Implicit Differentiation 𝑑𝑦 Intervals of Values (-inc., dec. points) Ex. The sum of two nonnegative numbers is 20.

Intervals of Values (-inc., dec. points) Ex. The sum of two nonnegative numbers is 20. Find the
Ex. Find if 𝑥 = 4 sin 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 12 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 numbers (a) if the sum of their squares is to be as large as
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = √𝑥 3 + 1 or 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 or 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 cos 𝑡 and = −12 sin 𝑡 1. st
Find for the 1 derivative of the function possible.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 −12 sin 𝑡 2. Find the x-value/s critical points
= = −3 tan 𝑡
Ex. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 𝑑𝑥 4 cos 𝑡 3. Tabulate the data Let the two numbers be represented by x and 20 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦′ → 0 = 2𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦′ 𝑑𝑦 4. Solve for k by plugging k to the 𝑓′(𝑥) or to the 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + (20 − 𝑥) → 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 2(20 − 𝑥)(−1)
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2𝑦𝑦′ 𝑥
Ex. Find if 𝑥 = 3 sec 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 18 tan 𝜃 − 5 factored x-value/s, the get if the values are 0 = 4𝑥 − 40 → 𝑥 = 10
𝑑𝑥
= → 𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 positive or negative. 𝑓′′(𝑥) = 4 makes 𝑥 = 10 a minimum
2𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦 = 3(sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃) and = 18 sec 2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 18 sec2 𝜃 6 sec 𝜃 1 cos 𝜃 1
𝑓′(𝑥) Positive: Increasing Maximum must occur at an endpoint. → 0 and 20
Higher Order Derivatives = = =6 ∙ =6 Negative: Decreasing
𝑑𝑥 3(sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃) tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 Related Rates
Ex. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 4 = 6 csc 𝜃 Ex. Tabulated data
𝑑𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥) = 15𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 − 6 Related rate problems are differentiated with respect to
𝑓′′(𝑥) = 60𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 𝑑𝑦 Interval (−∞, 𝑥1 ) (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )/∪ (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) (𝑥2 , ∞) time. So, every variable, except t is differentiated implicitly.
Ex. Find if 𝑥 = cos3 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 4 sin3 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 Test # (k) - - -
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Ex. 𝑞(𝑡) = sec(5𝑡) = 3(cos 𝜃)(− sin 𝜃) and = 12(sin 𝜃)2 cos 𝜃 𝑓′(𝑥) - - - Ex. Two rates that are related.
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑞′ (𝑡) = 5 sec(5𝑡) tan(5𝑡) 𝑑𝑦 12(sin 𝜃)2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 Conclu. pos neg pos Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3, find when 𝑥 = 1, given: = 2.
= = −4 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑞′′ (𝑡) = 25 sec(5𝑡) tan(5𝑡) tan(5𝑡) + 𝑑𝑥 −3(cos 𝜃)(− sin 𝜃) cos 𝜃 inc dec inc 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 3 → = 2𝑥
25 sec(5𝑡) sec 2 (5𝑡) = −4 tan 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 Concavity 𝑑𝑦
𝑞′′ (𝑡) = 25 sec(5𝑡) tan2 (5𝑡) + 25 sec 3 (5𝑡) = 2(1)(2) = 4
𝑑𝑡
3
Leibniz Notation 1. Find the 1st Derivative
Ex. 𝑔(𝑤) = 𝑒1−2𝑤 Procedure for Solving Related Rate Problems
2. Find the 2nd Derivative
𝑔′ (𝑤) = −6𝑤 2 𝑒1−2𝑤
3
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable functions, then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 3. Solve Inequality of 2nd Derivative
𝑔′′(𝑤) = −12𝑤𝑒 1−2𝑤 3
− 6𝑤 2 (−6𝑤 2 )𝑒1−2𝑤
3
= 1. Assign symbols to all given quantities and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 4. Find value of x in inequality
1−2𝑤 3 4 1−2𝑤 3 quantities to be determined. Make a sketch and
𝑔′′(𝑤) = −12𝑤𝑒 + 36𝑤 𝑒 (−∞, −𝑥) (−𝑥, ∞)
4 label the quantities if feasible.
