INTERNSHIP

REQUIREMENT IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING

Construction of residential building following paper work before the start of actual construction .these steps are;

 To Acquire Land or Plot.

 Prepare Estimation and Budget.
 Approach a Builder.
 Site Preparation and Levelling work.
 Foundation Plinth Beam, column, Slab,
 Brick Masonry Work.
 Floor Slab or Roof Structure.
 Electrical and Plumbing

After the completion of documentation work, the actual construction on plot begins. Following are the steps:

SOIL BEARING CAPACITY TEST

All civil engineering structures whether they are buildings, dams, bridges etc. are built on soils. A
foundation is required to transmit the load of the structure on a large area of soil. The foundation of
the structure should be so designed that the soil below does not fail in shear nor there is the
excessive settlement of the structure. The conventional method of foundation design is based on the
concept of bearing capacity.
Soil when stressed due to loading, tend to deform. The resistance to deformation of the soil depends
upon factors like water content, bulk density, angle of internal friction and the manner in which load is
applied on the soil. The maximum load per unit area which the soil or rock can carry without yielding
or displacement is termed as the bearing capacity of soils.
Soil properties like shear strength, density, permeability etc., affect the bearing capacity of soil. Dense
sand will have more bearing capacity than loose sand as unit weight of dense sand is more than loose
sand.
If the bearing capacity of soil at shallow depth is sufficient to safely take the load of the structure, a
shallow foundation is provided. Isolated footing, combined footing or strip footing are the option for
the shallow foundation. Deep foundations are provided when soil immediately below the structure
does not have the adequate bearing capacity. Pile, piers or well are the options for deep foundations.
Mat or raft foundations are useful for soil which is subjected to differential settlement or where there
is a wide variation in loading between adjacent columns.
Methods of determining bearing capacity

 Presumptive Analysis
 Analytical Methods
 Plate Bearing Test
 Penetration Test

[GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN] Page 1

 INTERNSHIP

 Modern Testing Methods

 Centrifuge Test

AFTER SET OUT THE LINE MARK

A building is set out in order to clearly define the outline of the excavation and the center line of the walls, so
that construction can be carried out exactly according to the centre line method of setting out is generally
preferred and adopted. From the plan (fig 1), the centre line of the walls are calculated. Then the centre lines of
the room are set out by setting perpendiculars in the ratio 3:4:5. Suppose the corner points are a , b, c, d, e, f
and g which are market by pegs with nails on top.

1. The setting of the corner point is checked according to diagonals ac, bd, cf, and eg.
2. During excavation, the centre points a, b, c, d, e, f, g may be removed. Therefore the centre lines are
extended and the centre points are marketd about 2m away from the outer edge of excavation. Thus the
points A1,A2,B1,B2 and likewise, are marked outside the trench. Centerline is shown clearly by
stretching thread or rope. The centre point fixed 2m away from the excavation are marked with sit out
pegs.
3. From the plan details, the width of excavation to be done is also marked by thread with pegs at
appropriate position.
4. The excavation width is then marked by lime or by with furrow with spade.
5. If the plan is much to complicate and follows a zigzag pattern, then centre pegs are kept at suitable
positions according to site conditions.

[GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN] Page 2

 INTERNSHIP

STEP 1 EARTH WORK

Generally excavation is carried out for the construction of wall foundations. Excavation should be carried out as
per the drawings defined lengths and widths. After excavation, layout the foundation and backfill the remaining
excavated area around foundation with soil. Floor levels of residential buildings are higher than the natural
ground level. Fill the area with soil up to floor levels and compact the soil. Now earth work of residential
building is finished.

SPECIFICATION OF EARTH WORKS IN EXCAVATION:

 Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of foundation concrete.
 Sides of foundation shall be vertical.
 If the soil is not good and does not permit vertical sides, the sides should be sloped back or protected
with timber shoring.
 Excavated earth shall not be placed within 1 meter (3 feet) of the edge of the trench.
 The bottom of foundation trenches shall be perfectly levelled both longitudinally and transversely.
 The sides of the trench shall be dressed perfectly vertical from bottom up to the least thickness of loose
concrete so that concrete may be laid to the exact width as per design.
 The bed of trench shall be lightly watered and well rammed.
 Water, if any accumulates in the trench, should be pumped out without any extra payment and necessary
precaution shall be taken to prevent surface water to enter into the trench.
 The excavation shall be measured as per exact length and width of lowest footing according to drawing;
the depth of the trench shall be measured vertically.

QUALTY CHECKS FOR EXCAVATION:

[GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN] Page 3

 INTERNSHIP

 Insure the utilization of satisfactory materials from excavations.

