1. Microcontroller ATmega328P

2. Operating Voltage 5V
3. Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

4. Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

5. Digital I/O Pins 14

6. Analog Input Pins 6

7. DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

8. DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

9. Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

10.SRAM 2 KB

11.EEPROM 1 KB
12. Clock Speed 16 MHz
Circuit Diagram
Ultrasonic sensor HCSRO4:-
Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used in various applications for distance measurement, object
detection, and navigation. These sensors work by emitting ultrasonic waves and measuring the
time it takes for the waves to bounce back after hitting an object. Here is a general overview of
the typical pin configuration for an ultrasonic sensor, specifically the HC-SR04 model, which is
a popular and widely used ultrasonic sensor:

1. VCC (Voltage): This pin is used to connect the sensor to the power supply. It usually
requires a voltage of 5V.

2. Trig (Trigger): This pin is used to trigger the ultrasonic pulse. When a pulse of at least
10 microseconds is applied to this pin, the sensor starts emitting ultrasonic waves.

3. Echo: This pin is used to receive the echo of the ultrasonic waves. The duration of the
pulse on this pin corresponds to the time taken for the ultrasonic waves to travel to the object
and back.

4. GND (Ground): This pin is connected to the ground of the system.

Figure 02. Ultrasonic sensor HCSRO4
Design and Implementation
1. Connect the VCC pin of the ultrasonic sensor to the 5V pin on the Arduino.

2. Connect the GND pin of the ultrasonic sensor to the GND pin on the Arduino.

3. Connect the Trig pin of the ultrasonic sensor to digital pin 2 on the Arduino.

4. Connect the Echo pin of the ultrasonic sensor to digital pin 5 on the Arduino.

5. Connect the positive (+) pin of the buzzer to digital pin 4 on the Arduino.

6. Connect the negative (-) pin of the buzzer to the GND pin on the Arduino.
Program Code
Pros of Blind Stick
1. Obstacle Detection: Advanced sensors or cameras on smart sticks can detect obstacles in
the user's path, providing real-time feedback through vibrations or auditory signals to help
them navigate around obstacles.

2. Object Recognition: Some smart sticks are equipped with image recognition technology,
enabling them to identify and describe objects or people in the vicinity. This feature enhances
the user's awareness of their surroundings.

3 Real-time Feedback: The devices provide immediate feedback on elevation changes, the
type of terrain, and other environmental factors. This real-time information helps users make
informed decisions as they move through different spaces.

4 Independence: Smart sticks empower individuals with visual impairments to navigate

independently, providing them with the confidence to explore new places and reducing their
reliance on assistance from others.

5. Increased Safety: The obstacle detection and navigation features contribute to increased
safety for users, helping them avoid potential hazards and navigate through spaces with
greater confidence.
Cons of Home Automation
1. Cost: Smart sticks with advanced technology can be expensive, potentially limiting
accessibility for individuals with lower incomes or in developing regions where such devices may
be less affordable.

2. Maintenance and Durability: Electronic devices, including smart sticks, may require
regular maintenance and can be susceptible to wear and tear. Battery life and the durability of the
technology components may impact the device's overall reliability.

3. Learning Curve: Some users, particularly those who are not familiar with technology, may
experience a learning curve when adapting to the features and functions of a smart stick. Training
and ongoing support may be necessary.

4. Dependence on Technology: Relying heavily on technology can create a dependency,

and individuals might face challenges if the device malfunctions or loses battery power. It's
important to maintain traditional mobility and orientation skills.

5. Not Universally Applicable: The effectiveness of smart sticks can vary based on
individual needs, preferences, and the nature of the user's visual impairment. What works well for
one person may not be as suitable for another.

6. Potential Obsolescence: Rapid advancements in technology may result in the

obsolescence of certain smart stick models, leading to a need for frequent upgrades. This can be a
concern for users who may not have the resources to keep up with the latest technology.
Applications
• Detecting obstacles and potential hazards while walking.
• Identifying changes in terrain, such as slopes or stairs.

• Navigating surroundings and maintaining a straight path.

• Ensuring safety in crowded or unfamiliar public spaces.

• Locating bus stops, navigating public transportation, and identifying buses.

Future Development of the Project

• Integration of advanced sensor technologies for more precise obstacle detection.

• Incorporation of artificial intelligence algorithms to enhance navigation and object

recognition capabilities.

• Implementation of wireless connectivity to enable seamless interaction with smartphones and

other smart devices.

• Include sensors that can detect environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, or
air quality. This information could be useful for users with specific needs or health
conditions.

Conclusion
In conclusion, this project represents a significant stride towards enhancing the autonomy and
safety of individuals with visual impairments. The incorporation of cutting-edge sensor
technologies and artificial intelligence not only facilitates improved obstacle detection and
navigation but also underscores the potential for transformative advancements in assistive tools.
The project's commitment to ongoing development and user collaboration ensures a future
trajectory aimed at continually refining and expanding its impact on the lives of those with
visual challenges. Ultimately, this endeavor contributes to fostering greater independence and
inclusivity for the visually impaired community.
Reference
The websites that provide the information:

[1]. www.autogates.com.my www.usautomatic.com

[2]. www.amazinggates.com

[3]. www.microchip.co.uk

[4]. www.quora.com

[5]. www.engineeringproject.com

[6]. www.efy.com

[7]. www.electronicsworldforyou.com