Ex. Let 𝑦 = 3 , 𝑡 = 5𝑠 2 − 1, and 𝑠 = 𝑥 3
Ex. 𝑓(𝑡) = ln(1 + 𝑡 2)
𝑡
> 0 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 < 0 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 2. Write an equation involving the variables whose
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠
2𝑡 = −12𝑡 −4 and = 10𝑠 and = 3𝑥 2 rates of change either are given or are to be
𝑓′(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 ∪ 𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∩ 𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
2
1+𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑠 determined.
2(1+𝑡 2 )−(2𝑡)(2𝑡) = ∙ and = ∙
𝑓′′(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 3. Using the chain rule, implicitly differentiate both
(1+𝑡 2 )2 𝑑𝑦 −12 −120𝑠 −120(𝑥 3 ) Absolute Minimum, Absolute Maximum
2−2𝑡 2
=( ) (10𝑠) = ∙ (3𝑥 2 ) = (5(𝑥3 )2 sides of the equation with respect to t.
𝑑𝑠 𝑡4 5𝑠 2 −1 −1)4 Relative Minimum, Relative Maximum
𝑓′′(𝑡) = (1+𝑡 2)2 𝑑𝑦 −360𝑥 5
4. Substitute into the resulting equation all known
= (5𝑥6 values for the variables and their rates of change.
𝑑𝑠 −1)4 1. Solve for the 1st derivative of the original function
Ex. 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥 2. Factor, find critical points (x-value/s) Solve for the required rate of change.
𝑦 ′ = 4 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 Tangent and Normal
3. Tabulate the data (Intervals of Values)
𝑦 ′′ = 4 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 Integration
1. Given function, given x value 4. Imagine the graph
2. Solve y by plugging x value to the eq. 5. Find absolute/ relative maximum and minimum Integration is the process of evaluating an indefinite integral
Parametric Equations
3. Touches (𝑥, 𝑦) Plug to x-values to original functions to find y (functions) or a definite integral (limits). The indefinite
Instead of defining y in terms of x (𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)) or x in terms 4. Solve for slope by getting 1st derivative integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is defined as a function g such that its
Optimization
of y (𝑥 = ℎ(𝑦)), we define both x and y in terms of a third 5. Plug x value to the 1st derivative eq., which will derivative 𝐷𝑥 [𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥)
variable called a parameter: (𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡)) (𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡)) result to the “mm” of the slope formula Ex. Express the number 10 as a sum of two nonnegative
Slope formula: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Indefinite integral involves an arbitrary constant; for
numbers whose product is as large as possible.
Ex. Find
𝑑𝑦
if 𝑥 = 8 + 𝑡2 and 𝑦 = 4𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 4 6. Solve for y in the slope formula instance, ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 1𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 and 𝑦 = 2𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑡 and
𝑑𝑦
= 8𝑡 − 20𝑡 3 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 → 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦 The arbitrary constant c is called a constant of integration.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Critical Values
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 = 10 − 𝑥 → 𝑃 = 𝑥(10 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 8𝑡−20𝑡 3 𝑑𝑝 3
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = = 4𝑡 − 10𝑡 2 1. Solve for the 1st derivative of the function 𝑃 = 10𝑥 − 𝑥 2 → = 10 − 2𝑥 Ex. Find ∫ 2 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡 𝑑𝑥 1 4⁄
𝑑𝑥
2. Equate the function to zero 𝑥 3 3 4⁄
The number 5 will make the product a maximum because 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 → 2(4 ) + 𝑐 → 2 ( ) (𝑥 3) +𝑐
3. Factor, find values of x ⁄3 4
the slope goes from positive to negative when 𝑥 = 5 3 4
4. X-value/s critical points 3
∫ 2 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 ⁄3 ) +𝑐