 Determine moisture condition of suitable excavated materials in advance of needs.
 Insist that excavation is performed in specified sequence.
 Assure that drainage is provided continually as excavation progresses.
 Do not permit ponded water in any construction area.
 Be sure that drainage ditches are maintained free flowing.
 Insure that required tests for soil bearing characteristics are made upon completion of excavation.
STEP 2 CONCRETE WORK IN FOUNDATION
It is very necessary to check the levels of foundation before concrete work. There are patches where excavated
depth slightly exceeds and vice versa. Level the foundation base to same level. Now pour the concrete as per
drawing specs. Generally concrete of ratio 1:4:8 is used for foundation. Sometimes it is even 1:5:10 or 1:6:20.

Here 1:4:8 means;

1 Part cement per cubic

4 part of sand per cubic

8 part of coarse aggregates

Depth of foundation varies from 9’’ to 18’’ and normally for most of the cases it is considered as 12’’
depth .keep foundation width equals to its depth.

[GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN] Page 4

 INTERNSHIP

Column reinforcement
The column reinforcement bars should be stared form the footing. The upper column reinforcement bars are
cranked at the laps and connected. Special care should be taken in this to ensure the lap lengths. After erection
of main reinforcements, cover blocks were attached to column reinforcements to maintain the required cover for
column reinforcement. Most of column centers were located at intersections of grid lines.

Stirrup spacing
According to the column reinforcement details drawing the reinforcement details for a typical internal columns,
form to basement to ground floor is as follows.

Column stirrups were tightened up beam bottom level and rest is tightened once beam reinforcement is
fabricated. So bar benders was instructed how to provide the stirrups. Mark the stirrup spacing from the
basement floor level in the column main bars with a chalk as follow the detail drawing.

STEP 3 COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY

Coursed Rubble Masonry is the form of masonry which is commonly adopted in the construction of
residential buildings public buildings, piers and abutments for ordinary bridges. Considering the dressing
and finishing of the stones, it is further sub-divided into first class, second class and third class masonry.
In first class masonry, generally all the courses are of the same height and the minimum height of the
course is limited to 15 cm. The face stones are hammer dressed and the projection of the rock-faced
surface does not exceed 38 mm. beyond the side or bed joints. The beds of the face stones are hammer
or chisel dressed and rendered true and square. In good work, at least one third of the face stones tail
back into1bçhearting for a distance equal to two times their height normally, and three times their height
for thicker walls. The through stones provided to bind the two faces together are spaced at 18 m. apart
and the quoins are of the same height as the height of the course. The length of the quoin is generally
kept 45 cm. The thickness of joints in this type should not exceed 10 mm .

[GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN] Page 5

 INTERNSHIP

STEP 4 DAMP PROOF COUARSE (D.P.C)

To protect walls from moisture, a layer of damp proof coarse material is laid down at floor level. Thickness of
this concrete layer is of 1 inch. Material of damp proof coarse layer consists of concrete ratio 1:1.5:3 with a
mixture of water proof material 1kg/bag.

STEP 5 BRICK MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

 Brickwork specifications
 Quality Assurance cheks and also care to be taken during & after construction Checks prior to start work
 Use silt free (less than 6%) medium gritty clean sand for mortar. In silt content test we have discussed
how silt content effects the strength.
 The approved grade of cement, less than 1-month- old should be used. We’ve also discussed why we
should avoid old stack cement?
 Ensure that all required construction tools, accessories, and materials are available at the work place .

Brickwork construction specifications

 Ensure you reusing good quality bricks.
 The bricks for this course shall first laid dry,(that is without mortar) along with starting titly stretched
between properly located cornerstones. When the bricks are set in proper position , the two cornerstones
shall be removed, afull mortar bedspread and these bricks lay back in place truly level and plumb.
 The bricks for this course shall first be laid dry , ( that is without mortar) along with a string tightly
stretched between properly located cornerstone . when the bricks are set in proper position , the two
cornerstones shall be removed ,a full mortar bedspread and these bricks lay back in place truly level and
plumb.
 The string shall than be stretched tightly along the faces of the two corner blocks and the faces of the
intermediate ones adjusted to coincide with the line.

 Thereafter each brick shall be removed and re-laid over the bed of mortar. After every three or four
blocks have been laid, their correct alignment, level, and verticality shall be carefully checked.

[GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN] Page 6

 INTERNSHIP

 As each course is laid at the end/corner, it shall be checked alignment and level or straight – edge to
make certain that the faces of the bricks are all in the same plane. This precaution is necessary to ensure
truly straight and vertical walls.

 Inspection Methodology For Quality Assurance

 Check if the erected wall is perfect – free from cracks.

 Using the tape measure, ensure the diagonals are equal.

 Check up if the corners are at right angle using the framing square.

 Check of joint thickness and strength after 7 days

Care after Brick masonry Construction

 After 7 days of curing of mortar joints drive a nail into the joint to test the strength of joints at random.
Also, look for colour variation in the mortar joints to identify problem areas.
 Waterproofing plaster in the case of retaining walls should be done for all external surfaces. Bitumen
touch-on and Thermopolis protection are done before backfilling in layers and compacting

STEP 6 LINTEL
Masonry work of buildings is carried out in one go till roof .openings for windows and doors are left during
masonry works .reinforced cement concret beams are laid down on the top of openings . so ,those loads of
structure above openings not directly come on the door frames .

[GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN] Page 7

 INTERNSHIP

STEP 7 ROOFING
Roof slab of building is poured after completion of masonry works. Now days ,roofing reinforced cement
concrete slab. Slab thickness and reinforcement details should be according to approved drawing.

All types of slabs in construction require adequate strength and durability.

The typical concrete mixing ratio for slabs is 1:2:4. This means:
 One part cement
 Two parts sand
 Four parts coarse aggregate
This ratio provides an excellent balance between strength and workability, making it ideal for
supporting the weight of a structure.

However, it’s essential to consider factors such as the type of load the slab will bear, the required
compressive strength, and the environmental conditions before settling on a concrete mixing ratio for
your slab.

For example, if your slab will be exposed to harsh weather conditions or heavy loads, you may need
to adjust the ratio accordingly.

[GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN] Page 8

 INTERNSHIP

ITEM DIA(mm) LEANTH NO Q.TY

TOP BAR 16 7.80 2 15.60

BOTTOM BAR 16 7.80 2 15.60

TOP EXTRA BAR 16 2.80 2 5.60

BOTTOM EXTRA 16 2.80 2 5.60

BAR

CENTER BAR 16 3.70 2 7.40

49.80m

TOP BAR 16 16.68 4 66.72

BOTTOM BAR 16 16.68 2 33.36

100.08m

BEAM BREADTH =0.23, BEAM DEPTH =0.45

7Beams =49.80X7=348.60m

Stirrups =leanth of bar /spacing 7.80/0.18=42 NOS

Total leanth of 8mm bar 42X1.15 =48.30m

48.30X7= 338.10m

2BEAMS =100.08X2 =200.16

STIRRUPS = LEANTH OF BAR /SPACING 16.68/0.18 =90 NOS

[GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN] Page 9

 INTERNSHIP

WEIGTH OF BAR WT/M LEANTH OF BAR IN (MM) Q.TY

DIA(MM)
16 1.58 348.60 549.849
12 0.89 200.16 178.15
8 0.40 545.10 218.04
946.03 Kg
Main bar leanth =9.30m leanth of bar /spacing ,9.30/0.15 =117 NOS

Total leanth = 117x 9.30 =1088.8m

Distribution bar 17.45m leanth of bar /spacing , 17.45/0.15=63 NOS

Total leanth= 63x17.45= 1099.35m

Total leanth =1088.8+1099.35 =2187.45m

LENTH IN Kg =2187.45x 0.62= 1356.22Kg

Total lenth in Kg = 946.03+1356.22 =2302.249 Kg

Total steel required for slab = 2302.249 Kg.

STEP 9 PLASTERING & POINTING

[GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN] Page 10
 INTERNSHIP

Form work is removed after 14 days of slab pouring. Now plaster work begins. Mortar for plaster work is
generally of 1:3 or 1:4 is used. Thickness of plaster layer should not be more than 0.75 inch. Cure the surface
about 7 days .so that, plaster gain proper strength.

Generally, internal walls of buildings are covered with plastered layer and external walls with pointing. It is
better plaster the external walls rather than pointing.

STEP 10 FLOORING
Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor
covering. Floor covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to
provide a walking surface. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid
materials.

STEP 11PAINTING
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the
"matrix or "support").The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as
knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.
In art, the term "painting" describes both the act and the result of the action (the final work is called "a
painting"). The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer,
pottery, leaf, copper and concrete, and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials, including
sand, clay, paper, plaster, gold leaf, and even whole objects.
Painting is an important form of visual art, bringing in elements such
as drawing, composition, gesture, narration, and abstraction.

CONCLUSION
The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is constructed with in its desired
properties. We have to get knowledge about the basic and advanced techniques of building construction as well
as saw the challenges which a civil engineer to face during construction i.e. labour problems, past management,
environmental challenges, etc. we cleared our many doubts regarding building construction. We had seen
dewatering system at project site for construction which is not used at our state any more, so it was a new thing
four. Although are subjects more important technicians, in the project we have been project studied some
mechanic or electro-mechanic machinery such as the ready mix plant because basic knowledge about their
working is important for an engineer but also because was the opportunity to see and understand them. Overall
it must be said that the construction methods and quality control on a construction project needs a very good
coordination and large quantities of man power, equipment and funds. During the period of half month all the
company staff helped us a lot to provide all the information about anyrequery. So we are gratefull to all the
staff of ANGLE COMPANY as well as we are so thankful to our Civil Engineering for their kind support.

[GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE HASSAN] Page 11